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Contents | Rationale for Exam 1 | Reading List for Exam 1

Exam 1: Philosophy of Science

Contents

Rationale for Exam 1

1a. Overview of History of Science

1b. Overview of Philosophy of Science

1c. Overview of Religion and Science

Reading List for Exam 1 

1a. History of Science

1a(i) General
1a(ii) Ancient and Medieval
1a(iii) 1400-1800
1a(iv) 1800-1900
1a(v) 1900-Present

1b. Philosophy of Science

1b(i) Contemporary philosophy of science
1b(ii) Contemporary philosophy of special sciences
1b(iii) Western literature on the philosophy of nature and philosophical cosmology
1b(iv) Non-western literature on the philosophy of nature and philosophical cosmology

1c. Religion and Science

1c(i) Similarities & differences between science and religion
1c(ii) Approaches to science and religion
1c(iii) Schemas of science and religion relations
1c(iv) Integrative methods

Rationale for Exam 1: Philosophy of Science

The aim of this examination is to assess a candidate’s competence in the history and philosophy of science-and-religion. The focus of the exam is easy to name in this way but hard to stabilize given the complexity and size of the surrounding literatures. The exam has three sub-foci.

1a. Overview of History of Science

This portion of the exam covers what the core faculty takes to be the most salient issues and events in the western history of science-and-religion relations. Standard literature in western history of science is well covered and literature in the western history of science-and-religion interactions is incorporated where it exists. The list uses a convenient periodization, resulting in the following subsections:

• 1a(i) General
• 1a(ii) Ancient and Medieval
• 1a(iii) 1400-1800
• 1a(iv) 1800-1900
• 1a(v) 1900-Present

Relevant courses: Jon Roberts will be teaching at least one course in the Fall of each year that would be especially apt for preparing for this part of the exam. He may also teach other relevant courses. And there are other resources available at Boston Theological Institute (BTI) schools.

1b. Overview of Philosophy of Science

This portion of the exam covers what the core faculty takes to be the most salient issues in debates over the philosophy of science and the philosophy of nature. We think of twentieth-century philosophy of science as a species of post-Kantian (and so epistemologically focused) and possibly post-Positivist reaction to the wider intellectual quest for an adequate philosophy of nature. As such, this portion of the exam list includes the following subsections.

• 1b(i) Standard literature in contemporary philosophy of science.
• 1b(ii) Standard literature in contemporary philosophy of special sciences (physics, biology, psychology, and sociology).
• 1b(iii) A focused selection of literature on western debates over the philosophy of nature and philosophical cosmology.
• 1b(iv) A selection of literature on non-western debates over the philosophy of nature and philosophical cosmology.

Relevant courses: Bob Neville offers a course (taught probably once every two years) on philosophical cosmology. This will help with the philosophy of nature aspect of this portion of the exam. The Core Texts and Motifs seminar helps with the cross-cultural aspect. Alisa Bokulich offers two courses each year covering basic philosophy of science as centerpieces of the MA program in philosophy of science. Hopefully, other philosophy of science faculty in CAS and at other BTI schools will offer relevant courses; that remains to be seen.

1c. Overview of Religion and Science

Some aspects of this literature have already been covered, to some extent, in previous sections of this exam. Historically oriented science-and-religion literature on specific topics appeared in the history part of this exam (1a above). Philosophically oriented science-and-religion literature on specific topics appeared in the philosophy part of the exam (1b above). That leaves the methodological works for this section, which are important and do not appear elsewhere. Another way of designating this material is as the “core” literature of the so-called “science-and-religion field”, designations that this program is quite prepared to dispute. The literature is valuable, however, despite debates over how to classify it. We distinguish four subsections of this literature as follows:

• 1c(i) Similarities & differences between science and religion
  This category considers similarities and differences between methods, data, evidence, authority, truth claims.
• 1c(ii) Approaches to science and religion
  This category recognizes how various disciplines try to address questions raised at the interface between science and religion. For example, how do the approaches of historical, anthropological, linguistic, and feminist analysis differ? How does the choice of a particular disciplinary approach affect the kinds of answers sought and found?
• 1c(iii) Schemas of science and religion relations
  This category covers prominent typological models of science-religion interactions, such as those of Ian Barbour, Ted Peters, Mikael Stenmark.
• 1c(iv) Integrative methods
  This category covers intellectual approaches arguing that the various sciences and theologies are species of a single form of inquiry and thus can be approached with a single, suitably general method, such as Nancey Murphy, Edward O. Wilson, Alfred North Whitehead, Charles Sanders Peirce.

Relevant courses: The SPR Core Faculty regularly offers the science-and-religion proseminar in which this literature is amply covered. Other BTI-accessible courses cover similar material.

Reading List for Exam 1: Philosophy of Science

The two (polite) attitudes to a reading list are “it is all required so read everything on the list” and “it is a guide to the literature on which you must have a solid grasp so read wisely within the list.” These are called the “Read comprehensively” and the “Read judiciously” attitudes in what follows. These two attitudes are relevant in different places, as noted at the beginning of each section, below.

Abbreviations

God and Nature. Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L.; eds. God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986.

1a. History of Science

►The appropriate attitude here is “Read judiciously.”

1a(i) General

Brooke, John Hedley. Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

_____; Cantor, Geoffrey. Reconstructing Nature: The Engagement of Science and Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Kuhn, Thomas. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. “Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science.” Church History 55 (1986), 338-54.

_____; eds. God and Nature.

1a(ii) Ancient and Medieval

Chenu, M. D. Nature, Man, and Society in the Twelfth Century: Essays on New Theological Perspectives in the Latin West, Trans. Jerome Tayor and Lester K. Little. 1957; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968,1-49

Clagett, Marshall. Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book, vol. 1. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1989, 263-372

Courtenay, William J. “Nature and the Natural in Twelfth-Century Thought,” in William J. Courtenay, Covenant and Causality in Medieval Thought. London: Variorum, 1984, ch. 3

Grant, Edward. The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Grant, Edward. God and Reason in the Middle Ages. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Grant, Edward. “Science and Theology in the Middle Ages,” in God and Nature, pp. 49-75

Lindberg, David C. The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

_____. “Medieval Science and Its Religious Context,” Osiris, n.s, 10 (1995), 61-79

_____. “Science and the Early Church,” in God and Nature, 19-48.

G. E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle (London: Chatto & Windus, 1973)

_____. Greek Science After Aristotle (London: Chatto & Windus, 1973)

_____. Magic, Reason and Experience: Studies in the Origins and Development of Greek Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979)

Sabra, A. I. “The Appropriation and Subsequent Naturalization of Greek Science in Medieval Islam: A Preliminary Statement,” History of Science 25 (1987), 223-243

Sabra, A. I. “The Scientific Enterprise,” in Islam and the Arab World, ed. Bernard Lewis (New York: Knopf, 1976), 181-192

Sorabji, Richard. Time, Creation, and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983.

Weisheipl, James A. “The Nature, Scope, and Classification of the Sciences,” in Science in the Middle Ages, ed. David C. Lindberg (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 461-482.

1a(iii) 1400-1800

Ashworth, William B, Jr. “Catholicism and Early Modern Science,” in God and Nature, 136-166

Bacon, Francis. The New Organon and Related Writings, ed. Fulton H. Anderson (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1960)

Biagioli, Mario. Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993)

Blackwell, Richard J. Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991)

Brooke, John Hedley. “Science and Theology in the Enlightenment,” in Religion and Science: History, Method, Dialogue, ed. W. Mark Richardson and Wesley J. Wildman (New York: Routledge, 1996), 7-28

Buckley, Michael J. At the Origins of Modern Atheism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987)

Burtt, E. A. The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science, rev. ed. (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: 1980)

Deason, Gary B. “Reformation Theology and the Mechanistic Conception of Nature,” in God and Nature, 167-191

Descartes, Rene. Discourse on the Method of Rightly Directing One’s Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences [abridged] [1637], in Elizabeth Anscombe and Peter Thomas Geach, Descartes: Philosophical Writings (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc, 1971), pp. 7-57

Fantoli, Annibale. Galileo: For Copernicanism and for the Church, 2d ed. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996)

Feldhay, Rivka. Galileo and the Church: Political Inquisition or Critical Dialogue? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)

Finocchiaro, Maurice A. ed, The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989)

Funkenstein, Amos. Theology and the Scientific Imagination from the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986)

Galilei, Galileo. “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina” [1615], in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, ed. and trans. Stillman Drake(New York: Anchor Books, 1957), 175-216

Glacken, Clarence J. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967), chs. 8, 11, 14

Hahn, Roger. “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” in God and Nature, pp. 256-277

Harman, P. M. Energy, Force, and Matter: The Conceptual Development of Nineteenth-Century Physics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982)

Harrison, Peter. The Bible, Protestantism, and the Rise of Natural Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Henry, John. “Magic and Science in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” in Companion to the History of Modern Science ed. R. C. Olby, et al. (London: Routledge), 583-596

Holton, Gerald. “Johannes Kepler’s Universe: Its Physics and Metaphysics,” in Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), 69-90

Jacob, Margaret C. The Newtonians and the English Revolution, 1689-1720 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1976)

Kocher, Paul H. Science and Religion in Elizabethan England (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1953)

Koestler, Arthur. The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man’s Changing Vision of the Universe (New York: Macmillan Company, 1959), Part Four

Koyré, Alexandre. From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957)

Kuhn, Thomas S. The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957)

Langford, Jerome J. Galileo, Science, and the Church, rev. ed. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1971)

Lindberg, David C.; Westman, Robert S.; eds. Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), essays by David C. Lindberg, Ernan McMullin, Gary Hatfield, Brian P. Copenhaver, William B.Ahsworth, Michael Hunter, Alan Gabbey

Luther, Martin. “Table Talk,” no. 4638, in Martin Luther, Luther’s Works, Vol. 54, trans. and ed. Theodore G. Tappert [55 Vols, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan (Vols. 1-30) and Helmut T. Lehmann (Vols. 31-55)] (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1967), Vol. 54: 358-359

Manuel, Frank E. The Religion of Isaac Newton (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974)

Michael, Matthews R. ed. The Scientific Background to Modern Philosophy: Selected Readings. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1989.

Newton, Isaac. “General Scholium,” in Sir Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World, trans. Andrew Motte, rev. and ed. Florian Cajori (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 543-547

Osiander, Andreas. Prefatory Letter to the reader of Copernicus’s De revolutionibus, in Nicholas Copernicus, Complete Works, trans. Edward Rosen, ed. Jerzy Dobrsycki, 3 Vols (London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1978), II: xvi

Osler, Margaret J. Divine Will and the Mechanical Philosophy: Gassendi and Descartes on Contingency and Necessity in the Created World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)

Pascal, Blaise. Pensees (Modern Library edition), fragments 67, 72, 76, 144, 146, 229-230, 233-234, 242-244, 273, 277-278, 280, 282, 347-348, 430, 469-470, 555, 560, 562-563, 580-581, 585-587, 792

Rosenfield, Leonora. From Beast-Machine to Man-Machine: Animal Soul in French Letters from Descartes to La Mettrie, rev. ed. (New York: Octagon Books 1968)

Shapin, Steven; Simon Schaffer. Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life including a translation of Thomas Hobbes, Dialogus
physicus de natura aeris by Simon Schaffer. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.

Shapiro, Barbara J. Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth-Century England: A Study of the Relationships between Natural Science, Religion, History, Law and Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983)

Spink, John S. French Free-thought from Gassendi to Voltaire (London: Athlone Press, 1960)

Shea, William R. “Galileo and the Church,” in God and Nature, 114-135

Tillyard, E. M. W. The Elizabethan World Picture (London: Chatto & Windus, 1956)

Vartanian, Aram. Diderot and Descartes: A Study of Scientific Naturalism in the Enlightenment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953)

Westfall, Richard S. Essays on the Trial of Galileo. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory; Notre Dame, Ind.: Distributed by the University of Notre Dame Press, 1989.

_____. Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980)

_____. “The Rise of Science and the Decline of Orthodox Christianity: A Study of Kepler, Descartes, and Newton,” in God and Nature, 218-237

_____. Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958)

Westman, Robert S. “The Copernicans and the Churches,” in God and Nature, 76-113

Yates, Frances A. Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964)

Yolton, John H. Thinking Matter: Materialism in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983)

1a(iv) 1800-1900

Appleby, R. Scott. “Exposing Darwin’s ‘Hidden Agenda’: Roman Catholic Responses to Evolution, 1875-1925,” in Disseminating Darwinism: The Role of Place, Race, Religion, and Gender, ed. Ronald L. Numbers and John Stenhouse (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 173-208

Astore, William J. “Gentle Skeptics? American Catholic Encounters with Polygenism, Geology, and Evolutionary Theories from 1845 to 1875,” Catholic Historical Review 82 (1996), 40-76

Bellone, Enrico. A World on Paper: Studies on the Second Scientific Revolution, trans. Mirella and Riccardo Giacconi (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980)

Bowler, Peter J. Evolution: the History of an Idea, 2d ed. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989)

_____. The Non-Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988)

Bozeman, Theodore Dwight. Protestants in an Age of Science: The Baconian Ideal and Antebellum American Religious Thought (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977) [H]

Browne, Janet. Charles Darwin: Voyaging; A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995)

Browne, Janet. “Descent from Ararat,” in The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983) pp. 1-31

Burkhardt, Richard W, Jr. The Spirit of System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology (1977; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995)

Burnham, John C. “The Encounter of Christian Theology with Deterministic Psychology and Psychoanalysis,” Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 49 (1985), 321-352

Cashdollar, Charles D. The Transformation of Theology, 1830-1890: Positivism and Protestant Thought in Britain and America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989)

Coleman, William. Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function, and Transformation (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1971)

Desmond, Adrian. Huxley: From Devil’s Disciple to Evolution’s High Priest (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997)

_____. The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989)

_____; Moore, James. Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist (New York: Warner Books, 1991)

Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Genesis and Geology: The Impact of Scientific Discoveries Upon Religious Beliefs in the Decades Before Darwin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951)

Glick, Thomas F. ed, The Comparative Reception of Darwinism, rev ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988)

Gregory, Frederick. Scientific Materialism in Nineteenth Century Germany (Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1977)

Kelly, Alfred. The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860-1914 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1981)

Kohn, David. ed, The Darwinian Heritage (Princeton: Princeton University Press) [historical essays]

Lenoir, Timothy. The Strategy of Life: Teleology and Mechanics in Nineteenth-Century German Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982)

Livingstone, David N. “Preadamites: The History of an Idea from Heresy to Orthodoxy,” Scottish Journal of Theology, 40 (1987), 41-66

_____. “Science, Region, and Religion: The Reception of Darwinism in Princeton, Belfast, and Edinburgh,” in Disseminating Darwinism: The Role of Place, Race, Religion, and Gender, ed. Ronald L. Numbers and John Stenhouse (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 7-38

_____; Noll, Mark A. “B. B. Warfield (1851-1921): A Biblical Inerrantist as Evolutionist,” Isis 91 (2000), 283-304

Moore, James R. “Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis in the Nineteenth Century,” in God and Nature, pp. 322-350

_____, ed. History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene, ed. James R. Moore (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) [Essays by Ludmilla Jordanova, James A. Secord, James R. Moore, Bernard Lightman, Paul Weindling, and Robert M. Young]

_____. The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America 1870-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979)

Numbers, Ronald L. Creation by Natural Law: Laplace’s Nebular Hypothesis in American Thought (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977)

_____. Darwinism Comes to America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998)

Ospovat, Dov. The Development of Darwin’s Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838-1859 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)

Paul, Harry W. The Edge of Contingency: French Catholic Reaction to Scientific Change from Darwin to Duhem (Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1979)

Purrington, Robert D. Physics in the Nineteenth Century (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997)

Richards, Robert J. Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987)

Roberts, Jon H. “Darwinism, American Protestant Thinkers, and the Puzzle of Motivation,” in The Reception of Darwin: The Role of Place, Race, and Religion, ed. Ronald L. Numbers and John Stenhouse (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 145-172

_____. Darwinism and the Divine in America: Protestant Intellectuals and Organic Evolution, 1859-1900 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988)

_____. “Psychology in America,” The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition: An Encyclopedia, ed. Gary B. Ferngren (New York: Garland Publishing Company, 2000), 502-507

_____; Turner, James. The Sacred and the Secular University (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), chs. 1-2

Rudwick, Martin J. S. The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Paleontology (New York: American Elsevier, 1972)

_____. “The Shape and Meaning of Earth History,” in God and Nature, pp. 296-321

Rupke, Nicolaas A. The Great Chain of History: William Buckland and the English School of Geology (1814-1849) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983)

_____. Richard Owen: Victorian Naturalist (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994)

Secord, James A. Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001)

Smith, Crosbie. The Science of Energy: A Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)

Strick, James E. Sparks of Life: Darwinism and the Victorian Debates Over Spontaneous Generation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000)

Sulloway, Frank J. Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives (New York: Pantheon Books, 1996), ch. 10

Swetlitz, Marc. “American Responses to Darwin and Evolutionary Theory, 1860-1890,” in Disseminating Darwinism: The Role of Place, Race, Religion, and Gender, ed. Ronald L. Numbers and John Stenhouse (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 209-246

Turner, Frank Miller. Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974)

_____. “The Victorian Conflict between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension,” Isis 69 (1978), 356-376

Winter, Alison. Mesmerized: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)

Van Riper, A. Bowdoin. Men Among the Mammoths: Victorian Science and the Discovery of Human Prehistory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993)

Young, Robert M. “Darwin’s Metaphor: Does Nature Select?” Monist, 55 (1971), 442-503

_____. Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century: Cerebral Localization and Its Biological Context from Gall to Ferrier (1970; New York: Oxford University Press, 1990)

_____. “Natural Theology, Victorian Periodicals and the Fragmentation of a Common Context,” in Darwin to Einstein: Historical Studies on Science and Belief, ed. Colin Chant and John Fauvel (New York: Longman, 1980), 69-107

Ziadat, Adel A. Western Science in the Arab World: The Impact of Darwinism, 1860-1920 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986)

1a(v) 1900-Present

Barrow; John D.; Tipler, Frank J. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), chs. 1-3.

Bowler, Peter J. The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989)

Cassidy, David. Einstein and Our World (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1995)

Cline, Barbara Lovett. Men Who Made a New Physics: Physicists and Quantum Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987)

Craig, William Lane; Smith, Quentin. Theism, Atheism and Big Bang Cosmology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) [H]

Goldberg, Stanley. Understanding Relativity: Origin and Impact of a Scientific Revolution (Boston: Birkhäuser, 1984)

Holton, Gerald. “The Roots of Complementarity,” in Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), 115-161

Jammer, Max. Einstein and Religion: Physics and Theology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999)

Judson, Horace Freeland. The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology, rev ed. (Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996)

Kay, Lily E. The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)

_____. Who Wrote the Book of Life? A History of the Genetic Code (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000)

Kaye, Howard L. The Social Meaning of Modern Biology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986)

Kevles, Daniel J. In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985)

_____; Hood, Leroy; eds. The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992)

Kragh, Helge. Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996)

Krimsky, Sheldon. Genetic Alchemy: The Social History of the Recombinant DNA Controversy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982)

Nelkin, Dorothy; Lindee, M. Susan. The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1995)

Numbers, Ronald L. “The Creationists,” in God and Nature, 391-423

_____. The Creationists (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992)

Orel, Vitezslav. Gregor Mendel: The First Geneticist, trans. Stephen Finn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)

Paul, Diane B. Controlling Human Heredity, 1865 to the Present (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: 1995)

Paul, Iain. Science, Theology, and Einstein (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982)

Radnitzky, Gerard. Contemporary Schools of Metascience: Anglo-Saxon Schools of Metascience and Continental Schools of Metascience. 2^nd ed, 2 vols. in one. New York: Humanities Press, 1970.

Russell, Robert John. “T=0: Is it Theologically Significant?” in Religion and Science: History, Method, Dialogue, ed. W. Mark Richardson and Wesley J. Wildman (New York: Routledge, 1996), 201-224

Stoeger, William R. “Key Developments in Physics Challenging Philosophy and Theology,” in Religion and Science: History, Method, Dialogue, ed. W. Mark Richardson and Wesley J. Wildman (New York: Routledge, 1996), 183-200

Tobey, Ronald C. The American Ideology of National Science (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971), ch. 4

Turney, Jon. Frankenstein’s Footsteps: Science, Genetics, and Popular Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998)

1b. Philosophy of Science

►The appropriate attitude here is “Read comprehensively.”

1b(i) Philosophy of science: Basics

Scientific Method and Change

Duhem, Pierre. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1991. Part II: Chapters 4-7.

Feyerabend, Paul. Against Method. London: Verso, 1988.

Kuhn, Thomas. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Lakatos, Imre. "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes" in Lakatos and Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1970.

Laudan, Larry. “Demystifying Underdetermination,” in C. Wade Savage, ed, Scientific Theories. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.

_____. "Dissecting the Holist Picture of Scientific Change" in Science and Values: The Aims of Science and Their Role in Scientific Debate. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, ch. 4.

McMullin, Ernan. "Rationality and Paradigm Change in Science" in Horwich (ed.) World Changes: Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.

Popper, Karl. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. New York: Routledge, 1989. Chapter 1.

_____. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Routledge, 1992. Chapters 1, 2 & 4.

Quine, Willard van Orman. "On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World," Erkenntnis 9 (1975), pp. 313-28; or "Empirical Content" in Quine, Theories and Things (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.

Realism and Antirealism

Fine, A. "The Natural Ontological Attitude," in Boyd et al, The Philosophy of Science.

Hacking, Ian. Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983.

McMullin, Ernan. "A Case for Scientific Realism" in Leplin (ed.) Scientific Realism. Berkeley: U of California Press, 1984.

Laudan, Larry. "A Confutation of Convergent Realism", Philosophy of Science 48 (1981): 19-49.

Objectivity, Values, and Feminist Critiques

Hanson, N. Patterns of Discovery: An Inquiry into the Conceptual Foundations of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958, ch. 1.

Kuhn, Thomas. "Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice" in The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1977.

Longino, Helen. "Objectivity and Values" in Science as Social Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1990. Chapter 4.

Scientific Explanation

van Fraassen, Bas. "The Pragmatics of Explanation" in The Scientific Image. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1980. Chapter 5.

Hempel, Carl. "Laws and Their Role in Scientific Explanation" in Philosophy of Natural Science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966. Chapter 5.

Kitcher, Philip. "Explanatory Unification", Philosophy of Science 48 (1981): pp. 507-531.

Salmon, Wesley. "Scientific Explanation" in Salmon et al. (eds.) Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1999. Chapter 1.

Reductionism, Unity of Science, and Disunity of Science

Dupré, John. "Metaphysical Disorder and Scientific Disunity" in Galison and Stump (eds.) The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996: pp. 11-117.

Fodor, Jerry. "Special Sciences, or The Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis," Synthese 28 (1974): pp. 77-115. Reprinted in Boyd et al, The Philosophy of Science.

Nickles, Thomas. "Two Concepts of Intertheoretic Reduction", Journal of Philosophy 70 (1975): pp. 181-201.

Oppenheim, Paul and Hilary Putnam. "Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis" in Feigl, Scriven and Maxwell (eds.) Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Volume II. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1958: pp. 3-36.

Laws, Causation, and Determinism

Ayer, A. J. "What is a Law of Nature?" Revue Internationale de Philosophie 36 (1956): pp. 144-165. Reprinted in The Concept of a Person. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1963: pp. 209-234.

Cartwright, Nancy. "Nomological Machines and the Laws They Produce" The Dappled World: A Study of the Boundaries of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999. Chapter 3.

Dretske, Fred. "Laws of Nature" Philosophy of Science 44 (1977): pp. 248-268.

Earman, John. "Determinism in the Physical Sciences" in Salmon et al. (eds.) Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1999. Chapter 6.

Giere, Ronald N. Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, ch. 3, esp. pp. 90-1.

Lewis, David K. Counterfactuals. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1973, pp. 72-7.

Nagel, E. Structure of Science (London: RKP, 1961), ch. 4.

Emergence and Supervenience

Beckermann, Ansgar; Flohr, Hans; Kim, Jaegwon; eds. Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism. Berlin; New York: W. de Gruyter, 1992.

Holland, John H. Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Oxford UP, 2000.

Kauffman, Stuart A. At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Self-organization and Complexity. Oxford University Press, 1995.

_____. The Origins of Order: Self-organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford University Press, 1993.

Yates, F. Eugene; Garfinkel, Alan; Walter, Donald O.; Yates, Gregory B.; eds. Self-organizing Systems: The Emergence of Order. Plenum Press, 1987.

Blackburn, Simon. Essays in Quasi-Realism. Oxford University Press, 1993.

Kim, Jaegwon. "Psychophysical Supervenience," Philosophical Studies 41 (1982): 51-70.

_____. Supervenience and Mind: Selected Philosophical Essays. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

_____. "Supervenience and Nomological Incommensurables," American Philosophical Quarterly 15 (1978): 149-56.

Russell, Robert John, William R. Stoeger, S.J, and Francisco J. Ayala, eds. Evolutionary and Molecular Biology: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1998; chapters by Davies and Murphy.

Savellos, Elias, E.; Yalcin, Umit D. Supervenience: New Essays. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Stich, Stephen. "Autonomous Psychology and the Belief-Desire Thesis," The Monist 61 (1978): 573-91.

For Information Only: Useful Sources of Articles

Boyd, R.; Gasper, P.; Trout, J. D.; eds. The Philosophy of Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.

Curd, Martin; Cover, J.A.; eds. The Philosophy of Science: The Central Issues. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998.

Papineau, David, ed. Philosophy of Science. Oxford Readings in Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Grayling, A. C, ed. Philosophy: A Guide through the Subject. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Suggestions for Further Reading (Not Required)

Barker, S.; Achinstein, P. "The New Riddle of Induction." PR (1960), pp. 511-22. For those interested in the problem of induction in application to the philosophy of science.

Churchland, Paul M. Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979, §§ 1-8.

Feyerabend, Paul. "Realism and Instrumentalism: Comments on the Logic of Factual Support," in Feyerabend, Realism, Rationalism and Scientific Method: Philosophical Papers, Vol. 1 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Fodor, Jerry. "Observation Reconsidered," Philosophy of Science (1984), pp. 23-43. More on the debate of objectivity in science. See also, Churchland, P. "Perceptual Plasticity and Theoretical Neutrality: A Reply to Jerry Fodor," Philosophy of Science (1988), pp. 167-87.

Giere, Ronald N. Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. chs. 2, 3.

Gillies, Donald. Philosophy of Science in the Twentieth Century: Four Central Themes. Oxford, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1993. An serviceable overview with a good discussion of the theory-observation distinction in chs. 6, 7.

Goodman, Nelson. Fact, Fiction and Forecast. 4^th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983, chs. 3, 4.

Hempel, Carl. Philosophy of Natural Science. Read the rest.

_____. "Studies in the Logic of Confirmation, " esp. §§ 3-5; in Hempel, Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science. New York: Free Press, 1970.

Hesse, Mary B. The Structure of Scientific Inference. London: Macmillan; Berkeley, University of California Press, 1974, chs. 2, 3.

Howson C.; Urbach, P. Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach. La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1989, ch. 4. A technical approach to the topic for those interested in probability.

Kuhn, T. "Commensurability, Comparability, Communicability," in Kuhn, The Road Since "Structure". Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Kyburg, Henry Ely. Probability and Inductive Logic. New York: Macmillan, 1970. Part 1, esp. ch. 2, includes a good introduction to the philosophy of probability.

Mackie, J. "The Paradox of Confirmation" British Journal of the Philosophy of Science 13 (1963), pp. 265-77.

Maxwell, G. "The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities," in H. Feigl and G. Maxwell, eds, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science Vol. 3: Scientific Explanation, Space and Time. Minnesota UP, 1962, pp. 3-15.

Nagel, E. The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. 2^nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co, 1979 (1^st ed, 1961). Early chs. have a lot of overlap with the Hempel and Salmon readings on the list but this is historically a very important work.

Popper, Karl. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Also read chs. 1, 2, 4.

_____. "Truth, Rationality, and the Growth of Scientific Knowledge," in his Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: SKP, 1963, 1989.

1b(ii) Philosophy of science: Special sciences

Suggestions for Further Reading (Not Required): Philosophy of Biology

Kitcher, P. "1953 and All That: A Tale of Two Sciences," in Boyd et al, The Philosophy of Science. A classic on philosophy of biology.

Suggestions for Further Reading (Not Required): Functional Explanation

Bennett, J. "Teleology," in Bennett, Linguistic Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Bigelow, J. and R. Pargetter. "Functions," JP 84 (1987), pp. 181-96.

Hempel, Carl. "The Logic of Functional Analysis," in Hempel, Aspects of Scientific Explanation: and other essays in the philosophy of science. London: Macmillan, 1970.

Millikan, R. "In Defense of Proper Functions," Philosophy of Science 56 (1989), pp. 288-302.

Nagel, Ernst. Structure of Science. London: RKP, 1961, pp. 401-28.

Wright, L. "Functions," PR 82 (1973), pp. 139-68.

1b(iii) Philosophy of science: Philosophy of nature and philosophical cosmology

Philosophic Classics

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan

Descartes, Rene. Discourse on Method.

_____. Meditations.

Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Spinoza, Baruch. Ethics

Leibniz, Gottfried. Discourse on Metaphysics.

_____. Monadology.

Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature.

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason.

Hegel, Georg. The Phenomenology of Spirit.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Nature.

Contemporary Classics in Philosophical Cosmology

Peirce, Charles S. [From The Essential Peirce, edited by Nathan Houser et alia (two volumes; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992, 1998) or from the Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, edited by Hartshorne and Weiss (six volumes, Harvard University Press, 1931-35), or any of the other popular collections, the following papers:]

_____. "Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man"

_____. "Some Consequences of Four Incapacities"

_____. "The Fixation of Belief"

_____. "How to Make Our Ideas Clear"

_____. "A Guess at the Riddle"

_____. "The Architecture of Theories"

_____. "The Doctrine of Necessity Examined"

_____. "The Law of Mind"

_____. "Man's Glassy Essence"

_____. "Evolutionary Love"

_____. "The Seven Systems of Metaphysics"

_____. "What Pragmatism Is"

_____. "Issues of Pragmaticism"

_____. "A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God"

Dewey, John. [These books are in the Southern Illinois University Press edition of Dewey's works, edited by JoAnne Boydston, and have many other editions and printings.]

_____. The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy (New York: Henry Holt, 1910)

_____. Human Nature and Conduct (New York: Henry Holt, 1922)

_____. Experience and Nature (second edition; Open Court, 1929)

_____. A Common Faith (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934)

Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Tractatus Logico-philosophicus (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1922).

Whitehead, Alfred North. Science and the Modern World (New York: Macmillan, 1925).

_____. Process and Reality (New York: Macmillan, 1929; Corrected edition by David Ray Griffin and Donald Sherburne: New York: Free Press, 1978)

_____. Adventures of Ideas (New York: Macmillan, 1933)

Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time (first edition: Jarhbuch für Phaenomenologie und phaenomenologische Forschung, 1927; translation of the 7th edition by Robinson and Macquarrie: London, SCM Press, 1962; or any other translation).

_____. What is Metaphysics?

Nishitani, Keiji. Religion and Nothingness. Translated, with an introduction by Jan Van Bragt; foreword by Winston L. King. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

1b(iv) Philosophy and History of science: Crosscultural perspectives

Ashtiyani, Sayyid Jalal al-Din, et al, eds. Consciousness and reality : studies in memory of Toshihiko Izutsu. Leiden ; Boston :Brill, 2000. Islamic philosophy, theology, and science—Japanese scholar who compared Sufism and Taoism.

Bakar, Osman. The History and Philosophy of Islamic Science. Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1999.

Birdwhistell, Anne D. Transition to Neo-Confucianism: Shao Yung on Knowledge and Symbols of Reality. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989.

Bohm, David. Wholeness and the Implicate Order. London and New York: Ark, 1983. This includes an explicit discussion of crosscultural takes on the philosophy of physics.

Calverley, Edwin E.; Pollock, James W, eds. and translators. Nature, man and God in medieval Islam: Abd Allah Baydawi's text, Tawali al-anwar min matali al-anzar, along with Mahmud Isfahani's commentary, Matali al-anzar, sharh Tawali al-anwar. Boston: Brill, 2001.

Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, et al. (contributors). Language, Logic, and Science in India: Some Conceptual and Historical Perspectives. New Delhi: Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture, 1995.

Dainian, Fan; Cohen, Robert S.; eds. Chinese studies in the history and philosophy of science and technology. Translated by Kathleen Dugan and Jiang Mingshan. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.

Eno, Robert. The Confucian Creation of Heaven: Philosophy and the Defense of Ritual Mastery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990. [Contains a translation of Xunzi's important treatise on Nature.]

Garfield, Jay L. The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: Nāgārjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Haq, Syed Nomanul. Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan and his Kitab al-Ahjar (Book of Stones). Boston: Kluwer, 1994. [A study of Neo-Platonism in Islamic philosophy of science]

Jamieson, R. C. A Study of Nāgārjuna's Twenty Verses on the Great Vehicle (Mahāyānavimsikā) and his Verses on the Heart of Dependent Origination (Pratītyasamutpādahrdayakārikā) with the Interpretation of the Heart of Dependent Origination (Pratītyasamutpādahrdayavyākhyāna). New York: Peter Lang, 2000.

Kalupahana, David J. Causality—The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1975.

Macy, Joanna. Mutual Causality in Buddhism and General Systems Theory: The Dharma of Natural Systems. Albany: SUNY Press, 1991.

Major, John S. Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters 3-5 of the Huainanzi. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.

Shaner, David Edward; Nagatomo, Shigenori; Yasuo, Yuasa. Science and Comparative Philosophy: Introducing Yuasa Yasuo. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill, 1989. (YY is Japanese thinker who argues for the restoration of subjectivity in scientific analysis.)

Tucker, Mary Evelyn; Berthrong, John; eds. Confucianism and Ecology: The Interrelation of Heaven, Earth, and Humans. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard University Center for the Study of World Religions, 1998.

Wallace, B. Alan. Choosing Reality: A Buddhist View of Physics and the Mind. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1996.

Wallace, Vesna A. The Inner Kalacakratantra: A Buddhist Tantric View of the Individual. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Though the title includes "Individual," the text deals with philosophy of medicine.

1c. Religion-and-Science Core Literature

►The appropriate attitude here is “Read comprehensively.”

1c(i) Similarities & differences between science and religion

Core Readings

Banner, Michael. The Justification of Science and the Rationality of Religious Belief. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. 34-95.

Barbour, Ian G. Myths, Models and Paradigms: A Comparative Study in Science and Religion. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. 171-81.

_____. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1997. 106-61, esp. 136, 158-59.

Clayton, Philip. Explanation from Physics to Theology: An Essay in Rationality and Religion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989. 18-22, 48-55.

Ferré, Frederick. Hellfire and Lightning Rods: Liberating Science, Technology,  and Religion. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1993. 59-74.

Gilkey, Langdon. Nature, Reality, and the Sacred: The Nexus of Science and Religion. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993. 1-33.

Peacocke, Arthur. Theology for a Scientific Age: Being and Becoming—Natural, Divine, and Human. Enlarged edition. London: SCM Press Limited, 1993. 1-20.

Polkinghorne, John. One World: The Interaction of Science and Theology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. 65-77.

Richardson, W. Mark; and Wildman, Wesley J., eds. Religion and Science: History, Method, Dialogue. New York: Routledge, 1996. Part II.

Rolston, Holmes. Science and Religion: A Critical Survey. New York: Random House, 1987. 1-32.

Russell, Robert John; Murphy, Nancey; and Isham, C.J., eds. Quantum Cosmology and the Laws of Nature: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action. 2d edition. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications and Berkeley, CA: Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, 1996 [1993]. 95-135.

_____; Stoeger, William R, S.J.; and Coyne, George V, S.J., eds. Physics, Philosophy and Theology: A Common Quest for Understanding. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1988. 142-47, 173-80, 231-44.

Van Huyssteen, J. Wentzel, ed. Essays in Postfoundationalist Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 1997. 55-72, 228-37, 263-65.

Suggestions for Further Reading (Not Required)

Hefner, Philip. The Human Factor: Evolution, Culture, and Religion. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993.

Matthews, Clifford; and Varhese, Roy, eds. Cosmic Beginnings and Human Ends: Where Science and Religion Meet. LaSalle, IL: Open Court Press, 1995.

McMullin, Ernan. The Inference that Makes Science. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1992.

Pannenberg, Wolfhart. Toward a Theology of Nature: Essays on Science and Faith. Ed. Ted Peters. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993.

Pollard, William. Transcendence and Providence. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1987.

Polyani, Michael. Personal Knowledge. New York: Harper & Row, 1964.

1c(ii) Schemas of science and religion relations

Core Readings

Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1997. 77-105.

Drees, Willem B. Religion, Science and Naturalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 39-49, esp. 45.

Gregersen, Niels Henrik; and van Huyssteen, J. Wentzel, eds. Rethinking Theology and Science: Six Models for the Current Dialogue. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1998. 1-11.

Gerhart, Mary and; Russell, Allan M. Metaphoric Process: The Creation of Scientific and Religious Understanding. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1984. 3-11, 85-94.

Haught, John F. Science and Religion: From Conflict to Conversation. New York: Paulist Press, 1995. 2-9, 202-3, esp. 9.

McGrath, A. E. Science and Religion: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. 44-50.

Peters, Ted, ed. Science & Theology: The New Consonance. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998. 11-22.

Russell, Robert John; Stoeger, William R, S.J.; and Coyne, George V, S.J., eds. Physics, Philosophy and Theology: A Common Quest for Understanding. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1988. 21-48, 274-76.

Van Huyssteen, J. Wentzel. Theology and the Justification of Faith. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989. 24-67.

Weinberg, Steven. Dreams of a Final Theory. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992. 241-61.

Suggestions for Further Reading (Not Required)

Ferre, Frederick. Hellfire and Lightning Rods: Liberating Science, Technology, and Religion. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1993.

Peacocke, Arthur, ed. The Sciences and Theology in the Twentieth Century. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981. xiii-xv.

Santmire, Paul. The Travail of Nature. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985.

1c(iii) Disciplinary approaches to science and religion

Core Readings

Brooke, John; and Cantor, Geoffrey. Reconstructing Nature: The Engagement of Science and Religion. Edinburgh: T&T Clark Ltd., 1998. 15-37.

Haraway, Donna J. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991. 1-4, 183-201.

Keller, Evelyn Fox. Refiguring Life: Metaphors of Twentieth-Century Biology. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. 1-42.

_____; and Longino, Helen E., eds. Feminism and Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Introduction, chapters 7, 9, 10, 15.

Knorr-Cetin, K. Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. 1-45, 246.

Laslett, Barbara, ed. Gender and Scientific Authority. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 1-18, 75-99, 364-90.

Lindberg, David C.; and Numbers, Ronald L., eds. God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. 1-18.

MacCormac, E. A. Metaphor and Myth in Science and Religion. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1976. 135-57.

Rothbart, D. Explaining the Growth of Scientific Knowledge: Metaphors, Models, and Meanings. Edwin Mellon Press, 1997. 3-19.

Soskice, Janet Martin. Metaphor and Religious Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987 [1985]. 97-117.

Suggestions for Further Reading (Not Required)

Carson, R. A.; Rothstein, M. A.; and Bloom, F. E. Behavioral Genetics: The Clash of Culture and Biology. John Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Cole-Turner, Ronald. The New Genesis: Theology and the Genetic Revolution. Westminster John Knox Press, 1993.

Mariniello, S.; and Bove, P. A., eds. Gendered Agents: Women and Institutional Knowledge. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998.

Peters, Ted. Playing God?: Genetic Determinism and Human Freedom. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Shinn, Roger. The New Genetics: Challenges for Science, Faith, and Politics. Moyer Bell Ltd, 1996.

UN Document A/RES/48/140. Human Rights and Scientific and Technological Progress. A Resolution Adopted by the UN General Assembly.

1c(iv) Integrative methods

Core Readings

Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1997. 284-90.

Delaney, C.F. Science, Knowledge, and Mind: A Study in the Philosophy of C.S. Peirce. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1993. 15-23, 41-5.

Drees, Willem B. Religion, Science and Naturalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 6-36, 236-59.

Kornblith, H, ed. Naturalizing Epistemology, 2d edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993. 1-30.

Kraus, Elizabeth M. The Metaphysics of Experience: A Companion to Whitehead’s Process and Reality. 2d edition. New York: Fordham University Press, 1998. 41-53.

Lakatos, Imre. “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes,” in Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, ed. Lakatos and Alan Musgrave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Murphy, Nancey. Theology in the Age of Scientific Reasoning. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990. 58-61, 86, 157-73, 183-92, 197-98.

Neville, Robert C. The Highroad Around Modernism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. 25-52.

Pannenberg, Wolfhart. Toward a Theology of Nature: Essays on Science and Faith. Ed. Ted Peters. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993. 1-14.

Peirce, Charles S. “A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God,” in Charles S. Peirce: Selected Writings (Values in a Universe of Chance), ed. Philip P. Wiener. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1958.

Wilson, Edward O. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Vintage Books, 1999 [1998]. 27-34, 58-60, 72-93, 291-95.

Whitehead, Alfred North. Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology. New York: The Free Press, 1978 [1929]. 3-17.

_____. Science and the Modern World. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967 [1925]. 19-39.

Suggestions for Further Reading (Not Required)

Almeder, R. F. Harmless Naturalism: The Limits of Science and the Nature of Philosophy. Open Court, 1998.

Barbour, Ian. Religion in an Age of Science: The Gifford Lectures. Vol. 1 (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990), chapters 8 and 9.

Birch, Charles. A Purpose for Everything: Religion in a Postmodern Worldview. Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications, 1990.

Hartshorne, Charles. Man’s Vision of God. Chicago: Willet Clark, 1941. chapter 5.

_____. The Logic of Perfection. LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1962. chapter 7.

_____. Weiss, P.; and Burks, A., eds. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931-1958.

Oliver, Harold H. Relational Metaphysic. The Hague/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1981.

_____.  Relatedness: Essays in Metaphysics and Theology. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1984.

Pannenberg, Wolfhart. Theology and the Philosophy of Science. Trans. Francis McDonagh Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976.

Russell, Robert John; Stoeger, William R, S.J.; and Coyne, George V, S.J.; eds. Physics, Philosophy and Theology: A Common Quest for Understanding. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1988. chapter by M. Heller.

Van Huyssteen, J. Wentzel. Essays in Postfoundationalist Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 1997. Chapters 1 and 12.

Wilber, Ken. The Marriage of Sense and Soul: Integrating Science and Religion. New York: Random House, 1998.

Contents | Rationale for Exam 1 | Reading List for Exam 1

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