Tillich and Popular Culture

Articles by Josh Hasler, Martha Brundage, Hyunwoong Hwang, Shelby Condray

Traces of Paul Tillich in the Art World by Josh Hasler

This brief sketch is not meant to detail Paul Tillich’s rich theory of art, but rather to discover details of the public perception of and reaction to Tillich’s participation in the cultural elite of New York and elsewhere. A search for contemporaneous accounts of his public influence amounts to a sort of Tillichian archeology. In lieu of potsherds and clay tablets, we have scraps of newspapers, quotes, and passing mentions of the Tillich’s influence in the artistic world. So I begin with the hypothesis that from whatever mundane objects we uncover, we may draw some modest conclusions about the public perception of the man during his time.

Tillich’s activities on the New York art “scene” are well documented. As a theologian he was never dismissed by the avant garde as some puritanical theologian (of course he was not, but the absence of the depreciatory term is telling) and even seems to have understood some artists more deeply and compassionately than art critics. For example, as Christmas approached in 1952, the Sunday edition of the New York Times detailed several exhibitions of religious art, which included crucifixion paintings of Salvador Dalí and an exhibit at Union Theological Seminary for which Tillich acted as faculty advisor. Art Editor, Aline Louchheim, opened the article noting that none of these exhibits contained “sweetly sentimental or sickly streamlined versions of religious themes,” which he or the readership may have expected. Louchheim framed the discussion of Dalí and others with Tillich’s four-fold artistic relationships, including creativity itself as “’the power of being, the ultimate potentiality of life,’” then noted with what seems to be a tone of mild surprise that artists, particularly expressionist artists in the Union exhibits, resonated with Tillich’s thought. Tillich provided a profound frame for Louchhiem, who closed otherwise rich piece with the line “[m]aybe spirituality, like beauty, lies in the eye of the beholder.” I wince as both Tillich and Dalí are gulped down a cliché’s gummy maw, even if it does contain a partial truth or show exactly what happens to pearls cast before swine.

Tillich’s consistent involvement in the art world earned him a nearly a perfunctory place in the aesthetic news of the post-war world. References to the man abound. Before me sits a 1962 Boston Globe notes Tillich’s presence on a panel regarding religious art during the Easter holidays. A 1964 New York Times notes first lady Claudia Johnson’s attendance at Tillich’s dedication lecture for the Museum of Modern Art’s expanded sculpture garden. Tillich’s obituary in the Boston Globe notes his interdisciplinary work, particularly his consistent commitment to the fine arts. Most of these references to Tillich are casual mentions with minimal explanation of his identity and station.

Tillich’s influence and reputation appears on a spectrum. In 1966, a year after Tillich’s death, New York Times art critic Grace Glueck reported on a dinner held by the New York Society for Clinical Psychiatry. Glueck quoted an organizer of the event as saying, “[w]e’ve had everyone appear at these dinners, from Paul Tillich to Warhol…” The passing reference seems to suggest a spectrum spanning from the depth of an old standard in cultural engagement to a new, perhaps more bizarre era for the New York artistic world. If I were allowed to read a little more into the ephemeral comparison, I might sense an implicit contrast indicates a slight sense of nostalgia speedily ignored in the excitement and row of the middle sixties. Even so, a decade later, in the November 5th issue of the New York Times Gluck again mentioned Tillich as the late owner of a painting by Alfonso Ossorio featured in a New York exhibition of religious art. In a 1989, Jack Anderson wrote a review of spiritual choreography in which discussed one dance, which “…suggests humanity is forever on the brink of disaster” and presents a “’yearning for the wholly other: an ultimate reality.’” Is it surprising that Tillich, then dead for twenty-five years but whose affinity for dance was well documented, made an appearance in this context? One choreographed piece, which dealt explicitly with the problem of theodicy, prompted Anderson to include several lines from Tillich’s sermon “You Are Accepted” in his review. It is not clear whether or not the choreographers intended such a comparison, but a discussion of Tillich’s grace “’in spite of separation and estrangement’” certainly borrows Tillich’s living theological depth for an aesthetic discussion some years after his death.

Tillich on Aesthetics, Art, and Culture: A Beginning Biography by Martha Brundage

Adams, James Luther, Wilhelm Pauck, and Roger Lincoln Shinn, eds. The Thought of Paul Tillich. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, 1985.

Begbie, Jeremy. “Theology, Ontology and the Philosophy of Art with Special Reference to Paul Tillich and the Dutch Neo-Calvinists,” PhD Dissertation. Aberdeen, 1987.

Begbie, Jeremy. Voicing Creation's Praise: Towards a Theology of the Arts. Edinburgh, Scotland: T & T Clark, 1991.

Carey, John Jesse. Kairos and Logos: Studies in the Roots and Implications of Tillich's Theology. Cambridge, MA: North American Paul Tillich Society, 1978.

Cobb, Kelton. The Blackwell Guide to Theology and Popular Culture. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.

Cobb, Kelton. “Reconsidering the Status of Popular Culture in Tillich's Theology of Culture,” The Journal of the American Academy of Religion 63 (1995): 53-84.

Danz, Christian. “Religion and Modern Culture: Considerations on Theology of Culture of Paul Tillich and Karl Barth,” The North American Paul Tillich Society Bulletin 37/1 (Winter 2011): 23-29.

Dillenberger, John. A Theology of Artistic Sensibilities: The Visual Arts and the Church. London: SCM, 1987.

Dixon, John W. “Is Tragedy Essential to Knowing: A Critique of Dr. Tillich's Aesthetic,” The Journal of Religion 43, no. 4 (1963): 271-284.

Halsey, Brian. “Paul Tillich on Religion and Art,” Lexington Theological Quarterly 9, no. 4 (1974): 100-112.

Holladay, Meredith A. “Music as Theology: Using Tillich's Theology of Culture to Understand the Prophetic and Theological in Popular Music,” The North American Paul Tillich Society Bulletin 39/4 (Fall 2013): 40-46.

Kegley, Charles W. “Paul Tillich on the Philosophy of Art,” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 19:2 (1960): 175-184.

Matthews, Thomas F. “Tillich on Religious Content in Modern Art,” Art Journal 27:1 (1967): 16-19.

Nikkel, David. “Updating Tillich on Religion and Art,” The North American Paul Tillich Society Bulletin 37/3 (Summer 2011): 10-16.

O'Meara, Thomas F. “Art and Music as Illustrators of Theology,” Anglican Theological Review 55, no. 3 (1973): 267-277.

Palmer, Michael. Paul Tillich's Philosophy of Art. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1984.

Re Manning, Russell, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Paul Tillich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Re Manning, Russell. Theology at the End of Culture: Paul Tillich's Theology of Culture and Art. Leuven: Peeters, 2005.

Re Manning, Russell. “Towards a Critical Reconstruction and Defense of Paul Tillich's Theology of Art.” Arts 16, no. 2 (2004): 32-37.

Scharlemann, Robert. “The Religious Interpretation of Art,” The Thought of Paul Tillich, ed. James Luther Adams, Wilhelm Pauck, and Roger LIncon Shinn. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, 1985.

Thiessen, Gesa. “Religious Art is Expressionistic. A Critical Appreciation of Paul Tillich's Theology of Art,” Irish Theological Quarterly 59:4 (1993): 301-311.

Thompson, R. Duane. “Tillich's Esthetic of Ultimate Meaning,” Continuum (Chicago, III) 3, no. 1 (1965): 68-74.

Tillich, Paul. “Art and Ultimate Reality,” Cross Currents, 10 (Winter 1960): 2-14.

Tillich, Paul. On Art and Architecture. Ed. Jane Dillenberger and John Dillenberger. New York: Crossroad, 1981

Wheeler, Geraldine. “Three Theologians and Their Favorite Paintings,” Arts 18, no. 1 (2006): 6-13.

Willimon, William H. “Tillich and Art: Pitfalls of a Theological Dialogue with Art,” Religion In Life 45, no. 1 (1976): 72-81.

Tillich and Expressionist Paintings by Hyunwoong Hwang

Here are some citations and links of the expressionist paintings that Tillich was facinated with.

Drawings: Command + click

"With respect to stylistic element (which reappear in all historical styles), the realistic, the idealistic, and the expressionistic elements can be distinguished. Each appears in every style, but normally one element is predominant. From the point of view of theonomy, one can say that the expressionistic element is most able to express the self-transcendence of life in the vertical line. It breaks away from the horizontal movement and shows the Spiritual Presence in symbols of broken finitude. This is the reason why most of the great religious art in all periods has been determined by the expressionist element in its stylistic expression. When the naturalistic and idealistic elements are predominant, the finite is either accepted in its finitude (though not copied) or is seen in its essential potentialities but not in its disruption and salvation. Naturalism, when predominant, produces acceptance, idealism, anticipation, and expressionism the breakthrough into the vertical. Thus expressionism is the genuinely theonomous element."(Systematic Theology Volume 3, p. 258)

EXPRESSIONISM AND ULTIMATE REALITY: Paul Tillich's Theology of Art Author(s): JOSEPH L. PRICE Source: Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal,Vol. 69, No. 4, Papers for The Tillich Centennial (Winter 1986), pp. 479-498 Published by: Penn State University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41178394 Accessed: 20-10-2015 22:14 UTC

Tillich' MOMA speech

I must confess that I have not learned from any theological book as much as I learned from these pictures of the great modern artists who broke through into the realm out of which symbols are born. And you cannot understand theology without under- standing symbols (1956a, 144-5).

He declared that he had come to the conclusion that "an apple of Cezanne has more presence of ultimate reality than a picture of Jesus by Hoffman" (1960, 5).(479)

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/becoming-modern/avant-garde-france/post-impressionism/v/c-zanne-still-life-with-apples-1895-98-moma

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)#

It is possible to see in a still-life by Cézanne, an animal picture by Marc, a landscape by Schmidt-Rottluff, and an erotic picture by Nolde, the direct revelation of an absolute reality in these rela- tive things. The world-import experienced in the artist's reli- gious ecstasy, shines through the things; they have become "holy" objects. (Tillich "Religiöser Stil und religiöser Stoff in der bildenden Kunst" 156, quoted in Adams 1970, 81)

Landscape by Schmidt-Rottluff,

Tillich indicates a third common artistic element, which he calls "style." Essentially, SOUNDINGS "style" is the manner of presentation of a particular form-content. As such, style is the element which generates fundamentally religious impressions like disruption (as in "Guernica") and harmony (as in Raphael's "Madonna and Child"), and which stimulates the re- spective consequent feelings of alienation and peacefulness

http://italianrenaissanceresources.com/units/unit-1/essays/raphaels-madonnas-full-of-grace/

Tillich regards Griinewald's "Crucifixion" as "the greatest German picture ever painted."(487)

http://www.wikiart.org/en/matthias-gr-newald/the-crucifixion-detail-from-the-isenheim-altarpiece

Tillich's reconciliation to non-objective art, such as Jackson Pollock's "No. 1," resulted from his examination of its roots. Non-objective mystical-panentheistic preciates the mystery art, he believes, arises out of a experience of reality, one which fully ap- and possibility of encountering Ultimate Reality in all moments and in all places.(488)

http://www.wikiart.org/en/jackson-pollock/no-1-1948

In the style of expressionism, of lines in Duchamp's "Nude Descending a Staircase," the irregularity the angularity of lines in Cezanne's "Still Life with Basket of Apples," the thickness of lines and color in Cezanne's "Mont Sainte- Victoire as Seen from Bibemus Quarry," and the muddled, almost angular change of color in van Gogh's "The Potato Eaters" generate a sense of disruption, apprehension, and uncertainty - feelings akin to those of Angst.(493)

Duchamp's "Nude Descending a Staircase"

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duchamp_-_Nude_Descending_a_Staircase.jpg

Cezanne's "Mont Sainte- Victoire as Seen from Bibemus Quarr"

http://www.paulcezanne.org/mont-sainte-victoire-seen-from-the-bibemus-quarry.jsp

van Gogh's "The Potato Eaters"

https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/asset-viewer/the-potato-eaters/rQE6qmf9oVuKPA?utm_source=google&utm_medium=kp&hl=en&projectId=art-project

Tillich and Art by Shelby Condray

We all know the image, flowing light-brown hair gently caresses the contours of an effete caucasian male with striking blue eyes. His face is preternaturally calm, his gaze, penetrating to the depths of the human soul. The well-trimmed beard assures us of his penis, and the aureola of light speaks to his sanctity. This is Jesus in all his divine glory. Or perhaps we see Jesus surrounded by children and lambs, rolling verdant fields fading off into the horizon, the Sunday School Jesus. Increasingly common today, especially in the Evangelical movement, is the bloodily pornographic image of an eroticized Jesus hanging on a cross, his contorted countenance and writhing body reflecting a sadistic imaging of the crucifixion as an orgasmic moment of both agony and ecstasy, Jesus the masochistic suffering servant. Lastly, we have Christ the peaceful companion who carries us across the sand leaving only a single set of footprints... the invisible “Chicken Soup for the Soul” Jesus. For Protestants, following in the footsteps of our Reformation forebears has meant that we stick to Christ for our Christian imagery; casting out Mary and all those sanctimonious Saints as pure idolatry, we create religious art centered on the subliminal idolatry of the Christ contained and confined in a closed set of images and forms.

Paul Tillich, the prominent Protestant theologian of the middle decades of the 20th century, was a well-known critic of what he labeled “kitsch” in religious art. For Tillich, this meant art that was “pre-digested”: possessed of Gehalt, or content, that does not in any meaningful way interact with the form and thus reveals nothing of ultimate importance (read: nothing of the Divine); we are simply fed back the saccharine regurgitations of our lowest cultural common denominator. In a concise statement of his philosophy of art, a young Tillich writing in 1921 following his experience on the front lines of World War I succinctly states that art’s “immediate task is ... that of expressing meaning. Art indicates what the character of a spiritual situation is; it does this more immediately and directly than do science and philosophy for it is less burdened by objective considerations. Its symbols have something of a revelatory character while scientific conceptualization must suppress the symbolic in favor of objective adequacy.” Art is the medium through which we can come to know ourselves, our culture and the ultimate ground of our being more fully.

Against the backdrop of the destruction and even evil incarnate instantiated in the rise of the Third Reich, meaning is what Americans living in the 1950’s and 1960’s struggled to find. The old patterns no longer fit, but they were familiar and stable. The old content no longer spoke to people but it was easier to tolerate than to dispute. Witnessing first hand the horror of war and the impotence of an ossified theology in the face of such events, Tillich came to promote a “Protestant principle” that pushed for a living heart pulsing inside the Christian faith and encouraging a “prophetic judgment against religious pride, ecclesiastical arrogance and secular self-sufficiency and their destructive consequences.” Paul Tillich’s theology challenged the foundations of Protestant thought through the embrace of continuing protest against the inculcated and institutionalized. The old answers need not be our answers and in fact could not be. This flexibility and vibrant life-affirming theology gave millions of Americans the “Courage” to face the abyss that the horrors of war had made so concrete.

It is within this context that we can understand Tillich’s prominence in the American art culture of the 50’s and 60’s. As the church must be open to new revelation, so to, art, both content and form, must be open to new processes and revelatory expressions. Indeed, for Tillich the “courage to be” arises from the recognition of the ground of being (God), and art provides virtually unparalleled access to recognition of this ground of being; in the complex negotiations between form and content we glimpse ultimate meaning.

While not outright inconceivable, it is rather incredible today to think that museums as notable as New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art or the Chicago Art Institute would turn to a theologian to curate and give the keynote speech at the opening of an exhibit. We tend to separate art and theology, religious art and “high” art. Tillich, however, spoke on numerous occasions as an expert in both fields. His popularity served to legitimize modern art movement as he applied his theology to the field of art. From his address on the opening of new MOMA galleries in 1964, and lecture “Ultimate Reality and Art” (1959) to his “Masterpieces of Religious Art” exhibit in Chicago, Tillich sought to bring a recognition of art’s power to capture humankind’s search for the Ultimate. In this, Tillich once again captured the nascent spirit of his time; a mere two three years later Warhol would bring forth his iconic Campbell’s soup can with its withering critique of lifeless art forms and content. Against the voices lionizing the traditional, Tillich exalted the original and honest. In a testament to Tillich’s star power, the New York Times published a two-page spread covering his art exhibit (August 1, 1954). This article captures the essence of Tillich’s theology of art: great art reveals the questions with which a society struggles. The article contains eight prints ranging from the 11th through 19th centuries along with a note on Tillich’s speech and small descriptions of the artwork included in the article. We see Tillich’s theology of art reflected in descriptions such as this one: “The early northern painters saw God’s presence in each tiny object. For the seventeenth-century masters religion became humanized: with spiritual tones for Rembrandt, but, as in ‘Old Woman Praying,’ in a more bourgeois, stolid fashion for Nicholas Maes.” or this one: Jean-François Millet’s, ‘The Angelus,’ esthetically a splendid picture, seems laden with a self-complacent, mid-Victorian sentimentality — the humble peasants glorified by their sense of the Great Beyond. It is one of the world’s most popular religious paintings.”

Tillich recognized that art reflects the deepest stirrings of human culture and sought to free the expression of these deep insights from the intransigent forces of cultural inertia. Through his popular theology he gained a platform from which he could lend legitimacy to an artistic movement capturing the spirit of his time. When we oppose this ever-evolving expression of the ultimate, we become the Roman soldiers who bound the living Word to the cross; we ourselves crucify the Christ on the cross of our petrified institutional norms. Tillich’s theology of art sets us free and gives us the tools to paint a new religious landscape.

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