In this section I write about the phenomenon that is Tesla and the experience of acquiring and driving a Model S.
Some updates deliver major new capabilities while some are just improvements to existing capabilities. All in all, you end up with a car possessed of the latest technology, within the capabiities of you car's current hardware.
At this point I believe that Tesla is the only vehicle company performing spontaneous over-the-air updating — rather like the Apple model of directly providing updates directly from Apple to your Apple device. In contrast, other car companies are still in the dark ages. In July 2015 it was deomonstrated that a Chrysler Jeep vehicle could be hacked — through the entertainment system(!) — and taken over from a laptop any number of miles away from the vehicle. Frighteningly, this extended to having its engine turned off as it's going down a crowded freeway with no breakdown lane. In response, Fiat-Chrysler put out a recall for 1.5 million affected vehicles. And get this: owners of the recalled vehicles will get a USB drive that they can use to update the car's software. Yes, you should be able to get a Jeep update and protect your family in just a matter of months. To Fiat-Chrysler, this seems to be 2005, not 2015. This is precisely the dimwittedness that Elon Musk is dedicated to countering.
There is no "model year", per se, with Tesla cars. They are constantly being improved, with minor and major changes whenever the changes are ready. When parking sensors were ready, they were added to the car, as were the radar and vision systems to support Autopilot.