Not sure this fits any category exactly. It's about whether getting sick causes people to seek religion, so the causal flow is different than in most other articles.
N2 - Research on people who identify themselves as having no religious preference, often referred to as "nones" or non-affiliates, indicates that many used to belong to a religious group or still have some level of religiosity. The purpose of this research is to determine if there are differences between religious affiliates and non-affiliates in whether physical or mental health problems spur religious seeking. Data from a national longitudinal survey, Americans' Changing Lives, Waves I and II, were used to examine whether physical and mental health problems precipitate religious consolation and attendance at religious services. While non-affiliates were generally less likely than affiliates to seek religious consolation, those with a stronger religious identity increased their religious seeking over time. Non-affiliates who more frequently attended religious services also increased their rate of attendance during the study. The findings provide little evidence, however, that physical or mental health factors increase religious consolation and attendance. Affiliates who had been diagnosed with cancer in the previous 12 months or had multiple chronic conditions were actually less likely to attend religious services. SP - 229 EP - 251 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/3512568 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7024 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: What Is Complementary Medicine? JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Zollman,Catherine A1 - Vickers,Andrew VL - 319 IS - 7211 PY - 1999/09/11/ SP - 693 EP - 696 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25185762 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8295 T1 - Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Government-Funded Health Programs Hearing Before the Committee on Government Reform House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, First Session, February 24, 1999 CY - Washington A1 - United States PB - U.S. G.P.O PY - 1999/// KW - Alternative medicine KW - Government employees' health insurance KW - Medical policy KW - United States ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7844 T1 - Religion Explained A1 - Boyer,Pascal PB - Basic Books PY - 2002/04// SN - 0465006965 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6081 T1 - Unorthodox Medicine and American Religious Life JF - The Journal of Religion A1 - Fuller,Robert C. VL - 67 IS - 1 PY - 1987/01// SP - 50 EP - 65 SN - 00224189 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1203316 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7853 T1 - Neural markers of religious conviction JF - Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society / APS JA - Psychol Sci M3 - 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02305.x A1 - Inzlicht,Michael A1 - McGregor,Ian A1 - Hirsh,Jacob B A1 - Nash,Kyle VL - 20 IS - 3 PY - 2009/03// N2 - Many people derive peace of mind and purpose in life from their belief in God. For others, however, religion provides unsatisfying answers. Are there brain differences between believers and nonbelievers? Here we show that religious conviction is marked by reduced reactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a cortical system that is involved in the experience of anxiety and is important for self-regulation. In two studies, we recorded electroencephalographic neural reactivity in the ACC as participants completed a Stroop task. Results showed that stronger religious zeal and greater belief in God were associated with less firing of the ACC in response to error and with commission of fewer errors. These correlations remained strong even after we controlled for personality and cognitive ability. These results suggest that religious conviction provides a framework for understanding and acting within one's environment, thereby acting as a buffer against anxiety and minimizing the experience of error. KW - Adult KW - Affect KW - Anxiety KW - Attitude KW - Cognition KW - Cognition Disorders KW - Culture KW - Electroencephalography KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Neuropsychological Tests KW - personality KW - Psychological Tests KW - Religion SP - 385 EP - 392 SN - 1467-9280 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19291205 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7264 T1 - Murder, Magic, and Medicine CY - New York A1 - Mann,J. PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2000/// KW - History KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Pharmacology KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0198507445 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6082 T1 - Qigong: where did it come from? Where does it fit in science? What are the advances? JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2006.12.351 A1 - Shinnick,Phillip VL - 12 IS - 4 PY - 2006/05// KW - Attitude to Health KW - Breathing Exercises KW - China KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Humans KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Qi KW - Research Design KW - Tai Ji KW - United States SP - 351 EP - 353 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16722782 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8294 T1 - Faith and Health: Religion, Science, and Public Policy CY - Macon A1 - Simmons,Paul D. PB - Mercer University Press PY - 2008/// SN - 0881460850 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7656 T1 - Spiritual well-being, intrinsic religiosity, and suicidal behavior in predominantly Catholic Croatian war veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a case control study JF - The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease JA - J. Nerv. Ment. Dis M3 - 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815faa5f A1 - Nad,Sanea A1 - Marcinko,Darko A1 - Vuksan-Aeusa,Bjanka A1 - Jakovljević,Miro A1 - Jakovljevic,Gordana VL - 196 IS - 1 PY - 2008/01// N2 - We investigated relationships between spiritual well-being (SWB), intrinsic religiosity (IR), and suicidal behavior in 45 Croatian war veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and 32 healthy volunteers. Compared with the volunteers, the veterans had significantly lower SWB scores (p = 0.000) and existential well-being (EWB) scores (p = 0.000). Scores on the religious well-being (RWB) subscale (p = 0.108) and the IR scale did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.803). Veterans' suicidality inversely correlated with SWB (p = 0.000), EWB (p = 0.000), RWB (p = 0.026), and IR (p = 0.041), with the association being stronger for the EWB subscale than for the RWB subscale. Veterans who had attempted suicide at least once in their lifetime had significantly higher Suicidal Assessment Scale scores and lower EWB scores than veterans who never attempted suicide. Low EWB scores may imply an increased risk of suicidality. Some religious activities were more frequent among the veterans than among the healthy volunteers, possibly reflecting the veterans' increased help-seeking behavior due to poor EWB. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Case-Control Studies KW - Catholicism KW - Chronic Disease KW - Combat Disorders KW - Croatia KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Culture KW - Existentialism KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Motivation KW - Patient Acceptance of Health Care KW - Personality Inventory KW - Psychometrics KW - Quality of Life KW - Religion and Psychology KW - risk factors KW - Self Concept KW - Spirituality KW - Suicide, Attempted KW - Veterans KW - War SP - 79 EP - 83 SN - 1539-736X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18195647 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7732 T1 - Religiosity and preferences for life-prolonging medical treatments in African-American and white elders: a mediation study JF - Omega JA - Omega (Westport) A1 - Winter,Laraine A1 - Dennis,Marie P A1 - Parker,Barbara VL - 56 IS - 3 PY - 2007///2008 N2 - Research on end-of-life treatment preferences has documented robust racial differences, with African-Americans preferring more life-prolonging treatment than Whites. Although little research has attempted to explain these racial differences systematically, speculation has centered on religiosity. We examined a dimension of religiosity frequently invoked in end-of-life research-guidance by God's will-as a potential mediator of racial differences in such treatment preferences. Three hundred African-American and White men and women aged 60 or older participated in a 35-minute telephone interview that elicited preferences for four common life-prolonging treatments in each of nine health scenarios. The questionnaire included the five-item God's will (GW) scale, a health conditions checklist, a depression measure, and sociodemographic questions. GW mediated racial differences at least partially for most treatments and in most health scenarios. Implications are discussed for understanding end-of-life treatment preferences and why races tend to differ. KW - African Americans KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Death KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Depression KW - European Continental Ancestry Group KW - Female KW - Health Behavior KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Life Support Care KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Patient Acceptance of Health Care KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Philadelphia KW - social support KW - Spirituality SP - 273 EP - 288 SN - 0030-2228 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18300651 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7036 T1 - Esoteric healing traditions: a conceptual overview JF - Explore (New York, N.Y.) JA - Explore (NY) M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2007.12.003 A1 - Levin,Jeff VL - 4 IS - 2 PY - 2008/04//Mar-undefined N2 - This paper presents, for the first time, a comprehensive scholarly examination of the history and principles of major traditions of esoteric healing. After a brief conceptual overview of esoteric religion and healing, summaries are provided of eight major esoteric traditions, including descriptions of beliefs and practices related to health, healing, and medicine. These include what are termed the kabbalistic tradition, the mystery school tradition, the gnostic tradition, the brotherhoods tradition, the Eastern mystical tradition, the Western mystical tradition, the shamanic tradition, and the new age tradition. Next, commonalities across these traditions are summarized with respect to beliefs and practices related to anatomy and physiology; nosology and etiology; pathophysiology; and therapeutic modalities. Finally, the implications of this survey of esoteric healing are discussed for clinicians, biomedical researchers, and medical educators. KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Holistic Health KW - Homeopathy KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Meditation KW - Mind-Body Therapies KW - Naturopathy KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Shamanism KW - Spirituality SP - 101 EP - 112 SN - 1550-8307 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316053 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7745 T1 - Spirituality, breast cancer beliefs and mammography utilization among urban African American women JF - Journal of Health Psychology JA - J Health Psychol M3 - 10.1177/13591053030083008 A1 - Holt,Cheryl L A1 - Lukwago,Susan N A1 - Kreuter,Matthew W VL - 8 IS - 3 PY - 2003/05// N2 - Spirituality has been shown to be associated with health, and is an important component in the lives of many African Americans. Recent research proposes that spirituality is a multidimensional construct. The present study proposes a two-dimensional model in which spirituality encompasses a belief and behavioral dimension. This hypothesis was examined, as were relationships between these dimensions and spiritual health locus of control, breast cancer beliefs and mammography utilization among African American women. The belief dimension played a more important role in adaptive breast cancer beliefs and mammography utilization that did the behavioral dimension. These findings suggest the importance of spiritual belief systems for health, and implications for spiritual cancer communication interventions are discussed. KW - Adult KW - African Continental Ancestry Group KW - Attitude to Health KW - Breast Neoplasms KW - Female KW - Health Behavior KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Humans KW - Internal-External Control KW - Mammography KW - Middle Aged KW - Missouri KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality SP - 383 EP - 396 SN - 1359-1053 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14670216 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7608 T1 - Cancer in Utah Mormon Men by Church Activity Level JF - Am. J. Epidemiol. A1 - GARDNER,JOHN W. A1 - LYON,JOSEPH L. VL - 116 IS - 2 PY - 1982/08/01/ N2 - In light of iow cancer rates in Mormons which may be due to specific heaith practices advocated by the Mormon Church, this study classifies female Mormon cancer patients in Utah according to measures of adherence to Church doctrines. The distribution by Church activity level is compared for each site to a group of other cancer sites felt to represent the overall activity level distribution of Utah Mormon women. Mormon women classified as having the strongest adherence to Church doctrines had lung cancer rates during 1966-1970 much lower than did women with the weakest adherence. The relationship was not as strong, however, as that seen in Mormon men when classified by lay priesthood office. Cancer of the uterine cervix also showed lower rates in the more active groups, but this finding was not statistically significant. Cancers of the breast and ovary did not show consistent associations with Church activity level, nor did most of the gastrointestinal cancers. These data suggest that some of the differences in cancer incidence between Mormons and non-Mormons may not be explained by adherence to specific Church doctrines. SP - 258 EP - 265 UR - http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/2/258 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8313 T1 - Healing words : the power of prayer and the practice of medicine CY - [San Francisco Calif.] A1 - Dossey,Larry PB - HarperSanFrancisco PY - 1993/// SN - 9780062502513 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7130 T1 - Perception of nursing care: views of Saudi Arabian female nurses JF - Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession JA - Contemp Nurse A1 - Mebrouk,Jette VL - 28 IS - 1-2 PY - 2008/04// N2 - 'Values are principles and standards that have meaning and worth to an individual, family, group, or community' (Purnell & Paulanka 1998: p.3). Values are central to the care provided by nurses. The provision of nursing care within the context of value clarification, has been explored from various perspectives, however, as values vary within cultures, there is a limited range of studies reflecting on Saudi Arabian nurses' perspectives of nursing care. Through a Heideggerian phenomenological research design, six nurses were enrolled through purposive sampling. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which were audio tape-recorded, were chosen as the methods of data collection. A seven stage framework approach was applied to analyse and organise the research findings in three conceptual themes: values in context of Islam, the nurse-patient relationship, and identity's influence on being in the world of nursing. The findings of the research indicate that values in nursing and the perception of care are closely linked to the Islamic values of the informants. However, one of the most challenging aspects emerging from this study is related to these nurses' experiences related to the public's negative perception of nursing as a profession for Saudi Arabian women. KW - Data Collection KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Male KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Nurses KW - Nursing KW - Saudi Arabia KW - Terminal Care SP - 149 EP - 161 SN - 1037-6178 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18844568 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7213 T1 - Mesmerized : powers of mind in Victorian Britain CY - Chicago A1 - Winter,Alison PB - University of Chicago Press PY - 1998/// SN - 9780226902197 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8187 T1 - Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology A1 - Lilienfeld,Scott O. A1 - Lynn,Steven Jay A1 - Lohr,Jeffrey M. PB - The Guilford Press PY - 2004/07/26/ SN - 1593850700 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7883 T1 - Sleep paralysis as spiritual experience JF - Transcultural Psychiatry JA - Transcult Psychiatry A1 - Hufford,David J VL - 42 IS - 1 PY - 2005/03// N2 - This article presents an overview of the sleep paralysis experience from both a cultural and a historical perspective. The robust, complex phenomenological pattern that represents the subjective experience of sleep paralysis is documented and illustrated. Examples are given showing that, for a majority of subjects, sleep paralysis is taken to be a kind of spiritual experience. This is, in part, because of the very common perception of a non-physical 'threatening presence' that is part of the event. Examples from various cultures, including mainstream contemporary America which has no widely known tradition about sleep paralysis, are used to show that the complex pattern and spiritual interpretation are not dependent on cultural models or prior learning. This is dramatically contrary to conventional explanations of apparently 'direct' spiritual experiences, explanations that are summed up as the 'Cultural Source Hypothesis.' This aspect of sleep paralysis was not recognized through most of the twentieth century. The article examines the way that conventional modern views of spiritual experience, combined with medical ideas that labeled 'direct' spiritual experiences as psychopathological, and mainstream religious views of such experiences as heretical if not pathological, suppressed the report and discussion of these experiences in modern society. These views have resulted in confusion in the scientific literature on sleep paralysis with regard to its prevalence and core features. The article also places sleep paralysis in the context of other 'direct' spiritual experiences and offers an 'Experiential Theory' of cross-culturally distributed spiritual experiences. KW - Affect KW - Culture KW - Humans KW - Psychological Theory KW - Sleep Paralysis KW - Spirituality SP - 11 EP - 45 SN - 1363-4615 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15881267 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6083 T1 - Esoteric healing traditions: a conceptual overview JF - Explore (New York, N.Y.) JA - Explore (NY) M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2007.12.003 A1 - Levin,Jeff VL - 4 IS - 2 PY - 2008/04//Mar-undefined N2 - This paper presents, for the first time, a comprehensive scholarly examination of the history and principles of major traditions of esoteric healing. After a brief conceptual overview of esoteric religion and healing, summaries are provided of eight major esoteric traditions, including descriptions of beliefs and practices related to health, healing, and medicine. These include what are termed the kabbalistic tradition, the mystery school tradition, the gnostic tradition, the brotherhoods tradition, the Eastern mystical tradition, the Western mystical tradition, the shamanic tradition, and the new age tradition. Next, commonalities across these traditions are summarized with respect to beliefs and practices related to anatomy and physiology; nosology and etiology; pathophysiology; and therapeutic modalities. Finally, the implications of this survey of esoteric healing are discussed for clinicians, biomedical researchers, and medical educators. KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Holistic Health KW - Homeopathy KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Meditation KW - Mind-Body Therapies KW - Naturopathy KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Shamanism KW - Spirituality SP - 101 EP - 112 SN - 1550-8307 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316053 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6084 T1 - Christian Healing: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide CY - Grand Rapids, Mich A1 - Pearson,Mark A PB - Chosen Books PY - 1995/// KW - Health KW - Religious aspects KW - Spiritual healing SN - 0800792211 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6085 T1 - Psychiatric therapy and pharmacology in medieval Islam JF - Medicina Nei Secoli JA - Med Secoli A1 - De Maio,Domenico VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 2002/// N2 - Although psychiatric therapy and pharmacology in Medieval Islam are based on the ancient Greek tradition, the original Arabic contribution in the introduction and employment of new substances is undeniable. Another important aspect which received a decisive impetus by Arab physicians was the concept of psychical therapy. KW - History, Medieval KW - Islam KW - Pharmacology KW - Psychiatry KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 39 EP - 68 SN - 0394-9001 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12747380 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8023 T1 - God, faith, and health : exploring the spirituality-healing connection CY - New York A1 - Levin,Jeffrey PB - J. Wiley PY - 2001/// SN - 9780471355038 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7796 T1 - Does meditation enhance cognition and brain plasticity? JF - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences JA - Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci M3 - 10.1196/annals.1393.002 A1 - Xiong,Glen L A1 - Doraiswamy,P Murali VL - 1172 PY - 2009/08// N2 - Meditation practices have various health benefits including the possibility of preserving cognition and preventing dementia. While the mechanisms remain investigational, studies show that meditation may affect multiple pathways that could play a role in brain aging and mental fitness. For example, meditation may reduce stress-induced cortisol secretion and this could have neuroprotective effects potentially via elevating levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Meditation may also potentially have beneficial effects on lipid profiles and lower oxidative stress, both of which could in turn reduce the risk for cerebrovascular disease and age-related neurodegeneration. Further, meditation may potentially strengthen neuronal circuits and enhance cognitive reserve capacity. These are the theoretical bases for how meditation might enhance longevity and optimal health. Evidence to support a neuroprotective effect comes from cognitive, electroencephalogram (EEG), and structural neuroimaging studies. In one cross-sectional study, meditation practitioners were found to have a lower age-related decline in thickness of specific cortical regions. However, the enthusiasm must be balanced by the inconsistency and preliminary nature of existing studies as well as the fact that meditation comprises a heterogeneous group of practices. Key future challenges include the isolation of a potential common element in the different meditation modalities, replication of existing findings in larger randomized trials, determining the correct "dose," studying whether findings from expert practitioners are generalizable to a wider population, and better control of the confounding genetic, dietary and lifestyle influences. KW - Brain KW - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor KW - Clinical Trials as Topic KW - Cognition KW - Electroencephalography KW - Humans KW - Meditation KW - Meta-Analysis as Topic KW - Models, Biological KW - Neurodegenerative Diseases KW - Neuronal Plasticity SP - 63 EP - 69 SN - 1749-6632 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19743551 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7265 T1 - Taming the Wind of Desire: Psychology, Medicine, and Aesthetics in Malay Shamanistic Performance T3 - Comparative studies of health systems and medical care CY - Berkeley, CA A1 - Laderman,Carol PB - University of California Press PY - 1991/// KW - Kampong Merchang (Terengganu) KW - Malays (Asian people) KW - Medicine KW - Religion KW - Shamanism KW - Social life and customs KW - Terengganu KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0520069161 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8123 T1 - Spiritual care in nursing: an overview of the research to date JF - Journal of Clinical Nursing JA - J Clin Nurs M3 - 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01617.x A1 - Ross,Linda VL - 15 IS - 7 PY - 2006/07// N2 - AIMS: The paper gives an overview of nursing research papers published on spiritual care between 1983 and October 2005. It also provides pointers for the future direction of research in this emerging field. BACKGROUND: Spiritual care of patients/clients is expected of nurses and is reflected in nursing codes of ethics, nurse education guidelines, policy documents and nursing guidance. Recent years have seen a proliferation in nursing research in this area, particularly in the UK and North America, and now in other European countries. It seemed timely, therefore, to review this published research. METHOD: Included in the review were 47 original published nursing research papers identified from a CINAHL search and from a collection held by the author since 1983. Papers were sorted into five categories, a template to aid reviewing was produced and a short summary and critique of each paper was written. CONCLUSIONS: Research on spirituality and health needs to move forward in a systematic and co-ordinated way. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Hopefully, the research summarized in this paper will be useful to clinicians and nurse educators as they strive to incorporate spiritual care within their practice. In turn patients/clients and their families should benefit from care which is more holistic and addresses their deepest concerns and needs. KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Attitude to Health KW - Codes of Ethics KW - Forecasting KW - Health Services Needs and Demand KW - Humans KW - Nurses KW - Nurse's Role KW - Nursing Assessment KW - Nursing Care KW - Nursing Research KW - Philosophy, Nursing KW - Practice Guidelines as Topic KW - Research Design KW - Spirituality SP - 852 EP - 862 SN - 0962-1067 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879378 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7847 T1 - The neural correlates of religious and nonreligious belief JF - PloS One JA - PLoS ONE M3 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0007272 A1 - Harris,Sam A1 - Kaplan,Jonas T A1 - Curiel,Ashley A1 - Bookheimer,Susan Y A1 - Iacoboni,Marco A1 - Cohen,Mark S VL - 4 IS - 10 PY - 2009/// N2 - BACKGROUND: While religious faith remains one of the most significant features of human life, little is known about its relationship to ordinary belief at the level of the brain. Nor is it known whether religious believers and nonbelievers differ in how they evaluate statements of fact. Our lab previously has used functional neuroimaging to study belief as a general mode of cognition [1], and others have looked specifically at religious belief [2]. However, no research has compared these two states of mind directly. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure signal changes in the brains of thirty subjects-fifteen committed Christians and fifteen nonbelievers-as they evaluated the truth and falsity of religious and nonreligious propositions. For both groups, and in both categories of stimuli, belief (judgments of "true" vs judgments of "false") was associated with greater signal in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, an area important for self-representation [3], [4], [5], [6], emotional associations [7], reward [8], [9], [10], and goal-driven behavior [11]. This region showed greater signal whether subjects believed statements about God, the Virgin Birth, etc. or statements about ordinary facts. A comparison of both stimulus categories suggests that religious thinking is more associated with brain regions that govern emotion, self-representation, and cognitive conflict, while thinking about ordinary facts is more reliant upon memory retrieval networks. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: While religious and nonreligious thinking differentially engage broad regions of the frontal, parietal, and medial temporal lobes, the difference between belief and disbelief appears to be content-independent. Our study compares religious thinking with ordinary cognition and, as such, constitutes a step toward developing a neuropsychology of religion. However, these findings may also further our understanding of how the brain accepts statements of all kinds to be valid descriptions of the world. SP - e0007272 EP - e0007272 SN - 1932-6203 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19794914 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7774 T1 - The effects of distant healing performed by a spiritual healer on chronic pain: a randomized controlled trial JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine JA - Altern Ther Health Med A1 - Tsubono,Kenjiro A1 - Thomlinson,Paul A1 - Shealy,C Norman VL - 15 IS - 3 PY - 2009/06//May-undefined N2 - CONTEXT: Many individuals suffer from various kinds of chronic pain. Some controlled studies on distant healing for chronic pain exist, but no definitive conclusion has been established. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of distant healing performed by a professional Japanese healer on chronic pain. DESIGN: A double-blind randomized controlled study. SETTING: Holos University, Fair Grove, Missouri. SUBJECTS: People suffering from chronic pain (not caused by clear organic diseases or that persists long after a reasonable period of healing following injuries or surgery) were recruited through local radio and newspaper advertising. Subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group or control group using a double-blind procedure. INTERVENTIONS: All subjects met the healer at the initial session at Holos University. At the session, a 20-minute group meditation was performed. The healer went back to Japan after the session and started distant healing only to the treatment group for a 2-month period. All participants were asked to meditate for 20 minutes every day during this 2-month period. OUTCOME MEASURES: The visual analog scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 17 subjects were recruited, and 16 subjects completed the study. Comparison of pretreatment and posttreatment visual analog scale indicated a slightly significant effect of distant healing (P=.056). The Present Pain Intensity Scale showed significant improvement in the treatment group compared to the control group (P=.0016). The Pain Rating Index showed improvement in the treatment group, but the difference between both groups was not statistically significant (P=.12). KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Chronic Disease KW - Double-Blind Method KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Middle Aged KW - Pain KW - Pain Measurement KW - Spiritual Therapies SP - 30 EP - 34 SN - 1078-6791 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19472862 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7672 T1 - Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences and health: results from the US General Social Survey JF - Social Science & Medicine (1982) JA - Soc Sci Med M3 - 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.008 A1 - Maselko,Joanna A1 - Kubzansky,Laura D VL - 62 IS - 11 PY - 2006/06// N2 - Even though a majority of Americans report having spiritual/religious beliefs, the role of different dimensions of spirituality/religiosity in health is not well understood. Moreover, given that the experience of spirituality/religiosity differs for men and women, it is possible that the strength of the association between spirituality/religiosity and health may also differ by gender. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between spirituality/religiosity and three markers of health and well-being, and any gender differences in these relationships. First, we test the hypothesis that engagement with formal religious institutions (i.e. public religious activity) will be more beneficial for men than for women and we examine the role of denominational affiliation in any observed differences. Second, we directly compare effects of three different kinds of religious activities (public and private religious activity and spiritual experience) on health and well-being. Data are from the 1998 US General Social Survey, a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized adults. Participants were asked about the frequency of engaging in public and private religious activities and having spiritual experiences. Psychological distress, happiness and self-rated health were used as indicators of health and well-being. Results suggest that weekly public religious activity was significantly associated with better health and well-being. Furthermore, this relationship was stronger for men than women and was influenced by denominational affiliation. When public religious activity, private religious activity and spiritual experiences were considered simultaneously, public religious activity emerged as the most consistent predictor of health and well-being among men. Among women, both public religious activity and spiritual experiences maintained an independent association with the health and well-being. These results suggest that it may not be appropriate to generalize findings about the relationship between spirituality/religiosity and health from one form of spirituality/religiosity to another, across denominations, or to assume effects are uniform for men and women. KW - Adult KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Personal Satisfaction KW - Religion KW - Sex Factors KW - Spirituality KW - Stress, Psychological KW - United States SP - 2848 EP - 2860 SN - 0277-9536 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16359765 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7406 T1 - Have we found the holy grail? Theory of mind as a unifying construct JF - Journal of Religion and Health JA - J Relig Health M3 - 10.1007/s10943-008-9169-y A1 - Boyd,Jeffrey H VL - 47 IS - 3 PY - 2008/09// N2 - Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to a person's ability to understand that another person has his or her own unique way of thinking and feeling. ToM is a well-known and rapidly expanding field of research in the neurosciences, cognitive, social sciences, evolution, and brain imaging. This review article expands ToM into areas where there has not yet been research. We propose that ToM could illuminate the relationship between religion/spirituality and health, and could provide the lingua franca for the hundreds of schools of psychotherapy. We discern two different kinds of spirituality: personal versus impersonal. Empathy is central to ToM research and is also central to mental health training and practice. ToM illuminates familiar topics in a new light. For example ToM reveals a close link between psychology and spirituality in self-efficacy and locus of control research. KW - Cognition KW - Empathy KW - Humans KW - Internal-External Control KW - Models, Theoretical KW - Psychotherapy KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Self Psychology KW - Spirituality SP - 366 EP - 385 SN - 1573-6571 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105026 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7069 T1 - The Science of Respiration and the Doctrine of the Bodily Winds in Ancient India JF - Journal of the American Oriental Society A1 - Zysk,Kenneth G. VL - 113 IS - 2 PY - 1993/06//Apr N2 - The following historical and philological study traces the science of respiration and the doctrine of the bodily winds through ancient Indian religious and technical literature. Basic notions about respiration and bodily winds appear in the literature of the vedic saṃhitās and brāhmaṇas. By the end of the principal upaniṣads these early ideas begin to be codified into two separate systems. One, emphasizing a physiology of bodily winds, reaches its traditional formulation in the classical medical literature of Āyurveda, the other, focusing on respiration, attains its classical formulation in Yoga. The two unite later, when Yoga integrates medical theory into its science of respiration. Asceticism is the common thread connecting the various stages in the development of respiration and bodily winds. KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 198 EP - 213 SN - 00030279 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/603025 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7713 T1 - Subjective and Social Dimensions of Religiosity and Loneliness among the Well Elderly JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Johnson,Doyle Paul A1 - Mullins,Larry C. VL - 31 IS - 1 PY - 1989/09// N2 - This paper investigates the relationship between different dimensions of religiosity and loneliness among older persons with controls introduced for social contacts, satisfaction with social contacts, and depression. Data were obtained through interviews with 131 residents of a 199-unit high-rise apartment facility for low-income older persons. The results of the regression analysis showed that the social dimension of religiosity was significantly related to low levels of loneliness as hypothesized, but the subjective dimension was not, even though the direction was as hypothesized. These relationships were maintained when the social contact variables were included in the regression equations, even though in some cases these variables also had effects on loneliness. In contrast, the relationship between depression and loneliness was so strong that it obscured the religiosity-loneliness relationship. Several implications are suggested from these findings. SP - 3 EP - 15 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3511019 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7619 T1 - Spirituality and care of prostate cancer patients: a pilot study JF - Journal of the National Medical Association JA - J Natl Med Assoc A1 - Bowie,Janice A1 - Sydnor,Kim Dobson A1 - Granot,Michal VL - 95 IS - 10 PY - 2003/10// N2 - PURPOSE: To explore the integration of spirituality into medical care for African-American men coping with prostate cancer. PROCEDURES: A total of 14 African-American prostate cancer patients completed a self-administered quantitative survey examining the dimension of spirituality as a resource for coping. FINDINGS: A high proportion of survivors reported a general religious orientation as expressed through church affiliation and frequent church attendance. A majority (67%) had spoken with their doctors about their spiritual and religious beliefs and more than half the physicians had solicited their patients' spiritual beliefs as part of their handling of prostate cancer. While one-third of the men reported their doctors had been in contact with their clergy, two-thirds would like their doctor and clergy to be in contact with one another. CONCLUSIONS: This is a pilot study that incorporated both qualitative and quantitative data collection but with the small sample, has limited generalizability. However, this work does suggest that integrating spirituality and religion into medical care may be beneficial to prostate cancer patients. Physicians and physician organizations should engage in future research in this area. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Aged KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Pilot Projects KW - Prostatic Neoplasms KW - Spirituality SP - 951 EP - 954 SN - 0027-9684 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14620707 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6086 T1 - Electric Medicine and Mesmerism JF - Isis A1 - Sutton,Geoffrey VL - 72 IS - 3 PY - 1981/09// SP - 375 EP - 392 SN - 00211753 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/230256 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7496 T1 - The fork in the road: HIV as a potential positive turning point and the role of spirituality JF - AIDS Care JA - AIDS Care M3 - 10.1080/09540120802183479 A1 - Kremer,H A1 - Ironson,G A1 - Kaplan,L VL - 21 IS - 3 PY - 2009/03// N2 - We interviewed 147 HIV-positive people regarding their key life-changing experiences - involving profound changes in attitudes, behaviors, beliefs (including spiritual beliefs), or self-views - to determine the prominence of HIV as the key positive/negative turning point. HIV was the key turning point, for 37% (26% positive, 11% negative), whereas for 63% of our sample it was not. Characteristics associated with perceiving HIV as the most positive turning point included having a near-death experience from HIV, increasing spirituality after HIV diagnosis, and feeling chosen by a Higher Powerto have HIV. Notably, perceived antecedents of viewing HIV as the key positive turning point were hitting rock bottom and calling on a Higher Power. Conversely, viewing HIV as the most negative turning point was associated with declining spirituality after diagnosis. Spirituality can both negatively and positively affect coping with HIV. Promoting positive spiritual coping may offer new counseling approaches. Further, for the majority of the participants, HIV is not the key turning point, which may be an indicator of the normalization of HIV with the advent of effective treatment. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Attitude to Health KW - Female KW - HIV Infections KW - Humans KW - Life Change Events KW - Male KW - Quality of Life KW - Spirituality KW - Stress, Psychological SP - 368 EP - 377 SN - 1360-0451 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19280412 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6087 T1 - Molecular approach to ayurveda JF - Indian Journal of Experimental Biology JA - Indian J. Exp. Biol A1 - Tripathi,Y B VL - 38 IS - 5 PY - 2000/05// N2 - In ayurvedic system of medicine, it is considered that a living system is made of panch-mahabuta, in the form of Vata, pitta and kapha at the physical level and satwa, raja and tama at the mental level. This covers the psychosomatic constitution and commonly known as the Tridosh theory. The imbalance in these body humours is the basic cause of any type of disease manifestation. Till date, several objective parameters have been proposed to monitor the level of these basic humours but none of them is complete. In this exercise, now it is proposed to consider free radical theory of diseases as one of the objective parameters. To be more specific, vata can be monitored in terms of membrane bound signal transduction, pitta as the process of phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation of different proteins (signalling moieties and enzymes) and kapha can be viewed as the degree of gene expression as protein synthesis. This can be correlated with the ojas of the body or total body defence mechanism. KW - Alzheimer Disease KW - Arteriosclerosis KW - Free Radicals KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Models, Biological KW - Molecular Biology SP - 409 EP - 414 SN - 0019-5189 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11272402 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7044 T1 - An introduction to Ayurveda JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine JA - Altern Ther Health Med A1 - Lad,V VL - 1 IS - 3 PY - 1995/07// N2 - Ayurveda is a Sanskrit word derived from two roots: ayur, which means life, and veda, knowledge. Knowledge arranged systematically with logic becomes science. During the due course of time, Ayurveda became the science of life. It has its root in ancient vedic literature and encompasses our entire life, the body, mind, and spirit. KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 57 EP - 63 SN - 1078-6791 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/9419799 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7378 T1 - Spirituality and autonomic cardiac control JF - Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine JA - Ann Behav Med M3 - 10.1007/s12160-008-9027-x A1 - Berntson,Gary G A1 - Norman,Greg J A1 - Hawkley,Louise C A1 - Cacioppo,John T VL - 35 IS - 2 PY - 2008/04// N2 - BACKGROUND: Spirituality has been suggested to be associated with positive health, but potential biological mediators have not been well characterized. PURPOSE AND METHODS: The present study examined, in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults, the potential relationship between spirituality and patterns of cardiac autonomic control, which may have health significance. Measures of parasympathetic (high-frequency heart rate variability) and sympathetic (pre-ejection period) cardiac control were obtained from a representative sample of 229 participants. Participants completed questionnaires to assess spirituality (closeness to and satisfactory relationship with God). Personality, demographic, anthropometric, health behavior, and health status information was also obtained. A series of hierarchical regression models was used to examine the relations between spirituality, the autonomic measures, and two derived indexes--cardiac autonomic balance (CAB, reflecting parasympathetic to sympathetic balance) and cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR, reflecting total autonomic control). RESULTS: Spirituality, net of demographics, or other variables were found to be associated with enhanced parasympathetic as well as sympathetic cardiac control (yielding a higher CAR) but was not associated with CAB. Although the number of cases was small (N = 11), both spirituality and CAR were significant negative predictors of the prior occurrence of a myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: In a population-based sample, spirituality appears to be associated with a specific pattern of CAR, characterized by a high level of cardiac autonomic control, irrespective of the relative contribution of the two autonomic branches. This pattern of autonomic control may have health significance. KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Arousal KW - Autonomic Nervous System KW - Electrocardiography KW - Female KW - Fourier Analysis KW - Heart KW - Heart Rate KW - Humans KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Personality Inventory KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted KW - Spirituality SP - 198 EP - 208 SN - 1532-4796 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18357497 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8177 T1 - Reconsidering spirituality and medicine JF - Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges JA - Acad Med A1 - Scheurich,Neil VL - 78 IS - 4 PY - 2003/04// N2 - Increasing awareness of possible links between religion and health has led to greater attention to spirituality and medicine in medical education; both trends have culminated in vigorous debate about the place of spirituality and related values in medical care. The author argues that due to basic ambiguities of the term "spirituality" as well as prevailing biases of both patients and practitioners, this debate risks valorizing theistic religious views, a trend that would be to the detriment of physicians, residents, and students who happen to be non-believers or adherents of minority faiths. It is maintained that philosophical value theory, a broad inquiry into value and meaning that is carefully neutral as regards religious matters, provides the greatest possible protection of both secular and non-secular world views. A notion of "separation of church and medicine," similar in some ways to the well-known political model, is proposed. Because so many issues of meaning and value may be relevant to health, vigilance is required to properly delineate the purview of medicine. The author concludes by proposing that a medicine that neither exalts nor demeans religious belief but rather situates the latter among the countless values persons may hold should be the goal. KW - Education, Medical KW - Humans KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Social Values KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 356 EP - 360 SN - 1040-2446 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12691963 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7097 T1 - Medicine--the art of humaneness: on ethics of traditional Chinese medicine JF - The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy JA - J Med Philos A1 - Qiu,R Z VL - 13 IS - 3 PY - 1988/08// N2 - This essay discusses the ethics of traditional Chinese medicine. After a brief remark on the history of traditional Chinese medical ethics, the author outlines the Confucian ethics which formed the cultural context in which traditional Chinese medicine was evolving and constituted the core of its ethics. Then he argued that how Chinese physicians applied the principles of Confucian ethics in medicine and prescribed the attitude a physician should take to himself, to patients and to his colleagues. In the last part of the essay he discusses the characteristics of traditional Chinese medical ethics. KW - Beneficence KW - Confucianism KW - Ethical Theory KW - Ethics, Medical KW - History, Medieval KW - History, Modern 1601- KW - Human Characteristics KW - Humanism KW - Intention KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Moral Obligations KW - Paternalism KW - Religious Philosophies KW - Trust KW - Value of Life KW - Virtues SP - 277 EP - 299 SN - 0360-5310 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/3058852 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7614 T1 - Deconstructing spiritual well-being: existential well-being and HRQOL in cancer survivors JF - Psycho-Oncology JA - Psychooncology M3 - 10.1002/pon.1197 A1 - Edmondson,Donald A1 - Park,Crystal L A1 - Blank,Thomas O A1 - Fenster,Juliane R A1 - Mills,Mary Alice VL - 17 IS - 2 PY - 2008/02// N2 - We demonstrate the utility of partitioning the spiritual well-being (SpWB) construct into spiritual and religious components using results from a study of the relationship of existential well-being to health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a sample of 237 cancer survivors. Existential and religious well-being were measured using the FACIT-Sp-12 and HRQOL was measured using the mental and physical component scores of the SF-12. In hierarchical linear regression analyses, existential well-being fully mediated religious well-being's effect on HRQOL and explained unique variance in both the mental and physical HRQOL domains, controlling for demographic, disease, and psychosocial variables previously shown to impact HRQOL. Religious well-being was not predictive of HRQOL. KW - Adult KW - Existentialism KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Neoplasms KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Spirituality KW - Survivors SP - 161 EP - 169 SN - 1057-9249 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506077 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7257 T1 - Shamanism in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey JF - History of Religions A1 - Jones,Rex L. VL - 7 IS - 4 PY - 1968/05// SP - 330 EP - 347 SN - 00182710 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1061796 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8302 T1 - Let's talk : an honest conversation on critical issues : abortion, euthanasia, AIDS, health care CY - Grand Rapids Mich. A1 - Koop,C PB - Zondervan PY - 1992/// SN - 9780310597810 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7230 T1 - African Culture and Health CY - Ibadan, Nigeria A1 - Jegede,Ayodele Samuel PB - Stirling-Horden PY - 1998/// KW - Attitude to Health KW - Community Health Services KW - Ethnology KW - Health attitudes KW - Health Behavior KW - Immunization of children KW - Medical care KW - Nigeria KW - Social life and customs KW - Traditional medicine SN - 9782063525 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7916 T1 - Varieties of near-death experience JF - Psychiatry JA - Psychiatry A1 - Greyson,B VL - 56 IS - 4 PY - 1993/11// N2 - Near-death experiences are profound subjective events frequently reported by individuals who have come close to death. They are of importance to mental health professionals, not only because they often happen to patients under our care, but because they have been reported to produce widespread and long-lasting changes in values, beliefs, and behavior that dramatically affect the experiencers' attitudes toward living and dying (Bates and Stanley 1985; Bauer 1985; Flynn 1982; Greyson 1983b; Noyes 1980; Ring 1984). Several studies, including surveys of recently resuscitated hospitalized patients (Ring 1980; Sabom 1982) and a nationwide poll of the general population (Gallup and Proctor 1982) have estimated that near-death experiences are reported by 30%-40% of individuals who come close to death, or about 5% of the adult American population. KW - Adult KW - Affect KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Death KW - Awareness KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Illusions KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Parapsychology KW - Reality Testing SP - 390 EP - 399 SN - 0033-2747 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8295976 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8093 T1 - Dying, mourning, and spirituality: a psychological perspective JF - Death Studies JA - Death Stud A1 - Marrone,R VL - 23 IS - 6 PY - 1999/09// N2 - Based in an unfortunate tradition that stretches back in time to Watson's behaviorism and Freud's psychoanalysis, psychology has tended to reject and to pathologize matters of the spirit. In the past 30 years, however, with the advent of what has been termed the cognitive revolution, psychology has greatly expanded the scope of its subject matter. Psychologists and thanatologists have begun to unravel the cognitive underpinnings of our assumptive world and the transformation of those underpinnings in times of crisis and stress. This article examines the cognitive basis of the spiritual experience and the use of cognitive assimilation, accommodation strategies during the process of mourning the death of a loved one, as well as during the process of living our own dying. Of special importance to mental health professionals and clergy, new research on dying, mourning, and spirituality suggests that the specific ways in which people rediscover meaning--such as belief in traditional religious doctrine, the afterlife, reincarnation, philanthropy, or a spiritual order to the universe--may be less important than the process itself. In other words, in the midst of dealing with profound loss in our lives, the ability to reascribe meaning to a changed world through spiritual transformation, religious conversion, or existential change may be more significant than the specific content by which that need is filled. KW - Caregivers KW - Death KW - Family KW - Grief KW - Hospice Care KW - Humans KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Self Assessment (Psychology) KW - Thanatology SP - 495 EP - 519 SN - 0748-1187 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558611 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7157 T1 - Ritual healing in suburban America CY - New Brunswick A1 - McGuire,Meredith PB - Rutgers University Press PY - 1988/// SN - 9780813513126 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7644 T1 - Perceptions of death, belief systems and the process of coping with chronic pain JF - Social Science & Medicine (1982) JA - Soc Sci Med A1 - Kotarba,J A VL - 17 IS - 10 PY - 1983/// N2 - Chronic pain is an on-going experience of embodied discomfort, quite often associated with neuromuscular pathologies, which fails either to heal naturally or to respond to normal medical intervention. The process of coping with chronic pain most commonly involves both the search for medical or non-medical cure, and the search for meaning for intractable suffering. In this paper, I survey various religious, philosophical and mystical belief systems and their empirical use as resources for meaning. The great variability in the ways ideas of death, the key elements extracted from belief systems during the process of coping, are used reflects the variable success in normalizing chronic pain. Theoretically, this paper adds an important dimension to the concept of the chronic illness trajectory, namely, the issue of inevitability, and discusses clinical and non-clinical aspects of depression among people with chronic pain. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Attitude to Death KW - Chronic Disease KW - Humans KW - Pain KW - Suicide SP - 681 EP - 689 SN - 0277-9536 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6879229 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8098 T1 - The place of spiritual well-being in hospice patients' overall quality of life JF - The Hospice Journal JA - Hosp J A1 - Thomson,J E VL - 15 IS - 2 PY - 2000/// N2 - There is an increasing awareness of, and interest in the relationship between spirituality and health. This research examines spiritual well-being as one of six components of hospice patients' overall quality of life. Patients admitted over a four-month period were surveyed, using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale (FACT-G), at admission, one month later, three months later, and six months later. Data showed spiritual well-being to be an important contributor to overall quality of life. The article concludes by advocating that providing spiritual care to hospice patients makes good business sense. KW - Commerce KW - Cost Savings KW - Female KW - Hospices KW - Hospital Costs KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Neoplasms KW - Pastoral Care KW - Quality of Life SP - 13 EP - 27 SN - 0742-969X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11271157 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8181 T1 - About Intercessory Prayer: The Scientific Study of Miracles JF - Medscape General Medicine JA - MedGenMed. A1 - Gaudia,Gil VL - 9 IS - 1 PY - 2007/// SP - 56 EP - 56 UR - http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1924985 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8293 T1 - Crossing the secular divide: government and faith-based organizations as partners in health JF - International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine JA - Int J Psychiatry Med A1 - Brooks,Robert G A1 - Koenig,Harold G VL - 32 IS - 3 PY - 2002/// N2 - Recent debate over the relationship between government and faith-based organizations has renewed interest in the opportunities and challenges that are associated with change in this area of health care policy. Experience exists already that faith-based organizations can provide effective health education and services in the community. Limited infrastructure and liability are among the important barriers to their expansion. Spurred by the demographics of an aging population and increasing health care costs, we argue the necessity of further partnering, within well-defined limits, to maximize the availability of health care education and services throughout this nation. KW - Cooperative Behavior KW - Government Programs KW - Health Education KW - Health Services KW - Humans KW - Liability, Legal KW - Public Health KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 223 EP - 234 SN - 0091-2174 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12489698 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7904 T1 - Exploring the mystery of near-death experiences JF - The American Journal of Nursing JA - Am J Nurs A1 - Schoenbeck,S B VL - 93 IS - 5 PY - 1993/05// KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Death KW - Child KW - Female KW - Hallucinations KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Nursing Staff KW - Patient Care Planning KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spiritualism KW - Terminal Care SP - 42 EP - 46 SN - 0002-936X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8488901 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7082 T1 - Religion, spirituality, health and medicine: Why should Indian physicians care? JF - Journal of Postgraduate Medicine JA - J Postgrad Med M3 - 10.4103/0022-3859.33967 A1 - Chattopadhyay,S VL - 53 IS - 4 PY - 2007/// N2 - Religion, spirituality, health and medicine have common roots in the conceptual framework of relationship amongst human beings, nature and God. Of late, there has been a surge in interest in understanding the interplay of religion, spirituality, health and medicine, both in popular and scientific literature. A number of published empirical studies suggest that religious involvement is associated with better outcomes in physical and mental health. Despite some methodological limitations, these studies do point towards a positive association between religious involvement and better health. When faced with disease, disability and death, many patients would like physicians to address their emotional and spiritual needs, as well. The renewed interest in the interaction of religion and spirituality with health and medicine has significant implications in the Indian context. Although religion is translated as dharma in major Indian languages, dharma and religion are etymologically different and dharma is closer to spirituality than religion as an organized institution. Religion and spirituality play important roles in the lives of millions of Indians and therefore, Indian physicians need to respectfully acknowledge religious issues and address the spiritual needs of their patients. Incorporating religion and spirituality into health and medicine may also go a long way in making the practice of medicine more holistic, ethical and compassionate. It may also offer new opportunities to learn more about Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine and have more enriched understanding and collaborative interaction between different systems of medicine. Indian physicians may also find religion and spirituality significant and fulfilling in their own lives. KW - India SP - 262 EP - 262 SN - 0022-3859 UR - http://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2007/53/4/262/33967 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7858 T1 - Intimacy and saliency: dimensions for ordering religious experiences JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Currie,Raymond VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 1982/04// N2 - Rodney Stark proposed a taxonomy of religious experiences based on the degree of intimacy between the human actor and the divine. Those who report higher order experiences on the dimension of intimacy should also report lower order experiences. A logical extension of the taxonomy would suggest that the higher order, more intimate experiences should also be more salient to the individuals. A test of these two hypotheses was conducted on a city-wide random sample of young adults, 15 to 24 years of age. There is support for the taxonomy, although not all experiences fit the model. The saliency of the experiences follows a different pattern. It is not determined by the higher order of the experience but rather by the cumulative effect of having more experiences. SP - 19 EP - 32 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7570 T1 - Daily spiritual experiences of older adults with and without arthritis and the relationship to health outcomes JF - Arthritis and Rheumatism JA - Arthritis Rheum M3 - 10.1002/art.23246 A1 - McCauley,Jeanne A1 - Tarpley,Margaret J A1 - Haaz,Steffany A1 - Bartlett,Susan J VL - 59 IS - 1 PY - 2008/01/15/ N2 - OBJECTIVE: Strategies to improve coping with chronic disease are increasingly important, especially with the aging US population. For many, spirituality serves as a source of strength and comfort. However, little is known about the prevalence of daily spiritual experiences (DSE) and how they may relate to physical and mental health. METHODS: We surveyed older adults age>50 years with chronic health conditions seen in a primary care setting about their DSE, health perceptions, pain, energy, and depression. RESULTS: Of 99 patients, 80% reported DSE most days and many times per day. Women had significantly lower DSE scores than men (reflecting more frequent DSE, mean+/-SD 37.3+/-15.0 versus 45.8+/-17.5; P=0.012). African American women reported the most frequent DSE and white men reported the least frequent DSE (mean+/-SD 35.9+/-13.6 versus 52.2+/-19.1). Frequent DSE were significantly associated with a higher number of comorbid conditions (P=0.003), although not with age, education, or employment status. Persons with arthritis reported significantly more DSE than those without arthritis (mean+/-SD 35.2+/-12.1 versus 47.1+/-18.6; P<0.001). After adjustment for age, race, sex, pain, and comorbid conditions, more frequent DSE were associated with increased energy (P<0.009) and less depression (P<0.007) in patients with arthritis. CONCLUSION: DSE are common among older adults, especially those with arthritis. Increased DSE may be associated with more energy and less depression. DSE may represent one pathway through which spirituality influences mental health in older adults. KW - Aged KW - Arthritis KW - Depression KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Pain KW - Spirituality SP - 122 EP - 128 SN - 0004-3591 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163414 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7488 T1 - Spirituality and sexual orientation: relationship to mental well-being and functional health status JF - Journal of Advanced Nursing JA - J Adv Nurs A1 - Coleman,Christopher L VL - 43 IS - 5 PY - 2003/09// N2 - BACKGROUND: Research has shown that spirituality has a positive effect on physical and mental health; however, few studies have explored the influence of spirituality and sexuality on mental well-being and functional health status in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIM: This descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to examine the relationships among spirituality, sexual orientation, mental well-being and aspects of functional health status (physical, role, social and cognitive functioning) in a sample of 117 African-American men and women living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: Spirituality was measured using the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. A demographic questionnaire gathered data on sexual orientation, age and gender. The Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire-30 assessed aspects of functional health status and mental well-being. The HIV Symptom Checklist for Persons With HIV disease was used to collect data on HIV symptoms. The data were collected in 1996. FINDINGS: The findings indicate that spirituality had a direct relationship with cognitive and social functioning and was inversely related to HIV symptoms. Sexual orientation had direct relationships with mental well-being, cognitive, physical, social and role functioning. t-Tests showed that heterosexual participants reported poorer mental well-being and functional health status compared with homosexual participants. Regression analysis showed that spirituality, sexual orientation, age and HIV symptoms contributed significantly to mental well-being and functional health status. CONCLUSIONS: The regression analysis showed that spirituality, sexual orientation, age and HIV symptoms contributed significantly to mental well-being and functional health status. Further research is needed to explore the various ways that sexual orientation influences health status findings in those with HIV disease in certain segments of the population. The findings support the inclusion of spirituality as a variable when examining mental well-being and physical health. Finally, given the limitations of the design, more rigorous methods should be employed to understand further the contribution of spirituality to the health status of African-Americans living with HIV, because of its social importance to this particular community. KW - Adult KW - African Americans KW - Attitude to Health KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - HIV Infections KW - Humans KW - Male KW - mental health KW - Questionnaires KW - Regression Analysis KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Sexual Behavior KW - Socioeconomic Factors KW - Spirituality SP - 457 EP - 464 SN - 0309-2402 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12919264 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7979 T1 - Do patients want physicians to inquire about their spiritual or religious beliefs if they become gravely ill? JF - Archives of Internal Medicine JA - Arch. Intern. Med A1 - Ehman,J W A1 - Ott,B B A1 - Short,T H A1 - Ciampa,R C A1 - Hansen-Flaschen,J VL - 159 IS - 15 PY - 1999/08/09/23 N2 - BACKGROUND: Recognizing that many Americans draw on religious or spiritual beliefs when confronted by serious illness, some medical educators have recommended that physicians routinely ask about spirituality or religion when conducting a medical history. The most appropriate wording for such an inquiry remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine patient acceptance of including the following question in the medical history of ambulatory outpatients: "Do you have spiritual or religious beliefs that would influence your medical decisions if you become gravely ill?" METHODS: Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 177 ambulatory adult patients visiting a pulmonary faculty office practice at a university teaching hospital in 1997 (83% response rate). RESULTS: Fifty-one percent of the study patients described themselves as religious and 90% believe that prayer may sometimes influence recovery from an illness. Forty-five percent reported that religious beliefs would influence their medical decisions if they become gravely ill. Ninety-four percent of individuals with such beliefs agreed or strongly agreed that physicians should ask them whether they have such beliefs if they become gravely ill. Forty-five percent of the respondents who denied having such beliefs also agreed that physicians should ask about them. Altogether, two thirds of the respondents indicated that they would welcome the study question in a medical history, whereas 16% reported that they would not. Only 15% of the study group recalled having been asked whether spiritual or religious beliefs would influence their medical decisions. CONCLUSION: Many but not all patients surveyed in a pulmonary outpatient practice welcome a carefully worded inquiry about their spiritual or religious beliefs in the event that they become gravely ill. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Death KW - Communication KW - Female KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Patients KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Social Values KW - Spirituality KW - Terminal Care KW - Trust KW - United States SP - 1803 EP - 1806 SN - 0003-9926 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10448785 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7976 T1 - Does religious activity improve health outcomes? A critical review of the recent literature JF - Explore JA - Explore (NY) M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2005.02.001 A1 - Coruh,Başak A1 - Ayele,Hana A1 - Pugh,Meredith A1 - Mulligan,Thomas VL - 1 IS - 3 PY - 2005/05// N2 - OBJECTIVE: Many Americans use religious activity to cope with stressful life events. Our goal was to review systematically the recent medical literature to assess the role of religion in health outcomes. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE to identify studies published in the English language between January 1999 and June 2003 describing the effect of religion on health outcomes. The search strategy used the medical subject headings (MeSH) of religion; religion AND medicine; religion OR intercessory prayer; prayer; prayer therapy; religious rites; faith; medicine, traditional; religiosity; religion AND psychology; and religion AND health. STUDY SELECTION: Religious, but not spiritual, interventions were selected for inclusion. Thus, papers describing interventions such as yoga, meditation, acupuncture, and qigong were excluded. Manuscripts describing randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, and partnerships with faith-based organizations were included. DATA EXTRACTION: We found five randomized controlled trials, four clinical trials, and seven faith-based partnerships that describe the impact of religious intervention on health outcomes. Papers were analyzed by four reviewers using a modified Delphi technique to reach consensus. DATA SYNTHESIS: Religious intervention such as intercessory prayer may improve success rates of in vitro fertilization, decrease length of hospital stay and duration of fever in septic patients, increase immune function, improve rheumatoid arthritis, and reduce anxiety. Frequent attendance at religious services likely improves health behaviors. Moreover, prayer may decrease adverse outcomes in patients with cardiac disease. CONCLUSIONS: Religious activity may improve health outcomes. KW - Delphi Technique KW - Health Behavior KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - mental health KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic KW - Religion KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 186 EP - 191 SN - 1878-7541 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16781528 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8134 T1 - The Spirituality Scale: development and psychometric testing of a holistic instrument to assess the human spiritual dimension JF - Journal of Holistic Nursing: Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association JA - J Holist Nurs M3 - 10.1177/0898010105276180 A1 - Delaney,Colleen VL - 23 IS - 2 PY - 2005/06// N2 - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop, refine, and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Spirituality Scale (SS). The SS is a holistic instrument that attempts to measure the beliefs, intuitions, lifestyle choices, practices, and rituals representative of the human spiritual dimension and is designed to guide spiritual interventions. METHOD: A researcher-developed instrument was designed to assess spirituality from a holistic perspective. Items were generated to measure four conceptualized domains of spirituality. The SS was completed by 240 adults with chronic illness. FINDINGS: Psychometric analysis of the SS provided strong evidence of the reliability and validity of the instrument. Three factors of spirituality that supported the theoretical framework were identified: Self-Discovery, Relationships, and Eco-Awareness. IMPLICATIONS: These findings can assist in facilitating the inclusion of spirituality in health care and have the potential to provide a transforming vision for nursing care and a vehicle to evoking optimal patient outcomes. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Health KW - Chronic Disease KW - Female KW - Holistic Health KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Nursing Education Research KW - Psychometrics KW - Qualitative Research KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 145-167; discussion 168-171 EP - 145-167; discussion 168-171 SN - 0898-0101 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15883463 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7620 T1 - Religion and spirituality in coping with breast cancer: perspectives of Chilean women JF - The Breast Journal JA - Breast J M3 - 10.1111/j.1075-122X.2006.00274.x A1 - Choumanova,Ivanka A1 - Wanat,Stan A1 - Barrett,Ronald A1 - Koopman,Cheryl VL - 12 IS - 4 PY - 2006/08//Jul-undefined N2 - This study examined the roles of religion and spirituality in relation to coping with breast cancer in Chilean women. Specifically, the purpose of the study was to examine how these patients used religion and spirituality to cope with their illness; how their illness changed the roles of religion and spirituality in their lives; and their views regarding whether, and if so how, spiritual faith can help patients recuperate from breast cancer. Twenty-seven women with breast cancer who were patients at a clinic in Santiago, Chile were recruited to participate in one-on-one interviews. The transcribed interviews were analyzed using the "constant comparative method" to seek patterns and organize the content into specific themes. Women viewed religion and spirituality as primary resources for themselves and others to use in coping with breast cancer. Women's use of religion and spirituality was manifested in praying, in their perceived dependence on God to intercede and guide them through their illness, and in obtaining social support from other persons in their faith community. Half (13/26) of the women reported that their cancer prompted an increased emphasis on religion and spirituality in their lives by deepening their faith in God. Almost all (26/27) participants endorsed the belief that spiritual faith can help cancer patients to recuperate. These findings suggest that health care providers working should be aware of the culturally dependent roles that religion and spirituality play in women's coping with breast cancer. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Breast Neoplasms KW - Chile KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Middle Aged KW - Religion KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality SP - 349 EP - 352 SN - 1075-122X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16848845 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7046 T1 - Yoga in modern India : the body between science and philosophy CY - Princeton N.J. A1 - Alter,Joseph PB - Princeton University Press PY - 2004/// SN - 9780691118734 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7175 T1 - Transforming Health: Christian Approaches to Healing And Wholeness CY - Monrovia, Calif., U.S.A ED - Ram,Eric PB - MARC PY - 1995/// KW - Health KW - Holistic medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0912552891 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8277 T1 - Herbal medicine research in Taiwan JF - Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine JA - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med M3 - 10.1093/ecam/nek016 A1 - Kaphle,Krishna A1 - Wu,Leang-Shin A1 - Yang,Nai-Yen Jack A1 - Lin,Jen-Hsou VL - 3 IS - 1 PY - 2006/03// N2 - Of all the countries in the world, why did you choose Taiwan to pursue your study? It is a question that I (comments of the first author) have answered a thousand times. My first visit to a laboratory at National Taiwan University opened my eyes to the possibilities of herbal medicine research, especially in the area of veterinary medicine. It became my ambition to link the knowledge of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda from the Indian subcontinent and their integration with other systems of medicine, including Western medicine (WM), to achieve the concept of Sustainable Medicine, firstly for animals and then for humans. The Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has implemented a technology development program to quickly establish the key technologies, and this is a moment of opportunity for Taiwan's traditional herbal medicine industry to upgrade and transform itself. This paper, initially intended to be a student's narration, has evolved into a multi-author treatise on the present state and likely future scenario of herbal medicine research in Taiwan. SP - 149 EP - 155 SN - 1741-427X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16550238 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6088 T1 - The Science of Respiration and the Doctrine of the Bodily Winds in Ancient India JF - Journal of the American Oriental Society A1 - Zysk,Kenneth G. VL - 113 IS - 2 PY - 1993/06//Apr N2 - The following historical and philological study traces the science of respiration and the doctrine of the bodily winds through ancient Indian religious and technical literature. Basic notions about respiration and bodily winds appear in the literature of the vedic saṃhitās and brāhmaṇas. By the end of the principal upaniṣads these early ideas begin to be codified into two separate systems. One, emphasizing a physiology of bodily winds, reaches its traditional formulation in the classical medical literature of Āyurveda, the other, focusing on respiration, attains its classical formulation in Yoga. The two unite later, when Yoga integrates medical theory into its science of respiration. Asceticism is the common thread connecting the various stages in the development of respiration and bodily winds. KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 198 EP - 213 SN - 00030279 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/603025 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7035 T1 - Contextualizing Alternative Medicine: The Exotic, the Marginal and the Perfectly Mundane JF - Anthropology Today A1 - Sharma,Ursula VL - 9 IS - 4 PY - 1993/08// SP - 15 EP - 18 SN - 0268540X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2783450 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8254 T1 - The measurement of body-mind-spirit well-being toward multidimensionality and transcultural applicability JF - Social Work in Health Care JA - Soc Work Health Care A1 - Ng,S M A1 - Yau,Josephine K Y A1 - Chan,Cecilia L W A1 - Chan,Celia H Y A1 - Ho,David Y F VL - 41 IS - 1 PY - 2005/// N2 - The Body-Mind-Spirit model of health promotion (Chan, Ho&Chow, 2002) guided the construction of a multidimensional inventory for assessing holistic health. Named Body-Mind-Spirit Well-Being Inventory (BMSWBI), it comprises four scales: Physical Distress, Daily Functioning, Affect, and Spirituality (differentiated from religiosity and conceived as ecumenical). Respondents (674 Chinese adults from Hong Kong) completed the BMSWBI via the Internet. Results indicate that all four scales have high reliability, with alpha coefficients ranging from .87 to .92, and concurrent validity. Factor analysis indicates that (a) positive and negative affect form two distinct factors; and (b) spirituality comprises three distinct aspects, tranquility, resistance to disorientation, and resilience. Spirituality is positively associated with mental well-being, positive affect, satisfaction with life, and hope; but negatively associated with negative affect and perceived stress. These results suggest that the inventory may be used to assess different dimensions of health satisfactorily. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Asian Continental Ancestry Group KW - Attitude to Health KW - China KW - Cross-Cultural Comparison KW - Female KW - Holistic Health KW - Hong Kong KW - Humans KW - Male KW - mental health KW - Middle Aged KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Personal Satisfaction KW - Personality Inventory KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Social Work KW - Spirituality KW - Stress, Psychological SP - 33 EP - 52 SN - 0098-1389 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16048855 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6089 T1 - Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview JF - Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM JA - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med M3 - 10.1093/ecam/neh140 A1 - Patwardhan,Bhushan A1 - Warude,Dnyaneshwar A1 - Pushpangadan,P A1 - Bhatt,Narendra VL - 2 IS - 4 PY - 2005/12// N2 - Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine (TIM) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remain the most ancient yet living traditions. There has been increased global interest in traditional medicine. Efforts to monitor and regulate herbal drugs and traditional medicine are underway. China has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and science-based approach, while Ayurveda still needs more extensive scientific research and evidence base. This review gives an overview of basic principles and commonalities of TIM and TCM and discusses key determinants of success, which these great traditions need to address to compete in global markets. SP - 465 EP - 473 SN - 1741-427X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16322803 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7680 T1 - Antecedents of adult wellbeing: adolescent religiosity and health JF - Journal of Managerial Psychology M3 - 10.1108/02683940310484044 A1 - Martin,Terence A1 - Kirkcaldy,Bruce A1 - Siefen,Georg VL - 18 IS - 5 PY - 2003/// N2 - An extant of literature has demonstrated an apparent connection between religiosity and physical and psychological health, yet there is a scarcity of studies focussing on the impact of religion on health among children and adolescents. The current study examined associations between self-report data on self-image, physical and psychological health and death-related cognitions in a large representative sample of German high-school students. Almost 1,000 German adolescents (aged 14-18 years) were administered a comprehensive series of questionnaires aimed at assessing anxiety/depression, trait addiction, smoking and drinking behaviour, physical ill-health reports, and self-perception of self-image, parental acceptance and educational attainment. Several statements were incorporated to assess self-injury and suicidal ideation. Just over half of the adolescents (56.9 per cent) did not attend church at all. Level of school influenced church attendance with secondary school adolescents attending least. Religious denomination also exerted a major role on church attendance with Muslims attending most regularly followed by Roman Catholics and then Protestants. Males were more likely to be non-attendees. Regular church attendees tended to adopt more healthy life-styles, they exercised more regularly, smoked less, were more likely to display higher school grades in linguistic – but not mathematical – competency. Conversely, there was some indication that negative affect, reflected by higher scores on the social problems scale was higher among church attenders. Religiosity was scarcely related to suicidal ideation among adolescents. KW - Churches KW - Health KW - mental health KW - Psychology KW - Religion KW - Young people SP - 453 EP - 470 UR - http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/02683940310484044 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8074 T1 - Mental health and spiritual care JF - Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987) JA - Nurs Stand A1 - Thompson,Ian VL - 17 IS - 9 PY - 2002/11/13/19 N2 - BACKGROUND: Achieving holistic care is an important goal for nurses. While much is made of the bio-psychosocial model of holistic care, reflecting the allopathic bias inherent in the Western medical model, the issue of spirituality is mostly neglected. Where acknowledged, spirituality is often limited to recording the client's religion. This article asserts that religion and spirituality are not synonymous, although spirituality might sometimes be reflected through religious practices. CONCLUSION: With the move towards provision of modern mental health services in the community, the community mental health nurse will increasingly care for individuals for whom the spiritual is part of their daily lives and not a symptom of their illness. This is set against the backdrop of a multicultural society and as such will call for holistic nursing skills. KW - Community Health Nursing KW - Community Mental Health Services KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - mental health KW - Needs Assessment KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Nurse's Role KW - Nursing Assessment KW - Pastoral Care KW - Psychiatric Nursing KW - Religion and Psychology KW - social support KW - Spirituality SP - 33 EP - 38 SN - 0029-6570 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478921 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8127 T1 - Religion and spirituality defined according to current use in nursing literature JF - Journal of Professional Nursing: Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing JA - J Prof Nurs A1 - Emblen,J D VL - 8 IS - 1 PY - 1992/02//Jan-undefined N2 - The nursing literature published from 1963 to 1989 was screened for definitions to distinguish the concept of religion from that of spirituality. Following concept analysis procedures, definitions were selected from journal articles and textbooks and the key words in the definitions were listed in order of frequency. In definitions of religion, six words appeared most frequently--system, beliefs, organized, person, worship, practices; in definitions of spirituality, nine words appeared most frequently--personal, life, principle, animator, being, God (god), quality, relationship, transcendent. Only the word person(al) appeared on both lists. Using these two lists, the words (defining attributes) that appeared most frequently were formed as consensus definitions. It was concluded that spirituality is currently the broader term and may subsume aspects of religion. If these concepts are not clearly defined, the care related to personal life principles, relationships, and transcendent experiences may be confused with care for personal beliefs and worship practices. KW - Holistic Health KW - Humanism KW - Humans KW - Nursing KW - Periodicals as Topic KW - Religion KW - Terminology as Topic KW - Textbooks as Topic SP - 41 EP - 47 SN - 8755-7223 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1573115 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7723 T1 - Do people turn to religion in times of stress?: an examination of change in religiousness among elderly, medically ill patients JF - The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease JA - J. Nerv. Ment. Dis M3 - 10.1097/01.nmd.0000198143.63662.fb A1 - Chen,Yung Y A1 - Koenig,Harold G VL - 194 IS - 2 PY - 2006/02// N2 - This study examined the effect of health-related stress on changes in religiousness in a sample of elderly, medically ill patients. Patients admitted to Duke University Medical Center (N = 745) were interviewed at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Increases in illness severity (from baseline to follow-up) were associated with decreases in both organizational and private religiousness at follow-up. Effect of illness severity on organizational religiousness was statistically mediated by changes in physical activity, while its effect on private religiousness remained significant after controlling for physical activity. These findings encourage further research investigating causal relationships between stress and religion, as well as identifying measures of religiousness that may capture this construct in the medically ill population. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Female KW - Follow-Up Studies KW - Geriatric Assessment KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Inpatients KW - Logistic Models KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Motor Activity KW - Religion KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Severity of Illness Index KW - Spirituality KW - Stress, Psychological SP - 114 EP - 120 SN - 0022-3018 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16477189 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6090 T1 - Imagery in Healing: Shamanism and Modern Medicine CY - Boston A1 - Achterberg,Jeanne PB - New Science Library, Shambhala PY - 1985/// KW - Imagery (Psychology) KW - Medicine and psychology KW - Medicine, Psychosomatic KW - Mind and body SN - 0877733074 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7681 T1 - The impact of adolescent spirituality on depressive symptoms and health risk behaviors JF - The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine JA - J Adolesc Health A1 - Cotton,Sian A1 - Larkin,Elizabeth A1 - Hoopes,Andrea A1 - Cromer,Barbara A A1 - Rosenthal,Susan L VL - 36 IS - 6 PY - 2005/06// N2 - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine spirituality as a meaningful construct in adolescents' lives, and to examine the contribution of spirituality above and beyond that of religiosity to depressive symptoms and health-risk behaviors. METHOD: A total of 134 adolescents from a suburban high school completed a questionnaire assessing spirituality, religiosity, depressive symptoms, and health-risk behaviors. Spirituality was measured with 2 subscales: (1) religious well-being ("I believe that God loves/cares about me") and (2) existential well-being ("Life doesn't have much meaning"). Religiosity was assessed via belief in God/Higher Power and importance of religion. The Children's Depression Inventory-Short Form and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were used to assess depressive symptoms and health-risk behaviors. RESULTS: The majority of the sample was Caucasian, with a mean age of 16.2 years. Eighty-nine percent reported a belief in God/Higher Power and 77% stated that religion was important in their lives. After controlling for demographics and religiosity, existential well-being and religious well-being accounted for an additional 29% of the variability in depressive symptoms and 17% of the variability in risk behaviors. Existential well-being was the only predictor significant in both final models (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Most of these adolescents reported some connection with religious and spiritual concepts, and those with higher levels of spiritual well-being, in particular, existential well-being, had fewer depressive symptoms and fewer risk-taking behaviors. This supports the inclusion of these concepts in our efforts to help promote resilience and healthy adolescent development, and in expanding our investigations beyond religious identification or attendance at religious services to broader concepts of spirituality. KW - Adolescent KW - Depression KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Linear Models KW - Male KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk-Taking KW - Spirituality SP - 529 EP - 529 SN - 1879-1972 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15909358 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7590 T1 - Cancer in Utah Mormon men by lay priesthood level JF - American Journal of Epidemiology JA - Am. J. Epidemiol A1 - Gardner,J W A1 - Lyon,J L VL - 116 IS - 2 PY - 1982/08// N2 - Mormons have been shown to have low cancer rates at several common sites, particularly those associated with tobacco and alcohol use. This likely reflects adherence to their Church doctrines advocating abstention from the use of these substances. All Mormons, however, do not adhere to the health practices of their Church, and this study classifies Utah Mormon men by their lay priesthood offices, which reflect degree of adherence to Church doctrines. Follow-up cancer rates for 1966-1970 indicate that the most devout group (Seventies and High Priests) have lung cancer rates 80% lower than those of the least devout group. The same was seen for all smoking- and alcohol-associated cancer sites combined. Cancer of the stomach and the leukemias and lymphomas also had lower rates in the most devout group. Cancers of the colon-rectum, prostate, and pancreas showed little difference in rates when classified by lay priesthood office. These data provide a demonstration of the effects of a healthy lifestyle on cancer occurrence in men. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Alcohol Drinking KW - Child KW - Child, Preschool KW - Christianity KW - Epidemiologic Methods KW - Humans KW - Infant KW - Life Style KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Neoplasms KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Smoking KW - Utah SP - 243 EP - 257 SN - 0002-9262 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7114035 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6091 T1 - Naming the silences : God, medicine, and the problem of suffering CY - Grand Rapids Mich. A1 - Hauerwas,Stanley PB - Wm. B. Eerdmans PY - 1990/// SN - 9780802804969 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7403 T1 - The assessment of spirituality and religiousness in schizophrenia JF - The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease JA - J. Nerv. Ment. Dis M3 - 10.1097/01.nmd.0000258230.94304.6b A1 - Mohr,Sylvia A1 - Gillieron,Christiane A1 - Borras,Laurence A1 - Brandt,Pierre-Yves A1 - Huguelet,Philippe VL - 195 IS - 3 PY - 2007/03// N2 - To assess religious coping in schizophrenia, we developed and tested a clinical grid, as no validated questionnaire exists for this population. One hundred fifteen outpatients were interviewed. Results obtained by 2 clinicians were compared. Religion was central in the lives of 45% of patients, 60% used religion extensively to cope with their illness. Religion is a multifaceted construct. Principal component analysis elicited 4 factors: subjective dimension, collective dimension, synergy with psychiatric treatment, and ease of talking about religion with psychiatrist. Different associations were found between these factors and psychopathology, substance abuse, and psychosocial adaptation. The high prevalence of spirituality and religious coping clearly indicates the necessity of addressing spirituality in patient care. Our clinical grid is suitable for this purpose. It proved its applicability to a broad diversity of religious beliefs, even pathological ones. Interjudge reliability and construct validity were high and specific training is not required. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Ambulatory Care KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Patient Acceptance of Health Care KW - Prevalence KW - Principal Component Analysis KW - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales KW - Psychometrics KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Research Design KW - Schizophrenia KW - Schizophrenic Psychology KW - Social Adjustment KW - Spirituality SP - 247 EP - 253 SN - 0022-3018 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17468685 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7613 T1 - Breast Cancer Screening Adherence: Does Church Attendance Matter? JF - Health Educ Behav M3 - 10.1177/109019819802500605 A1 - Fox,Sarah A. A1 - Pitkin,Kathryn A1 - Paul,Christopher A1 - Carson,Sally A1 - Duan,Naihua VL - 25 IS - 6 PY - 1998/12/01/ N2 - Little is known about the health behaviors of church attendees. This article reviewed telephone interview data of 1,517 women who were church members from 45 churches located in Los Angeles County to determine their breast cancer screening status and to identify the key predictors of screening. Almost all of this sample (96%) reported attending church at least once a month. Key predictors of screening included physician-patient communication, ethnic background, and having medical insurance. Although church-related predictors were not significantly related to screening adherence, the authors compared community-based screening rates from another sample to their sample rates and found that, when controlling for income and education, church members fared better on mammography screening than women who were community residents. This finding suggests that frequent church attendance contributes to better mammography screening status and that the relationship between religious involvement and health behaviors needs further explanation. SP - 742 EP - 758 UR - http://heb.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/6/742 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7768 T1 - Religious involvement and risk of major depression in a prospective nationwide study of African American adults JF - The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease JA - J. Nerv. Ment. Dis M3 - 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b08f45 A1 - Ellison,Christopher G A1 - Flannelly,Kevin J VL - 197 IS - 8 PY - 2009/08// N2 - This study investigated the association between religious involvement and major depression in 607 African American adults, using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Black Americans. Logistic regression found that survey participants who reported receiving "a great deal" of guidance from religion in their day-to-day lives at Time 1 (1988-1989) were roughly half as likely (OR = 0.47, p < 0.01) to have major depression at Time 2 (1992), controlling for sociodemographic and psychological factors, and major depression at baseline. The odds of major depression were also lower for persons with high self-esteem (OR = 0.41, p < 0.01) and those who reported having satisfying relationships with friends and family members (OR = 0.51, p < 0.05) at baseline. No association was found between religious attendance or church support and major depression. The possible mechanisms through which religious involvement may protect against depression, especially among African Americans, are discussed. KW - African Americans KW - Depressive Disorder, Major KW - Female KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Psychological KW - Prevalence KW - Prospective Studies KW - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales KW - Religion KW - Religion and Psychology KW - risk factors KW - Self Concept KW - Self Efficacy KW - social support KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 568 EP - 573 SN - 1539-736X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19684492 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7936 T1 - Near death experiences and death-related visions in children: implications for the clinician JF - Current Problems in Pediatrics JA - Curr Probl Pediatr A1 - Morse,M L VL - 24 IS - 2 PY - 1994/02// N2 - Near death experiences (NDEs) have been reported throughout human history in a wide variety of cultures. In the past 20 years an explosion of accounts of such experiences occurring to those surviving coma, cardiac arrest, and noninjurious near fatal brushes with death has been reported. Such events occur to a broad cross section of society, including children, and are variously estimated to occur in between 10% and 90% of near-death situations. A number of similar elements are common to NDEs, including out-of-body experiences (OBEs), hearing buzzing or rushing sounds, entering into a void or a tunnel, seeing or entering into a bright spiritual light, encountering a border or limit, and the subjective perception of making a conscious choice or being forced to return to the body. Anecdotal cases exist in which the reality of the out-of-body perceptions can be independently verified by external conditions, situations, people, and objects. Childhood experiences are often compelling because children have a different perception of death than adults. Their experiences are simple and reveal a core NDE that is universal to the human dying experience. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Attitude to Death KW - Child KW - Child, Preschool KW - Counseling KW - Death KW - Fantasy KW - Female KW - Hallucinations KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Parapsychology SP - 55 EP - 83 SN - 0045-9380 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8026218 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7584 T1 - A qualitative review of the role of qigong in the management of diabetes JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2006.6052 A1 - Xin,Liu A1 - Miller,Yvette D A1 - Brown,Wendy J VL - 13 IS - 4 PY - 2007/05// N2 - OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence relating to the effectiveness of qigong in the management of diabetes. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review of qigong intervention studies published in English or Chinese since 1980, retrieved from English-language databases and Chinese journals. Qigong intervention studies conducted with adults with diabetes, which reported both preintervention and postintervention measures of fasting blood glucose and/or hemoglobin A(1c)(HbA(1c)) were included. Sample characteristics, intervention frequency/duration, and metabolic outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS: Sixty-nine intervention studies were located. Of these, only 11 met the criteria for inclusion. There were consistent and statistically significant positive associations between participation in qigong and fasting and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test results, blood glucose, and triglycerides and total cholesterol. Effects on insulin and HbA(1c) were inconsistent. There was no evidence of any effect of qigong on weight. Most of the studies were of short duration, involved small samples, and did not include a control group. CONCLUSIONS:Although qigong has beneficial effects on some of the metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes, methodologic limitations make it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the benefits reported. Randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the potential beneficial effects of qigong on the management of type 2 diabetes. KW - Blood Glucose KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated KW - Humans KW - Research Design KW - Self Care SP - 427 EP - 433 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17532735 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7667 T1 - Body awareness, eating attitudes, and spiritual beliefs of women practicing yoga JF - Eating Disorders JA - Eat Disord M3 - 10.1080/10640260902991111 A1 - Dittmann,K A A1 - Freedman,M R VL - 17 IS - 4 PY - 2009/09//Jul-undefined N2 - This research evaluated attitudes about body image and eating in women practicing postural yoga. Study 1 described scores from questionnaires on variables related to body awareness, intuitive eating, spirituality, and reasons for practicing. Scores were favorable on all measures with significant correlations (p < .01) among all main variables except between spiritual readiness and intuitive eating, and between BMI and both body awareness and spiritual readiness. Reasons for practicing did not affect scores. Study 2 evaluated interviews in a sub-sample. Qualitative data reported improvements in body satisfaction and disordered eating due in part to yoga and its associated spirituality. KW - Adult KW - Attitude KW - Awareness KW - Body Image KW - Eating Disorders KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Middle Aged KW - Personality Inventory KW - Questionnaires KW - Self Concept KW - Spirituality KW - Yoga KW - Young Adult SP - 273 EP - 292 SN - 1532-530X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19548145 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6092 T1 - The African Transformation of Western Medicine and the Dynamics of Global Cultural Exchange CY - Philadelphia A1 - Baronov,David PB - Temple University Press PY - 2008/// KW - 19th century KW - 20th century KW - Africa KW - Anthropology, Cultural KW - Ethnology KW - History KW - History of Medicine KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, 20th Century KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, African Traditional KW - Traditional medicine SN - 1592139159 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6093 T1 - Standardization of Ayurvĕdic formulations : a scientific review JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Narayana,Ala A1 - Subhose,Varanasi VL - 35 IS - 1 PY - 2005/06//Jan-undefined N2 - Safety and efficacy of a drug mainly depends on the method of preparation. To assess the quality of a finished product, there should be some basic standards as well as methods of preparation. There are several parameters for testing the quality of a chemical drug, which have, are true indicators. So, there is no problem in assessing a synthetic drug's quality. As far as the preparation used in Ayurvĕdic system of medicine, a drug formulation or design may not be a problem, because many formulations are well documented in classical texts. But, there is confusion with respect to standards to be followed while preparing a formulation as well as basic parameters to assess the quality of the finished product. In Ayurvĕda, pañcavidhakaşăyakalpana are the basic pharmaceutical preparations, from which all the other preparations are developed. A specific method for each and every preparation and some basic standards of finished products are mentioned in Ayurvĕdic texts to maintain their quality. This information may some times vary from text to text. To overcome this problem Sărangdhara mentioned detailed information about various formulations with respect to their methods of preparation as well as basic standards and are documented in Sărangdhara Samhita. KW - Drug Compounding KW - Formularies as Topic KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Plant Preparations SP - 21 EP - 32 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333659 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7811 T1 - Cerebral blood flow effects of yoga training: preliminary evaluation of 4 cases JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2008.0008 A1 - Cohen,Debbie L A1 - Wintering,Nancy A1 - Tolles,Victoria A1 - Townsend,Raymond R A1 - Farrar,John T A1 - Galantino,Mary Lou A1 - Newberg,Andrew B VL - 15 IS - 1 PY - 2009/01// N2 - OBJECTIVES: Experienced practitioners of yoga have been shown to alter brain function, but this case series measured cerebral blood flow before and after a 12-week training program in Iyengar yoga (IY) for naïve subjects. METHODS: On the first day, each of the 4 subjects listened to the teacher speaking on the history and background of the yoga program while they were injected with 250 MBq of (99m)Tc-bicisate and received a single photon emission computed tomography scan (pre-program baseline). Subjects then had their first IY training and were injected and scanned with 925 MBq bicisate while they did their first meditation (pre-program meditation). Subjects then underwent a 12-week training program in IY and then underwent the same imaging protocol with a postprogram baseline and postprogram meditation scan. Baseline and meditation scans, before and after training, were compared using paired t tests. RESULTS: There were significant decreases (p < 0.05) between the pre- and postprogram baseline scans in the right amygdala, dorsal medial cortex, and sensorimotor area. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the pre- and postprogram percentage change (i.e., activation) in the right dorsal medial frontal lobe, prefrontal cortex, and right sensorimotor cortex. CONCLUSIONS: These initial findings suggest the brain experiences a "training effect" after 12 weeks of IY training. SP - 9 EP - 14 SN - 1557-7708 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19769471 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8290 T1 - The Emerging Socioeconomic and Political Support for Alternative Medicine in the United States JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Goldstein,Michael S. VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N2 - Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly utilized and accepted by patients and providers throughout the American health care system. Most accounts attribute this growing acceptability to the shortcomings of conventional medicine, the appeal of CAM's core beliefs, and the growing body of research indicating that CAM actually works. These explanations, while all accurate to some degree, neglect the extent to which CAM's recent success is due to economic and political factors. This article describes the emerging relationship between CAM and major economic actors (pharmaceutical firms, managed care companies, insurance companies, media conglomerates, Internet providers, etc.) as well as CAM's relationship with a range of political forces (political parties, bureaucrats, lobbying groups, ethnic- and gender-based movements and organizations, etc.). The convergence of interests between these economic and political forces and many of CAM's goals is one important reason for CAM's recent success. SP - 44 EP - 63 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049688 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7410 T1 - Positive emotional change: mediating effects of forgiveness and spirituality JF - Explore (New York, N.Y.) JA - Explore (NY) M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2006.08.002 A1 - Levenson,Michael R A1 - Aldwin,Carolyn M A1 - Yancura,Loriena VL - 2 IS - 6 PY - 2006/12//Nov-undefined N2 - We evaluated the efficacy of an emotional education program that seeks to reduce the intergenerational transmission of negative interaction patterns by increasing forgiveness and spirituality. We examined both reduction of psychological symptoms and increase in positive psychological outcomes over the course of a year, as well as the mediators of this change. At baseline, the sample consisted of 99 participants and 47 waiting list controls. Comparisons of scores from baseline (Time 1) to one week after the Hoffman Quadrinity Process (Time 2) showed large declines in negative affect (depressive symptoms) and increases in both positive outcomes (mastery, empathy, emotional intelligence, life satisfaction, forgiveness, and spiritual experience) and health and well-being. Over the course of a year, most of these gains were sustained, in comparison with the control group. Further, increases in forgiveness and spirituality mediated the effect of program participation on depressive symptoms. KW - Adult KW - Affect KW - Aged KW - Anger KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Depression KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Interpersonal Relations KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Personal Satisfaction KW - Questionnaires KW - Spirituality KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 498 EP - 508 SN - 1550-8307 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17113490 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6094 T1 - The Role of Coca in the History, Religion, and Medicine of South American Indians JF - Economic Botany A1 - Martin,Richard T. VL - 24 IS - 4 PY - 1970/12//Oct SP - 422 EP - 438 SN - 00130001 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/4253177 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7929 T1 - Enchanted journeys: near-death experiences and the emergency nurse JF - Journal of Emergency Nursing: JEN: Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association JA - J Emerg Nurs A1 - Manley,L K VL - 22 IS - 4 PY - 1996/08// KW - Adolescent KW - Critical Illness KW - Death KW - Emergency Nursing KW - Humans KW - Hypoxia, Brain KW - Male KW - Organizations SP - 311 EP - 316 SN - 0099-1767 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8936142 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8323 T1 - Energetic healing : the merging of ancient and modern medical practices CY - New York A1 - Eden,James PB - Insight Books PY - 1993/// SN - 9780030644634 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8122 T1 - Patients' conceptions of how the spiritual dimension is addressed in mental health care: a qualitative study JF - Journal of Advanced Nursing JA - J Adv Nurs M3 - 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04190.x A1 - Koslander,Tiburtius A1 - Arvidsson,Barbro VL - 57 IS - 6 PY - 2007/03// N2 - AIM: This paper reports a study to describe patients' conceptions of how the spiritual dimension is addressed in mental health care. BACKGROUND: Spirituality is a broad concept, and is highly subjective, multidimensional and difficult to define. Spirituality and religiousness are two separate concepts but have several common features. In mental health care, it is essential that nursing care be built on a holistic view, and the spiritual dimension has an important function in nursing care. The notion of spirituality is full of nuances, and in a multi-cultural society patients express their spirituality in different ways. METHOD: Data were collected by interviewing 12 strategically selected patients in mental health care and analysed according to a qualitative method inspired by the phenomenographic approach. The data were collected in 2003 in Sweden. FINDINGS: Three descriptive categories emerged: patients wish to have their spiritual needs addressed; patients must see to it that their spiritual needs are addressed; patients lack confidence in nurses with regard to discussing spirituality. The findings show that patients actively sought the assistance of nurses to meet their spiritual needs. They turned their thoughts inwards and found community with other patients, while nurses often avoided addressing the spiritual dimension. CONCLUSION: Nurses should work actively to seek new knowledge about how they can address patients' spiritual needs. It is also important that there be scope for discussing and reflecting on spiritual questions at the workplace. Additional research is needed to explore how knowledge about spirituality should be implemented in mental health care and nursing education. KW - Adult KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mental Disorders KW - Middle Aged KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Spirituality KW - Sweden SP - 597 EP - 604 SN - 0309-2402 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346318 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7176 T1 - A Comparison of Christian Science and Mainline Christian Healing Ideologies and Practices JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Poloma,Margaret M. VL - 32 IS - 4 PY - 1991/06// N2 - Within the past decade there has been an increasing interest shown in the practice of spiritual healing. Evidence suggests that a sizeable minority of Americans not only believe in spiritual healing but also that they have personally experienced such a healing. This article empirically explores the differences in ideology and practices of a group of Christian Scientists and another of Mainstream Christians who have experienced a physical healing as a result of prayer. It concludes with a discussion of the future of the two very different streams of the religious healing movement. SP - 337 EP - 350 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3511680 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7772 T1 - The effect of intercessory prayer on wound healing in nonhuman primates JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine JA - Altern Ther Health Med A1 - Lesniak,Karen T VL - 12 IS - 6 PY - 2006/12//Nov-undefined N2 - OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to examine the effects of intercessory prayer (IP) on wound healing and related physiological and behavioral factors in nonhuman primates. DESIGN: Twenty-two bush babies (Otolemur garnettii) with chronic self-injurious behavior (SIB) were stratified by wound severity and matched by total wound area. The animals were then randomized to IP and L-tryptophan or L-tryptophan only for treatment of SIB and related wounds. The IP intervention was conducted in a double-blind, randomized manner. Prayer was conducted daily for 4 weeks. Initiation of prayer was coincident with the first day of L-tryptophan administration. Physiological and behavioral variables were assessed at baseline and end of study. RESULTS: Following IP/L-tryptophan treatment, prayer-group animals had a reduction in wound size compared to non-prayer animals (P=.028). Prayer-group animals had a greater increase in red blood cells (P=.006), hemoglobin (P=.01), and hematocrit (P=.018); a greater reduction in both mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P=.023) and corpuscular volume (P=.008); and a reduction in wound grooming (P=.01) and total grooming behaviors (P=.04) than non-prayer-group animals. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are consistent with prior human trials of IP effectiveness, but suggest IP-induced health improvements may be independent of confounds associated with human participants. Findings may provide direction for study of the mechanisms of IP-induced health improvements in both human and animal models. KW - Animals KW - Behavior, Animal KW - Faith Healing KW - Galago KW - Humans KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Treatment Outcome KW - Tryptophan KW - Wound Healing SP - 42 EP - 48 SN - 1078-6791 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17131981 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7327 T1 - Scientific Research on Spirituality and Health: A Report Based on the Scientific Progress in Spirituality Conferences CY - Rockville, Md. A2 - Larson,David B A2 - Swyers,James P A2 - McCullough,Michael E A2 - Templeton Foundation A2 - Scientific Progress in Spirituality Conference PB - National Institute for Healthcare Research PY - 1998/// KW - Health KW - Health aspects KW - Religious aspects KW - Spirituality ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7454 T1 - Religion and Mental Health: A Hermeneutic Reconsideration JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Williams,Richard N. A1 - Faulconer,James E. VL - 35 IS - 4 PY - 1994/06// N2 - This paper argues that the question of the relationship between religiosity and mental health has been miscast because both religiosity and mental health have been understood in the discipline from a distinctly modernist perspective. This modernist perspective is characterized by a metaphysic of substances and by empiricism, and it insists that all scientifically interesting relationships must be efficient causal relationships among substances. From this perspective the only legitimate questions revolve around which way the causal arrow points. The paper argues that this framing of the question and the modernist perspective which gives rise to it fail as adequate accounts of either phenomenon and, thus, of their relation. Further, in some fundamental sense the perspective fails to take either religiosity or psychopathology seriously. SP - 335 EP - 349 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3511734 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8139 T1 - The brief serenity scale: a psychometric analysis of a measure of spirituality and well-being JF - Journal of Holistic Nursing: Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association JA - J Holist Nurs M3 - 10.1177/0898010108327212 A1 - Kreitzer,Mary Jo A1 - Gross,Cynthia R A1 - Waleekhachonloet,On-anong A1 - Reilly-Spong,Maryanne A1 - Byrd,Marcia VL - 27 IS - 1 PY - 2009/03// N2 - PURPOSE: This article describes a factor analysis of a 22-item version of the Serenity Scale, a tool that measures spirituality and well-being. METHOD: A sample of 87 participants, enrolled in a National Institutes of Health-funded clinical trial examining the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction on symptom management post-solid organ transplantation, completed the abbreviated instrument. FINDINGS: Exploratory factor analysis yielded three subscales: acceptance, inner haven, and trust. The Serenity Scale was positively associated with positive affect and mindful awareness and inversely related to negative affect, anxiety, depression, health distress and transplant-related stress. CONCLUSIONS: Serenity, a dimension of spirituality that is secular and distinct from religious orientation or religiosity, shows promise as a tool that could be used to measure outcomes of nursing interventions that improve health and well-being. IMPLICATIONS: Spirituality is recognized as being an essential component of holistic nursing practice. As nurses expand their use of spiritual interventions, it is important to document outcomes related to nursing care. The Serenity Scale appears to capture a dimension of spirituality, a state of acceptance, inner haven and trust that is distinct from other spirituality instruments. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Health KW - Female KW - Holistic Health KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Nursing Methodology Research KW - Personality Assessment KW - Psychometrics KW - Quality of Life KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 7 EP - 16 SN - 0898-0101 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19176898 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7878 T1 - Religious Experience and Philosophy JF - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society A1 - Younghusband,Francis VL - 28 PY - 1927///1928 SP - 117 EP - 134 SN - 00667374 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/4544133 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8041 T1 - Utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by United States Adults: Results from the 1999 National Health Interview Survey JF - Medical Care A1 - Ni,Hanyu A1 - Simile,Catherine A1 - Hardy,Ann M. VL - 40 IS - 4 PY - 2002/04// SP - 353 EP - 358 SN - 00257079 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3767839 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7384 T1 - How religion influences morbidity and health: Reflections on natural history, salutogenesis and host resistance JF - Social Science & Medicine M3 - 10.1016/0277-9536(96)00150-5 A1 - Levin,Jeffrey VL - 43 IS - 5 PY - 1996/09// N2 - This paper surveys the field that has come to be known as the epidemiology of religion. Epidemiologic study of the impact of religious involvement, broadly defined, has become increasingly popular in recent years, although the existence, meaning and implications of an apparently salutary religious effect on health have not yet been interpreted in an epidemiologic context. This paper attempts to remedy this situation by putting the “epidemiology” into the epidemiology of religion through discussion of existing empirical findings in terms of several substantive epidemiologic concepts. After first providing an overview of key research findings and prior reviews of this field, the summary finding of a protective religious effect on morbidity is examined in terms of three important epidemiologic concepts: the natural history of disease, salutogenesis and host resistance. In addition to describing a theoretical basis for interpreting a religion-health association, this paper provides an enumeration of common misinterpretations of epidemiologic findings for religious involvement, as well as an outline of hypothesized pathways, mediating factors, and salutogenic mechanisms for respective religious dimensions. It is hoped that these reflections will serve both to elevate the status of religion as a construct worthy of social-epidemiologic research and to reinvigorate the field of social epidemiology. SP - 849 EP - 864 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7707 T1 - Do improvements in emotional distress correlate with becoming more mindful? A study of older adults JF - Aging & Mental Health JA - Aging Ment Health M3 - 10.1080/13607860802459807 A1 - Splevins,Kate A1 - Smith,Alistair A1 - Simpson,Jane VL - 13 IS - 3 PY - 2009/05// N2 - OBJECTIVES: The study aimed (1) to investigate changes in older adults' emotional wellbeing (specifically depression, anxiety and stress levels) and mindful ability following a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) course; (2) to explore correlations between mindfulness (measured as an overall ability and as individual components; observe, describe, act with awareness and accept without judgement) and changes in depression, anxiety and stress levels. METHOD: Twenty-two participants took an eight-week MBCT course. Levels of depression, anxiety and stress were recorded pre- and post-intervention, as was mindfulness ability (measured both as an overall ability and as individual components). RESULTS: Significant improvements in emotional wellbeing and mindfulness were reported post-MBCT, with large to moderate effect sizes. Increased mindfulness was moderately and significantly associated with improved emotional wellbeing. Increases on all four components of mindfulness were positively associated with greater emotional wellbeing, however only act with awareness and accept without judgement were significantly correlated (with reduced depression). Older adults in our sample reported higher scores on observe and act with awareness than other populations. CONCLUSION: This study adds to a growing evidence-base indicating the efficacy of MBCT for depression, anxiety and stress, and extends these finding to older adults. This study found older adults to have elevated levels of certain facets of mindfulness and recommendations are made for researching the possibility that mindfulness may be an extension of the developmental process. KW - Aged KW - Anxiety Disorders KW - Attention KW - Awareness KW - Cognitive Therapy KW - Depression KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Middle Aged KW - Psychotherapy, Group KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 328 EP - 335 SN - 1364-6915 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19484596 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8013 T1 - Political bias, moral values, and spirituality in the training of psychotherapists JF - Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic JA - Bull Menninger Clin A1 - Aponte,H J VL - 60 IS - 4 PY - 1996/// N2 - Today psychotherapists face a challenge quite different from Karl Menninger's early efforts to foster an understanding between the new science of psychiatry and traditional religion. Today the mental health sciences are struggling with the contradictions and conflicts about society's values and spirituality that are currently vexing us all. The challenge today for psychotherapists is how to address values and spirituality professionally, ethically, and usefully in our work. This article looks at the scope of the task of training psychotherapists to work with values and spirituality in today's climate of amorphous values and culture wars. KW - Humans KW - Psychiatry KW - Psychotherapy KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Social Values SP - 488 EP - 502 SN - 0025-9284 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9009377 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6095 T1 - Historical perspectives on health. Early Arabic medicine JF - The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health JA - J R Soc Promot Health A1 - Brewer,Harry VL - 124 IS - 4 PY - 2004/07// N2 - The Arabian conquests during and after the 7th century led to a spread of Islam as well as the consequential influence of theology on health through the teachings of the Qur'an (Koran). Although traditional medicine was widely accepted and used, the character of early aggrandisement of Arabic medicine involved a facility for adapting and absorbing Graeco-Roman knowledge. The translation schools and libraries, famous in both the East and West, preserved and expanded the knowledge acquired. European academic learning owed much to the Arabs. Information came through Spain to Italy, France and, later on, England. The founding of hospitals, whilst not an Arab initiative, received a fillip from the religious prescriptions for care of the sick. The Military Orders developed specialist institutions for the sick, probably as a result of what they saw during their sojourn in the Middle East. The legacy of Arabic medical care is still with us today and deserves understanding and greater appreciation. KW - Arab World KW - History of Nursing KW - History, Ancient KW - Hospitals KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Medicine, Traditional SP - 184 EP - 187 SN - 1466-4240 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15301318 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7418 T1 - Yoga breathing, meditation, and longevity JF - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences JA - Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci M3 - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04394.x A1 - Brown,Richard P A1 - Gerbarg,Patricia L VL - 1172 PY - 2009/08// N2 - Yoga breathing is an important part of health and spiritual practices in Indo-Tibetan traditions. Considered fundamental for the development of physical well-being, meditation, awareness, and enlightenment, it is both a form of meditation in itself and a preparation for deep meditation. Yoga breathing (pranayama) can rapidly bring the mind to the present moment and reduce stress. In this paper, we review data indicating how breath work can affect longevity mechanisms in some ways that overlap with meditation and in other ways that are different from, but that synergistically enhance, the effects of meditation. We also provide clinical evidence for the use of yoga breathing in the treatment of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and for victims of mass disasters. By inducing stress resilience, breath work enables us to rapidly and compassionately relieve many forms of suffering. SP - 54 EP - 62 SN - 1749-6632 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19735239 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6096 T1 - I Choose Life: Contemporary Medical and Religious Practices in the Navajo World CY - Norman A1 - Schwarz,Maureen Trudelle PB - University of Oklahoma Press PY - 2008/// KW - Christianity and other religions KW - Indians, North American KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Navajo Indians KW - Religion KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Shamanism KW - Southwest, New KW - Surgery KW - Traditional medicine SN - 9780806139418 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8094 T1 - Addressing spirituality in pediatric hospice and palliative care JF - Journal of Palliative Care JA - J Palliat Care A1 - Davies,Betty A1 - Brenner,Paul A1 - Orloff,Stacy A1 - Sumner,Liz A1 - Worden,William VL - 18 IS - 1 PY - 2002/// N2 - Hospice and palliative care principles mandate clinicIans to provide "total" care to patients and their families. Such care incorporates not only physical, emotional, and psychosocial care, but spiritual care as well. Even though considerable attention has been directed to spiritual issues for adult patients in hospice and palliative care, spirituality in pediatric palliative care has been virtually neglected. The need for guidelines to assess spirituality in this population was identified as a priority issue by members of a subcommittee of the Children's International Project on Children's Palliative/Hospice Services, created under the auspices of the National Hospice Organization. Committee members, based on their clinical, research, and personal experiences, identified several aspects relevant to spirituality in general, and to spirituality in pediatric palliative care in particular, and developed guidelines for clinicians in pediatric palliative care. The purpose of this paper is to share the results of this committee's work and, in particular, to present their guidelines for addressing spiritual issues in children and families in pediatric hospice and palliative care. KW - Adult KW - Child KW - Child Psychology KW - Family KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Needs Assessment KW - Nursing Assessment KW - Palliative Care KW - Pastoral Care KW - Pediatrics KW - Practice Guidelines as Topic KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality SP - 59 EP - 67 SN - 0825-8597 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12001404 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7941 T1 - Near-death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors JF - Progress in Brain Research JA - Prog. Brain Res M3 - 10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50025-6 A1 - French,Christopher C VL - 150 PY - 2005/// N2 - Near-death experiences (NDEs) have become the focus of much interest in the last 30 years or so. Such experiences can occur both when individuals are objectively near to death and also when they simply believe themselves to be. The experience typically involves a number of different components including a feeling of peace and well-being, out-of-body experiences (OBEs), entering a region of darkness, seeing a brilliant light, and entering another realm. NDEs are known to have long-lasting transformational effects upon those who experience them. An overview is presented of the various theoretical approaches that have been adopted in attempts to account for the NDE. Spiritual theories assume that consciousness can become detached from the neural substrate of the brain and that the NDE may provide a glimpse of an afterlife. Psychological theories include the proposal that the NDE is a dissociative defense mechanism that occurs in times of extreme danger or, less plausibly, that the NDE reflects memories of being born. Finally, a wide range of organic theories of the NDE has been put forward including those based upon cerebral hypoxia, anoxia, and hypercarbia; endorphins and other neurotransmitters; and abnormal activity in the temporal lobes. Finally, the results of studies of NDEs in cardiac arrest survivors are reviewed and the implications of these results for our understanding of mind-brain relationships are discussed. KW - Attitude to Death KW - Brain KW - Death KW - Dissociative Disorders KW - Heart Arrest KW - Humans KW - Models, Neurological KW - Models, Psychological SP - 351 EP - 367 SN - 0079-6123 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16186035 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7895 T1 - Trance, functional psychosis, and culture JF - Psychiatry JA - Psychiatry A1 - Castillo,Richard J VL - 66 IS - 1 PY - 2003/// N2 - This paper discusses the hypothesis that the symptoms of functional psychoses can be caused by culturally structured spontaneous trances that may be reactions to environmental stress and psychological trauma. Findings are reviewed of anthropological studies of meditative trance experiences in Indian yogis characterized by divided consciousness (dissociation), religious auditory and visual hallucinations, and beliefs in their own spiritual powers. An explanation of the psychological mechanisms of meditative trance is also provided, highlighting trance-related alteration of consciousness within an Indian cultural context. It is suggested that the psychological mechanisms of meditative trance are similar in structure to spontaneous trances underlying the symptoms of some functional psychoses. Findings from cross-cultural studies are also reviewed, highlighting the effects of culture on the symptoms, indigenous diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes of functional psychoses. In non-Western cultures, transient functional psychoses with complete recovery are 10 times more common than in Western cultures. It is suggested that egocentrism and a loss of spiritual explanations for psychosis in Western cultures constructs a clinical situation in which persons with functional psychoses are treated for a biogenetic (incurable) brain disease rather than a curable spiritual illness. This difference in cultural belief systems leads to poorer outcomes for Western patients compared to non-Western patients. Recognizing cultural differences in symptoms, indigenous diagnoses, and treatment for functional psychoses can help explain the dramatic cross-cultural differences in outcome. KW - Cross-Cultural Comparison KW - Culture KW - Dissociative Disorders KW - Hallucinations KW - Hinduism KW - Humans KW - Meditation KW - Psychotic Disorders SP - 9 EP - 21 SN - 0033-2747 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12710226 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8251 T1 - Health and Spirituality as Contemporary Concerns JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - McGuire,Meredith B. VL - 527 PY - 1993/05// N2 - One theme of particular importance in contemporary U. S. religion and quasi-religion is health and healing. Groups as diverse as Pentecostal Christians and New Age groups, women's spirituality groups and New Thought churches are promoting non-medical approaches to health and healing. Indeed, to many contemporary Americans, health and healing appear to be salient metaphors for salvation and holiness. Religious and quasi-religious attention to health is adamantly holistic in the belief that spiritual, emotional, social, and physical aspects of well-being are fundamentally interconnected. To understand the significance of this widespread focus on health and healing, we need to look beyond the religious groups themselves and appreciate some twentieth-century structural and cultural changes in the meanings of the body, the self, and the nature of well-being. SP - 144 EP - 154 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1048682 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8296 T1 - Religious liberty and the abortion debate JF - Journal of Church and State A1 - Simmons,Paul D. VL - 32 IS - Summer 1990 PY - 1990/// SP - 567 EP - 84 SN - 0021-969X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7169 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: The Manipulative Therapies: Osteopathy and Chiropractic JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Vickers,Andrew A1 - Zollman,Catherine VL - 319 IS - 7218 PY - 1999/10/30/ SP - 1176 EP - 1179 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186229 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7038 T1 - Paths to Asian Medical Knowledge T3 - Comparative studies of health systems and medical care CY - Berkeley A1 - Leslie,Charles M A1 - Young,Allan A2 - American Anthropological Association PB - University of California Press PY - 1992/// KW - Asia KW - Congresses KW - East Asia KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Medicine, Oriental KW - Medicine, Oriental Traditional SN - 0520073177 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6097 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Complementary Medicine and the Doctor JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Zollman,Catherine A1 - Vickers,Andrew VL - 319 IS - 7224 PY - 1999/12/11/ SP - 1558 EP - 1561 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186616 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8101 T1 - A systematic review of religion and spirituality in three palliative care journals, 1990-1999 JF - Journal of Palliative Care JA - J Palliat Care A1 - Flannelly,Kevin J A1 - Weaver,Andrew J A1 - Costa,Karen G VL - 20 IS - 1 PY - 2004/// KW - Attitude to Death KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Palliative Care KW - Pastoral Care KW - Periodicals as Topic KW - Publishing KW - Qualitative Research KW - Religion KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Research Design KW - Spirituality SP - 50 EP - 56 SN - 0825-8597 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15132077 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6098 T1 - Fundamentals of Yoga: A Handbook of Theory, Practice, and Application CY - New York, N.Y A1 - Mishra,Rammurti S PB - Harmony Books PY - 1987/// KW - Yoga SN - 051756422X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7433 T1 - The association between spiritual and religious involvement and depressive symptoms in a Canadian population JF - The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease JA - J. Nerv. Ment. Dis A1 - Baetz,Marilyn A1 - Griffin,Ronald A1 - Bowen,Rudy A1 - Koenig,Harold G A1 - Marcoux,Eugene VL - 192 IS - 12 PY - 2004/12// N2 - Data from a large epidemiologic survey were examined to determine the relationship of religious practice (worship service attendance), spiritual and religious self-perception, and importance (salience) to depressive symptoms. Data were obtained from 70,884 respondents older than 15 years from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (Wave II, 1996-1997). Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship of the religious/spiritual variables to depressive symptoms while controlling for demographic, social, and health variables. More frequent worship service attendees had significantly fewer depressive symptoms. In contrast, those who stated spiritual values or faith were important or perceived themselves to be spiritual/religious had higher levels of depressive symptoms, even after controlling for potential mediating and confounding factors. It is evident that spirituality/religion has an important effect on depressive symptoms, but this study underscores the complexity of this relationship. Longitudinal studies are needed to help elucidate mechanisms and the order and direction of effects. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Canada KW - Depressive Disorder KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Life Style KW - Logistic Models KW - Male KW - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Self Concept KW - Severity of Illness Index KW - social support KW - Spirituality SP - 818 EP - 822 SN - 0022-3018 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15583502 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7078 T1 - A biostatistical approach to ayurveda: quantifying the tridosha JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2004.10.879 A1 - Joshi,Rajani R VL - 10 IS - 5 PY - 2004/10// N2 - OBJECTIVE: To compute quantitative estimates of the tridosha--the qualitative characterization that constitutes the core of diagnosis and treatment in Ayurveda--to provide a basis for biostatistical analysis of this ancient Indian science, which is a promising field of alternative medicine. SUBJECTS: The data sources were 280 persons from among the residents and visitors/training students at the Brahmvarchas Research Centre and Shantikuj, Hardwar, India. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY: A quantitative measure of the tridosha level (for vata, pitta, and kapha) is obtained by applying an algorithmic heuristic approach to the exhaustive list of qualitative features/factors that are commonly used by Ayurvedic doctors. A knowledge-based concept of worth coefficients and fuzzy multiattribute decision functions are used here for regression modeling. VALIDATION AND APPLICATIONS: Statistical validation on a large sample shows the accuracy of this study's estimates with statistical confidence level above 90%. The estimates are also suited for diagnostic and prognostic applications and systematic drug-response analysis of Ayurvedic (herbal and rasayanam) medicines. An application with regard to the former is elucidated, extensions of which might also be of use in investigating the role of nadis in Ayurvedic healing vis-a-vis acupuncture and acupressure techniques. The importance and scope of this novel approach are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: This pioneering study shows that the concept of tridosha has a sound empirical basis that could be used for the scientific establishment of Ayurveda in a new light. KW - Algorithms KW - Biometry KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Qi KW - Regression Analysis SP - 879 EP - 889 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15650478 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7102 T1 - The Origin of Chinese Folk Medicine JF - Asian Folklore Studies A1 - Schiffeler,John Wm. VL - 35 IS - 1 PY - 1976/// SP - 17 EP - 35 SN - 03852342 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1177648 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8309 T1 - Traditional Medicine: Better Science, Policy and Services for Health Development: Proceedings of a WHO International Symposium, Awaji Island, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, 11-13 September 2000 CY - Kobe, Japan A1 - WHO International Symposium A1 - World Health Organization PB - World Health Organization PY - 2001/// KW - Congresses KW - Health KW - Traditional medicine ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8008 T1 - The Acceptance of Western Medicine in Japan JF - Monumenta Nipponica A1 - Otori,Ranzaburo VL - 19 IS - 3/4 PY - 1964/// SP - 254 EP - 274 SN - 00270741 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2383172 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6099 T1 - The Ayurveda Education in India: How Well are the Graduates Exposed to Basic Clinical Skills? JF - Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM JA - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med M3 - 10.1093/ecam/nep113 A1 - Patwardhan,Kishor A1 - Gehlot,Sangeeta A1 - Singh,Girish A1 - Rathore,H C S PY - 2009/08/17/ N2 - 'Ayurveda' is an ancient system of healthcare that is native to India. At present, in India, there are more than 240 colleges that offer a graduate-level degree (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery-BAMS) in Ayurveda. Even though the Central Council of Indian Medicine, the governing body that monitors the matters related to Ayurveda education, has imposed various educational norms and regulations, the standard of education has been a cause of concern in recent years. The mushrooming of substandard Ayurvedic colleges is the most important factor that is being held responsible for this kind of erosion in the standards. The present study is a mailed survey, which was carried out to evaluate the 'Extent of exposure to basic clinical skills during BAMS course' as perceived by the sample groups of students and teachers drawn from 32 Ayurvedic educational institutions spread all over India. A methodically validated questionnaire was used as the tool in the study, to which 1022 participants responded. The study indicates that there are some serious flaws in the existing system of the graduate-level Ayurveda education. Since the Ayurvedic graduates play an important role in the primary healthcare delivery system of the country, governing bodies are required to take necessary steps to ensure the adequate exposure of the students to basic clinical skills. Along with the strict implementation of all the regulatory norms during the process of recognition of the colleges, introducing some changes in the policy model may also be required to tackle the situation. SN - 1741-427X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19687194 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8014 T1 - Religion and healing in America CY - Oxford A1 - Barnes,Linda A1 - Sered,Susan PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2005/// SN - 9780195167955 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7495 T1 - Changes in religiousness and spirituality attributed to HIV/AIDS: are there sex and race differences? JF - Journal of General Internal Medicine JA - J Gen Intern Med M3 - 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00641.x A1 - Cotton,Sian A1 - Tsevat,Joel A1 - Szaflarski,Magdalena A1 - Kudel,Ian A1 - Sherman,Susan N A1 - Feinberg,Judith A1 - Leonard,Anthony C A1 - Holmes,William C VL - 21 Suppl 5 PY - 2006/12// N2 - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Having a serious illness such as HIV/AIDS raises existential issues, which are potentially manifested as changes in religiousness and spirituality. The objective of this study was (1) to describe changes in religiousness and spirituality of people with HIV/AIDS, and (2) to determine if these changes differed by sex and race. METHODS: Three-hundred and forty-seven adults with HIV/AIDS from 4 sites were asked demographic, clinical, and religious/spiritual questions. Six religious/spiritual questions assessed personal and social domains of religiousness and spirituality. RESULTS: Eighty-eight participants (25%) reported being "more religious" and 142 (41%) reported being "more spiritual" since being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Approximately 1 in 4 participants also reported that they felt more alienated by a religious group since their HIV/AIDS diagnosis and approximately 1 in 10 reported changing their place of religious worship because of HIV/AIDS. A total of 174 participants (50%) believed that their religiousness/spirituality helped them live longer. Fewer Caucasians than African Americans reported becoming more spiritual since their HIV/AIDS diagnosis (37% vs 52%, respectively; P<.015), more Caucasians than African Americans felt alienated from religious communities (44% vs 21%, respectively; P<.001), and fewer Caucasians than African Americans believed that their religiousness/spirituality helped them live longer (41% vs 68% respectively; P<.001). There were no significantly different reported changes in religious and spiritual experiences by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Many participants report having become more spiritual or religious since contracting HIV/AIDS, though many have felt alienated by a religious group-some to the point of changing their place of worship. Clinicians conducting spiritual assessments should be aware that changes in religious and spiritual experiences attributed to HIV/AIDS might differ between Caucasian and African Americans. KW - Adult KW - African Americans KW - Female KW - HIV Infections KW - Humans KW - Life Change Events KW - Male KW - Odds Ratio KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Sex Distribution KW - Social Alienation KW - United States SP - S14-20 EP - S14-20 SN - 1525-1497 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17083495 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7239 T1 - The Shaman as Psychologist JF - Asian Folklore Studies A1 - Demetrio,Francisco R. VL - 37 IS - 1 PY - 1978/// SP - 57 EP - 75 SN - 03852342 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1177583 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7846 T1 - In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion T3 - Evolution and Cognition Series A1 - Atran,Scott PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2002/11/12/ SN - 0195178033 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7737 T1 - Religious Involvement and Self-Perception among Black Americans JF - Social Forces A1 - Ellison,Christopher G. VL - 71 IS - 4 PY - 1993/06// N2 - This study focuses on the relationships between the religious involvement of black Americans and two important dimensions of self-perception: self-esteem, or one's sense of personal worth, and personal mastery, or feelings of control over one's affairs. This article argues that participation in church communities may foster positive self-perception through the interpersonal supportiveness and positive reflected appraisals of coreligionists. Private devotional activities may also be linked with positive self-regard via processes of religious role taking. Analyses of data from the 1979-80 National Survey of Black Americans support these arguments with regard to self-esteem, but not personal mastery. In addition, the findings suggest that public religious participation buffers the negative influence of physical unattractiveness on self-esteem, while private religious devotion buffers the negative impact of chronic illness on self-esteem. The results shed new light on the contemporary psychosocial role of religious life among black Americans. SP - 1027 EP - 1055 SN - 00377732 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2580129 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8007 T1 - An exploratory study of spiritual care at the end of life JF - Annals of Family Medicine JA - Ann Fam Med M3 - 10.1370/afm.883 A1 - Daaleman,Timothy P A1 - Usher,Barbara M A1 - Williams,Sharon W A1 - Rawlings,Jim A1 - Hanson,Laura C VL - 6 IS - 5 PY - 2008/10//Sep-undefined N2 - PURPOSE: Although spiritual care is a core element of palliative care, it remains unclear how this care is perceived and delivered at the end of life. We explored how clinicians and other health care workers understand and view spiritual care provided to dying patients and their family members. METHODS: Our study was based on qualitative research using key informant interviews and editing analysis with 12 clinicians and other health care workers nominated as spiritual caregivers by dying patients and their family members. RESULTS: Being present was a predominant theme, marked by physical proximity and intentionality, or the deliberate ideation and purposeful action of providing care that went beyond medical treatment. Opening eyes was the process by which caregivers became aware of their patient's life course and the individualized experience of their patient's current illness. Participants also described another course of action, which we termed cocreating, that was a mutual and fluid activity between patients, family members, and caregivers. Cocreating began with an affirmation of the patient's life experience and led to the generation of a wholistic care plan that focused on maintaining the patient's humanity and dignity. Time was both a facilitator and inhibitor of effective spiritual care. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians and other health care workers consider spiritual care at the end of life as a series of highly fluid interpersonal processes in the context of mutually recognized human values and experiences, rather than a set of prescribed and proscribed roles. KW - Adult KW - Attitude to Death KW - Caregivers KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Palliative Care KW - Pastoral Care KW - Professional-Family Relations KW - Professional-Patient Relations KW - Spirituality KW - Terminal Care KW - Terminally ill SP - 406 EP - 411 SN - 1544-1717 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779544 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7748 T1 - Turning to Prayer: Social and Situational Antecedents of Religious Coping among African Americans JF - Review of Religious Research M3 - 10.2307/3512336 A1 - Ellison,Christopher G. A1 - Taylor,Robert Joseph VL - 38 IS - 2 PY - 1996/12// N2 - Although observers have long suggested that prayer is an important coping behavior for African Americans, there has been little research on the social and situational antecedents of such religious coping in this population. This study develops a series of theoretical arguments linking four sets of factors -- religiosity, problem domain, social and psychological resources, and social location -- with religious coping. Relevant hypotheses are then tested using data from a large national probability sample of African Americans. Findings confirm the general importance of religious coping among African Americans. Further, while multiple dimensions of religiosity are important predictors of the use of prayer in coping, this practice is also most likely among persons dealing with health problems or bereavement, persons with low general personal mastery, and females. A number of promising directions for further research on religious coping -- among African Americans, and in the general population -- are discussed. SP - 111 EP - 131 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/3512336 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7891 T1 - He Made a Way out of No Way: Religious Experience in an African-American Congregation JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Nelson,Timothy J. VL - 39 IS - 1 PY - 1997/09// N2 - Sociologists have expended little effort to examine the experiential dimension of religion. When social scientists have turned their attention to religious experience, they have used a definition of the concept which has overly restricted its scope. This paper is based upon an ethnographic study of an African Methodist Episcopal congregation made up primarily of the working poor and near-poor. I use the data to study the reported experiences of congregational members concerning the action of spiritual beings in their everyday lives, and I discuss the role of social ties and the cultural devices of metaphor and narrative in shaping these experiences. Finally, I demonstrate the influence of social location -- primarily race and class -- on attributions to supernatural agency. SP - 5 EP - 26 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3512476 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8076 T1 - 'I would if I could': how oncologists and oncology nurses address spiritual distress in cancer patients JF - Psycho-Oncology JA - Psychooncology A1 - Kristeller,J L A1 - Zumbrun,C S A1 - Schilling,R F VL - 8 IS - 5 PY - 1999/10//Sep-undefined N2 - Medical providers are called upon to address a wide range of psychosocial issues, under increasing time constraints. Spiritual/existential distress was one of 18 issues covered in a survey of oncologists' (n=94) and oncology nurses' (n=267) attitudes and practices regarding psychosocial issues. The survey included patient vignettes at good, moderate and poor prognosis levels, and questions regarding attitudes toward patient care, typical and ideal services, and expectation for impact. A substantial proportion of both oncologists (37.5%) and nurses (47.5%) identified themselves as primarily responsible for addressing spiritual distress in their setting. However, over 85% of both MDs and RNs felt that ideally a chaplain should address such issues. Working in an inpatient setting predicted that nurses, but not doctors, would confer with chaplains. When ranking spiritual distress as important to address in comparison to 17 other issues, only 11.8% of MDs and 8.5% of RNs ranked it in the top three for the poor prognosis vignette, with yet lower values with better prognoses. For the poor prognosis, younger MDs were more likely to address spirituality (r=-0.26) and were also more likely to address anxiety or depression (r=0.25) and family distress (r=0.20). For RNs, no such relationships appeared. Perceived impact was also a predictor of whether spirituality issues were addressed. These results suggest that spiritual distress experienced by cancer patients may be under-addressed due to time constraints, lack of confidence in effectiveness, and role uncertainty. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Family Health KW - Female KW - Health Care Surveys KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Medical Oncology KW - Middle Aged KW - Neoplasms KW - Nurses KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Stress, Psychological SP - 451 EP - 458 SN - 1057-9249 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10559804 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8129 T1 - A review of spiritual and religious measures in nursing research journals: 1995-1999 JF - Journal of Religion and Health JA - J Relig Health A1 - Kilpatrick,Shelley Dean A1 - Weaver,Andrew J A1 - McCullough,Michael E A1 - Puchalski,Christina A1 - Larson,David B A1 - Hays,Judith C A1 - Farran,Carol J A1 - Flannelly,Kevin J VL - 44 IS - 1 PY - 2005/// N2 - Background: A series of systematic reviews has revealed relatively high levels of interest in religion and spirituality in different nursing specialties, but not in general nursing research journals. Purpose: To identify the extent to which spirituality and religiousness were measured in all quantitative and qualitative research articles published in Research in Nursing and Health, Nursing Research, Advances in Nursing Science (ANS), and Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship from 1995 to 1999. Methods: A full-text search was conducted of ANS and Image using the Ovid search system. Nursing Research and Research in Nursing and Health were hand searched for spiritual/religious measures. Characteristics of selected studies, the measures taken, and their uses were coded for data analysis. Results: A total of 564 research studies were identified, of which 67 (11.9%) included at least one measure of spirituality or religiousness. A significant difference was found between the percentage of qualitative and quantitative studies that contained measures of these concepts. Of the 119 qualitative studies, 23 (19.3%) contained a measure of religion or spirituality, compared to 44 of the 445 (9.9%) quantitative studies. Nominal indicators of religious affiliation were the most commonly used measures in the quantitative studies and measures of religion and spirituality were rarely used in the analyses. Although only a few quantitative or qualitative studies intended to focus on religion or spirituality, these themes often emerged spontaneously in the qualitative research. Conclusions: Research in Nursing and Health, Advances in Nursing Science, Nursing Research, and Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship all published research measuring spirituality and religiousness during the time-period studies. The rate at which spirituality and religion appeared in these nursing research articles is substantially higher than that found in most fields outside of nursing. Even more frequent inclusion of spiritual and religious variables and richer measures of spirituality and religiousness would help to increase the available scientific information on the role of spirituality and religion in nursing care. KW - Humans KW - Nursing Care KW - Nursing Research KW - Periodicals as Topic KW - Qualitative Research KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality SP - 55 EP - 66 SN - 0022-4197 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285132 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8232 T1 - Contemporary medical ethics: an overview from Iran JF - Developing World Bioethics JA - Dev World Bioeth M3 - 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2006.00180.x A1 - Larijani,Bagher A1 - Zahedi,Farzaneh VL - 8 IS - 3 PY - 2008/12// N2 - The growing potential of biomedical technologies has increasingly been associated with discussions surrounding the ethical aspects of the new technologies in different societies. Advances in genetics, stem cell research and organ transplantation are some of the medical issues that have raised important ethical and social issues. Special attention has been paid towards moral ethics in Islam and medical and religious professions in Iran have voiced the requirement for an emphasis on ethics. In the last decade, great strides have been made in biomedical ethics, especially in the field of education, research and legislation. In this article, contemporary medical ethics in Iran, and the related moral philosophy, have been reviewed in brief and we have discussed some of the activities in the field of medical ethics that have been carried out in our country within recent years. These activities have included the establishment of the National and Regional Committees for Medical Research Ethics and the production of national codes of ethics in biomedical research in the 1990 s and the introduction of a comprehensive strategic plan for medical ethics at the national level in 2002. This paper will discuss these issues, along with the production, in 2005, of the Specific National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research. KW - Beneficence KW - Bioethical Issues KW - Codes of Ethics KW - Ethical Theory KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Hippocratic Oath KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, 21st Century KW - Humans KW - Iran KW - Islam KW - Moral Obligations KW - Morals KW - Personal Autonomy KW - Principle-Based Ethics KW - Social Justice SP - 192 EP - 196 SN - 1471-8847 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19046256 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7908 T1 - Near-death experiences and the elderly JF - Holistic Nursing Practice JA - Holist Nurs Pract A1 - Olson,M VL - 7 IS - 1 PY - 1992/10// KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Death KW - Geriatric Nursing KW - Human Development KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Questionnaires SP - 16 EP - 21 SN - 0887-9311 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/1447326 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8180 T1 - Science, Medicine, and Intercessory Prayer JF - Perspectives in Biology and Medicine A1 - Sloan,Richard P. A1 - Ramakrishnan,Rajasekhar. VL - 49 IS - 4 PY - 2006/// N2 - Among the many recent attempts to demonstrate the medical benefits of religious activity, the methodologically strongest seem to be studies of the effects of distant intercessory prayer (IP). In these studies, patients are randomly assigned to receive standard care or standard care plus the prayers or "healing intentions" of distant intercessors. Most of the scientific community has dismissed such research, but cavalier rejection of studies of IP is unwise, because IP studies appear to conform to the standards of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and, as such, would have a significant advantage over observational investigations of associations between religious variables and health outcomes. As we demonstrate, however, studies of IP fail to meet the standards of RCTs in several critical respects. They fail to adequately measure and control exposure to prayer from others, which is likely to exceed IP and to vary widely from subject to subject, and whose magnitude is unknown. This supplemental prayer so greatly attenuates the differences between the treatment and control groups that sample sizes are too large to justify studies of IP. Further, IP studies generally do not specify the outcome variables, raising problems of multiple comparisons and Type 1 errors. Finally, these studies claim findings incompatible with current views of the physical universe and consciousness. Unless these problems are solved, studies of IP should not be conducted. SP - 504 EP - 514 SN - 1529-8795 UR - http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy.bu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/v049/49.4sloan.html ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7715 T1 - Religion, Age, Life Satisfaction, and Perceived Sources of Religiousness: A Study of Older Persons JF - J Gerontol M3 - 10.1093/geronj/40.5.615 A1 - Hunsberger,Bruce VL - 40 IS - 5 PY - 1985/09/01/ N2 - Eighty-five persons aged 65 to 88 years participated in this interview study of three issues. The present study supported previous findings of a tendency toward increased religiosity in older age. This was tempered, however, by the finding that, although highly religious older persons tended to report an increase in religiousness over the course of their lives, respondents who were low in religiosity tended to report a decrease. These two groups reported that before the age of 20 a relatively small difference in religiosity existed but by old age this difference had become substantial. Second, there was evidence of a low to moderate positive relationship between religiosity and life satisfaction. Finally, mothers were reported to have had the strongest proreligious influence, although both parents were generally perceived to be important influences in religious development. SP - 615 EP - 620 UR - http://geronj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/5/615 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7777 T1 - A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature on Intercessory Prayer JF - Research on Social Work Practice M3 - 10.1177/1049731506296170 A1 - Hodge,David R. VL - 17 IS - 2 PY - 2007/03/01/ N2 - Perhaps surprisingly, many social workers appear to use intercessory prayer in direct practice settings. To help inform practitioners' use of this intervention, this article evaluates the empirical literature on the topic using the following three methods: (a) an individual assessment of each study, (b) an evaluation of intercessory prayer as an empirically supported intervention using criteria developed by Division 12 of the American Psychological Association (APA), and (c) a meta-analysis. Based on the Division 12 criteria, intercessory prayer was classified as an experimental intervention. Meta-analysis indicated small, but significant, effect sizes for the use of intercessory prayer (g =-.171, p =.015). The implications are discussed in light of the APA's Presidential Task Force on Evidence-based Practice. SP - 174 EP - 187 UR - http://rsw.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/2/174 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8045 T1 - Development of a spiritually based educational program to increase colorectal cancer screening among African American men and women JF - Health Communication JA - Health Commun M3 - 10.1080/10410230903023451 A1 - Holt,Cheryl L A1 - Roberts,Chastity A1 - Scarinci,Isabel A1 - Wiley,Shereta R A1 - Eloubeidi,Mohamad A1 - Crowther,Martha A1 - Bolland,John A1 - Litaker,Mark S A1 - Southward,Vivian A1 - Coughlin,Steven S VL - 24 IS - 5 PY - 2009/07// N2 - This study describes the development of a spiritually based intervention to increase colorectal cancer screening through African American churches by framing the health message with spiritual themes and scripture. The intervention development phase consisted of ideas from an advisory panel and core content identified in focus groups. In the pilot-testing phase, prototypes of the intervention materials were tested for graphic appeal in additional focus groups, and content was tested for acceptability and comprehension in cognitive interviews. Participants preferred materials showing a variety of African Americans in real settings, bright color schemes, and an uplifting message emphasizing prevention and early detection. Spiritual themes such as stewardship over the body, being well to serve God, and using faith to overcome fear, were well received. The materials were then finalized for implementation and will be used by community health advisors to encourage screening. KW - Adult KW - African Americans KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Colorectal Neoplasms KW - Female KW - Health Education KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mass Screening KW - Middle Aged KW - Patient Acceptance of Health Care KW - Spirituality SP - 400 EP - 412 SN - 1532-7027 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657823 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8190 T1 - Clear Thinking with Psychology: Separating Sense from Nonsense A1 - Ruscio,John PB - Wadsworth Publishing PY - 2001/07/13/ SN - 053453659X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7577 T1 - Use of alternative medicine in Israeli chronic rhinosinusitis patients JF - Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery = Le Journal D'oto-Rhino-Laryngologie Et De Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale JA - J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg A1 - Yakirevitch,Arkadi A1 - Bedrin,Lev A1 - Migirov,Lela A1 - Wolf,Michael A1 - Talmi,Yoav P VL - 38 IS - 4 PY - 2009/08// N2 - OBJECTIVE: The worldwide interest in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been established in multiple surveys. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is often an unremitting disease with frequent troubling relapses, and despite wide use of endoscopic sinus surgery, conventional medicine may have a smaller contribution than expected. Because of prevalent use of CAM among patients, it is important that physicians acquire basic knowledge of this subject. We studied the prevalence of CAM use among CRS patients in Israel. DESIGN: Use of CAM was evaluated in a cohort of consecutive adult patients with CRS. SETTING: An outpatient clinic in a tertiary medical centre. METHODS: Patients were asked to fill out an anonymous questionnaire containing demographic data and data pertaining to allergy, traditional medical and surgical treatment use of CAM, and modalities used. RESULTS: Ninety patients were included. Nineteen of them (21%) reported CAM use. This included herbal medicine, vitamins, homeopathy, acupuncture, massage, reflexology, yoga, and chiropractics. There was a tendency, although not statistically significant, for patients with allergy and a history of sinus surgery to use CAM. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CAM use among patients with CRS in Israel is high and may correlate with the presence of allergies and a history of sinus surgery. SP - 517 EP - 520 SN - 1916-0216 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19755095 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7074 T1 - Āyurveda and the Hindu Philosophical Systems JF - Philosophy East and West A1 - Larson,Gerald James VL - 37 IS - 3 PY - 1987/07// KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 245 EP - 259 SN - 00318221 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1398518 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7674 T1 - Religious/Spiritual coping in adolescents with sickle cell disease: a pilot study JF - Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology JA - J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol M3 - 10.1097/MPH.0b013e31819e40e3 A1 - Cotton,Sian A1 - Grossoehme,Daniel A1 - Rosenthal,Susan L A1 - McGrady,Meghan E A1 - Roberts,Yvonne Humenay A1 - Hines,Janelle A1 - Yi,Michael S A1 - Tsevat,Joel VL - 31 IS - 5 PY - 2009/05// N2 - Religious/spiritual (R/S) coping has been associated with health outcomes in chronically ill adults; however, little is known about how adolescents use R/S to cope with a chronic illness such as sickle cell disease (SCD). Using a mixed method approach (quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews), we examined R/S coping, spirituality, and health-related quality of life in 48 adolescents with SCD and 42 parents of adolescents with SCD. Adolescents reported high rates of religious attendance and belief in God, prayed often, and had high levels of spirituality (eg, finding meaning/peace in their lives and deriving comfort from faith). Thirty-five percent of adolescents reported praying once or more a day for symptom management. The most common positive R/S coping strategies used by adolescents were: "Asked forgiveness for my sins" (73% of surveys) and "Sought God's love and care" (73% of surveys). Most parents used R/S coping strategies to cope with their child's illness. R/S coping was not significantly associated with HRQOL (P=NS). R/S coping, particularly prayer, was relevant for adolescents with SCD and their parents. Future studies should assess adolescents' preferences for discussing R/S in the medical setting and whether R/S coping is related to HRQOL in larger samples. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adolescent KW - Adolescent Psychology KW - Anemia, Sickle Cell KW - Child KW - Chronic Disease KW - Data Collection KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Pilot Projects KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - Young Adult SP - 313 EP - 318 SN - 1536-3678 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19415008 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6100 T1 - The Sociopolitical Status of U. S. Naturopathy at the Dawn of the 21st Century T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Baer,Hans A. VL - 15 IS - 3 PY - 2001/09// N2 - Naturopathic medicine in the United States had its inception around the turn of the 20th century. Subsequently, it underwent a process of relatively rapid growth until around the 1930s, followed by a period of gradual decline almost to the point of extinction due to biomedical opposition and the advent of "miracle drugs." Because its therapeutic eclecticism had preadapted it to fit into the holistic health movement that emerged in the 1970s, it was able to undergo a process of organizational rejuvenation during the last two decades of the century. Nevertheless, U.S. naturopathy as a professionalized heterodox medical system faces several dilemmas as it enters the new millennium. These include (1) the fact that it has succeeded in obtaining licensure in only two sections of the country, namely, the Far West and New England; (2) increasing competition from partially professionalized and lay naturopaths, many of whom are graduates of correspondence schools; and (3) the danger of cooptation as many biomedical practitioners adopt natural therapies. SP - 329 EP - 346 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/649583 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6101 T1 - Health Care and Traditional Medicine in China, 1800-1982 CY - London A1 - Hillier,S. M A1 - Jewell,J. A PB - Routledge & Kegan Paul PY - 1983/// KW - China KW - History KW - Medical care KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Chinese SN - 0710094256 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8197 T1 - Traditional medicine-inspired approaches to drug discovery: can Ayurveda show the way forward? JF - Drug Discovery Today M3 - 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.05.009 A1 - Patwardhan,Bhushan A1 - Mashelkar,Raghunath Anant VL - 14 IS - 15-16 PY - 2009/08// N2 - Drug discovery strategies based on natural products and traditional medicines are re-emerging as attractive options. We suggest that drug discovery and development need not always be confined to new molecular entities. Rationally designed, carefully standardized, synergistic traditional herbal formulations and botanical drug products with robust scientific evidence can also be alternatives. A reverse pharmacology approach, inspired by traditional medicine and Ayurveda, can offer a smart strategy for new drug candidates to facilitate discovery process and also for the development of rational synergistic botanical formulations. KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 804 EP - 811 SN - 1359-6446 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/science/article/B6T64-4WCSRFR-7/2/4ec31dd3bed40025bf61979a784409ca ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7718 T1 - Use of hospital services, religious attendance, and religious affiliation JF - Southern Medical Journal JA - South. Med. J A1 - Koenig,H G A1 - Larson,D B VL - 91 IS - 10 PY - 1998/10// N2 - BACKGROUND: We examined the relationship between religious attendance, religious affiliation, and use of acute hospital services by older medical patients. METHODS: Religious affiliation (n = 542) and church attendance (n = 455) were examined in a consecutive sample of medical patients aged 60 or older admitted to Duke University Medical Center. Information on use of acute hospital services during the year before admission and length of the current hospital stay was collected. Frequency of church attendance and religious affiliation were examined as predictors of hospital service use, controlling for age, sex, race, education, social support, depressive symptoms, physical functioning, and severity of medical illness as covariates using logistic regression. RESULTS: Patients who attended church weekly or more often were significantly less likely in the previous year to have been admitted to the hospital, had fewer hospital admissions, and spent fewer days in the hospital than those attending less often; these associations retained their significance after controlling for covariates. Patients unaffiliated with a religious community, while not using more acute hospital services in the year before admission, had significantly longer index hospital stays than those affiliated. Unaffiliated patients spent an average of 25 days in the hospital, compared with 11 days for affiliated patients; this association strengthened when physical health and other covariates were controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in and affiliation with a religious community is associated with lower use of hospital services by medically ill older adults, a population of high users of health care services. Possible reasons for this association and its implications are discussed. KW - Aged KW - Female KW - Hospitalization KW - Hospitals, University KW - Humans KW - Length of Stay KW - Male KW - Mental Healing KW - Middle Aged KW - North Carolina KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 925 EP - 932 SN - 0038-4348 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786287 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7205 T1 - On the Origin of Humoral Medicine in Latin America T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Foster,George M. VL - 1 IS - 4 PY - 1987/12// N2 - For the past half-century humoral medicine has been recognized by anthropologists to be the most important and widespread ethnomedical system in Latin America. While most scholars believe this system is largely a simplified folk variant of classical Greek and Persian humoral pathology, a small minority--particularly Audrey Butt Colson and Alfredo López Austin--argues for a New World origin. In this paper the author supports the former hypothesis by tracing the well-documented history of classical medicine from Greece and Persia to Latin America, where it was disseminated via formal medical education, hospitals and missionary orders, home medical guides and pharmacies. The fallacies in the arguments of Colson and López Austin are also pointed out. SP - 355 EP - 393 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/648542 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6102 T1 - Health, healing, and religion : a cross-cultural perspective CY - Upper Saddle River N.J. A1 - Kinsley,David PB - Prentice Hall PY - 1996/// SN - 9780132127714 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7900 T1 - Striking EEG profiles from single episodes of glossolalia and transcendental meditation JF - Perceptual and Motor Skills JA - Percept Mot Skills A1 - Persinger,M A VL - 58 IS - 1 PY - 1984/02// N2 - Transient, focal, epileptic-like electrical changes in the temporal lobe, without convulsions, have been hypothesized to be primary correlates of religious experiences. Given these properties, direct measurement of these phenomena within the laboratory should be rare. However, two illustrated instances have been recorded. The first case involved the occurrence of a delta-wave-dominant electrical seizure for about 10 sec. from the temporal lobe only of a Transcendental Meditation teacher during a peak experience within a routine TM episode. The second case involved the occurrence of spikes within the temporal lobe only during protracted intermittent episodes of glossolalia by a member of a pentecostal sect . Neither subject had any psychiatric history. These observations are commensurate with the hypothesis that religious experiences are natural correlates of temporal lobe transients that can be detected by routine EEG measures. KW - Adult KW - Electroencephalography KW - Evoked Potentials KW - Female KW - Frontal Lobe KW - Humans KW - Occipital Lobe KW - Relaxation Therapy KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Temporal Lobe SP - 127 EP - 133 SN - 0031-5125 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/6371700 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7388 T1 - Religious Involvement, Social Ties, and Social Support in a Southeastern Community JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion M3 - 10.2307/1386636 A1 - Ellison,Christopher G. A1 - George,Linda K. VL - 33 IS - 1 PY - 1994/03// N2 - Although many studies suggest that religious participation enhances the social resources of individuals, there is little empirical evidence on this issue. This study develops a theoretical model linking institutional religious participation, social ties, and social support. Hypotheses derived from this model are then tested using data on a large (N = 2956) southeastern community sample. Frequent churchgoers report larger social networks, more contact with network members, more types of social support received, and more favorable perceptions of the quality of their social relationships than do their unchurched counterparts. Further, most of these empirical patterns withstand statistical controls for a wide range of covariates. A number of promising directions for future research on religious differences in social resources are identified. SP - 46 EP - 61 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/1386636 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7425 T1 - Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: a review and meta-analysis JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2008.0495 A1 - Chiesa,Alberto A1 - Serretti,Alessandro VL - 15 IS - 5 PY - 2009/05// N2 - BACKGROUND: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a clinically standardized meditation that has shown consistent efficacy for many mental and physical disorders. Less attention has been given to the possible benefits that it may have in healthy subjects. The aim of the present review and meta-analysis is to better investigate current evidence about the efficacy of MBSR in healthy subjects, with a particular focus on its benefits for stress reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), the ISI Web of Knowledge, the Cochrane database, and the references of retrieved articles. The search included articles written in English published prior to September 2008, and identified ten, mainly low-quality, studies. Cohen's d effect size between meditators and controls on stress reduction and spirituality enhancement values were calculated. RESULTS: MBSR showed a nonspecific effect on stress reduction in comparison to an inactive control, both in reducing stress and in enhancing spirituality values, and a possible specific effect compared to an intervention designed to be structurally equivalent to the meditation program. A direct comparison study between MBSR and standard relaxation training found that both treatments were equally able to reduce stress. Furthermore, MBSR was able to reduce ruminative thinking and trait anxiety, as well as to increase empathy and self-compassion. CONCLUSIONS: MBSR is able to reduce stress levels in healthy people. However, important limitations of the included studies as well as the paucity of evidence about possible specific effects of MBSR in comparison to other nonspecific treatments underline the necessity of further research. KW - Anxiety KW - Empathy KW - Humans KW - Meditation KW - Relaxation Therapy KW - Self Care KW - Stress, Psychological SP - 593 EP - 600 SN - 1557-7708 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19432513 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7692 T1 - Aging, Religiosity, and Adjustment: A Longitudinal Analysis. JF - Journal of Gerontology JA - Journal of Gerontology A1 - Markides,Kyraikos S. VL - 38 IS - 5 PY - 1983/// SP - 621 EP - 25 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7187 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Reformed Tradition: Promise, Providence, and Care CY - New York A1 - Vaux,Kenneth PB - Crossroad PY - 1984/// KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 082450612X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7727 T1 - Spirituality in children confronting death JF - Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America JA - Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am A1 - Stuber,Margaret L A1 - Houskamp,Beth M VL - 13 IS - 1 PY - 2004/01// N2 - This article uses a developmental framework to consider common spiritual issues raised by children and adolescents who are confronting death. The literature exploring the role of children's spirituality in addressing death is used to illustrate specific areas of concern and topics deserving further research. Clinical examples are offered to illustrate the types of situations encountered by mental health professionals dealing with seriously ill children and their families. Recommendations are offered for concrete approaches for mental health professionals dealing with families confronting the death of a child. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adolescent KW - Attitude to Death KW - Bereavement KW - Child KW - Child, Preschool KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Infant KW - Male KW - Patient Care Team KW - Psychotherapy KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Religious Philosophies KW - Sick Role KW - Spirituality SP - 127-136, viii EP - 127-136, viii SN - 1056-4993 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723304 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6103 T1 - Herbal and Magical Medicine: Traditional Healing Today CY - Durham ED - Kirkland,James PB - Duke University Press PY - 1992/// KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - North Carolina KW - Traditional medicine KW - Virginia SN - 0822312085 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7938 T1 - Near-death experiences JF - Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine JA - J R Soc Med A1 - Blackmore,S J VL - 89 IS - 2 PY - 1996/02// N2 - Reactions to claims of near-death experiences (NDE) range from the popular view that this must be evidence for life after death, to outright rejection of the experiences as, at best, drug induced hallucinations or, at worse, pure invention. Twenty years, and much research, later, it is clear that neither extreme is correct. KW - Anoxia KW - Death KW - Endorphins KW - Humans KW - Parapsychology KW - Temporal Lobe KW - Thanatology SP - 73 EP - 76 SN - 0141-0768 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8683504 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7897 T1 - Normative and non-normative religious experience among high school youth JF - Sociological Analysis A1 - Hoge,Dean R. A1 - Smith,Ella I. VL - 43 IS - 2 PY - 1982/04// N2 - A sample of 451 Catholic, Baptist, and Methodist tenth-grade youth were asked about definite religious experiences in their lives, and 58 percent reported them. Most took place in church services or at a retreat or camp. The authors categorized the experiences using the Elkind-Elkind and Stark typologies and found that with one additional category the Elkind-Elkind typology was apt. The "salvation or inspiration" type is the most common, especially among the Baptists and Methodists. This type is normative in those denominations, and church life encourages it. The analysis of factors encouraging the experiences showed the necessity of distinguishing normative from non-normative religious experiences, since their determinants are different. The former are encouraged in certain denominations, and their occurrence is patterned. The latter are idiosyncratic and unpatterned. SP - 69 EP - 81 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8263 T1 - World medicine : the East West guide to healing your body CY - New York NY A1 - Monte,Tom PB - Putnam Pub. Group PY - 1993/// SN - 9780874777338 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7165 T1 - Moving Lines and Variable Criteria: Differences/Connections between Allpathic and Alternative Medicine JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Frohock,Fred M. VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N2 - The standard narratives of medicine recognize its origins in natural cures and in religious or spiritual discourses. The uneasy relationships of such practices (now designated as complementary or alternative medicine [CAM]) to conventional health care today can be tracked to the formation of medicine as a distinct profession based on modern science. The author accepts four statements as a framework for exploring CAM in the context of modern medicine. The first is that all versions of unconventional medicine depend for their identity on the existence of conventional medicine. The second is that the distinctions between alternative and conventional medicine are variables of time, place, and the attitudes of health care practitioners. Third, CAM today in the West occupies no sharp and distinctive category. There are instead continuums of various slopes and lengths on which types of complementary and alternative medicine are arrayed. Fourth, the turn to CAM may represent a chronic (and, to some, welcome) inclination of the human intellect to delimit the energies of material inquiries with metaphysical baselines and options. SP - 214 EP - 232 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049698 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6104 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Islamic Tradition: Change And Identity T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Rahman,Fazlur PB - Crossroad PY - 1987/// KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0824507975 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8240 T1 - Social work and the house of Islam: orienting practitioners to the beliefs and values of Muslims in the United States JF - Social Work JA - Soc Work A1 - Hodge,David R VL - 50 IS - 2 PY - 2005/04// N2 - Despite the media attention focused on the Islamic community after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, Muslims remain one of the most misunderstood populations in the United States. Few articles have appeared in the social work literature orienting practitioners to the Islamic community, and much of the mainstream media coverage misrepresents the population.This article reviews the basic beliefs, practices, and values that commonly characterize, or inform, the House of Islam in the United States. The organizations that embody and sustain the Muslim communities that constitute the House of Islam are profiled, and areas of possible value conflicts are examined.The article concludes by offering suggestions for integrating the article's themes into practice settings. Particular attention is given to enhancing cultural competence and to suggestions for spiritual assessment and interventions. KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Emigration and Immigration KW - Family Relations KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Male KW - Professional-Patient Relations KW - September 11 Terrorist Attacks KW - Social Values KW - Social Work KW - United States SP - 162 EP - 173 SN - 0037-8046 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15853193 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7955 T1 - Spirituality and well-being: an exploratory study of the patient perspective JF - Social Science & Medicine (1982) JA - Soc Sci Med A1 - Daaleman,T P A1 - Kuckelman Cobb,A A1 - Frey,B B VL - 53 IS - 11 PY - 2001/12// N2 - Spirituality has become a construct of interest in American health care: however, there remains a limited understanding of how patients themselves describe spirituality and view its impact on their health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe elements of patient-reported, health-related spirituality. A qualitative study utilized focus group interviews of 17 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 18 women with no self-identified illness. Purposeful sampling of participants who had prior experiences in healthcare settings, with or without a chronic illness, guided the sampling strategy. Editing analysis of the interview transcripts were coded into conceptual categories. Participant narratives were grouped into eight general categories: (1) change in functional status, (2) core beliefs, (3) medical/disease state information gathering and processing, (4) interpretation and understanding, (5) life scheme, (6) positive intentionality, (7) agency, and (8) subjective well-being. A change in functional status was the catalyst for two process-oriented categories; medical/disease state information gathering and processing, and the higher-order interpretation and understanding, or meaning making of life events. Core beliefs were sources that grounded and maintained an interpretative structure through which participants viewed their life events and positively framed their experiences. Life scheme described a heuristic framework through which all life events were viewed. Positive intentionality was participant belief in the capacity to execute a specific action that was required for a desired outcome. Participants tied the attitudes and practices of positive intentionality with agency, or the use or exertion of power through belief, practice, or community. Participants outlined both a positive affective and cognitive component of subjective well-being. Patients describe several interrelated elements and a process of events in their depiction of spirituality in healthcare settings. Patient-reported spirituality is predominantly a cognitive construct incorporating the domains of life scheme and positive intentionality. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Chronic Disease KW - Diabetes Mellitus KW - Female KW - Focus Groups KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Middle Aged KW - Spirituality SP - 1503 EP - 1511 SN - 0277-9536 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710425 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7604 T1 - Complementary therapy use among older cancer patients JF - Cancer Practice JA - Cancer Pract A1 - Wyatt,G K A1 - Friedman,L L A1 - Given,C W A1 - Given,B A A1 - Beckrow,K C VL - 7 IS - 3 PY - 1999/06//May-undefined N2 - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the use of complementary therapies among older cancer patients, to report patterns of use, and to understand who is more likely to use complementary therapies. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY: A survey was conducted of 699 older cancer patients at 4 weeks and 6 weeks into cancer treatment. All participants were 64 years of age or older, had received a diagnosis of breast, colorectal, prostate, or lung cancer, and were recruited from community cancer treatment centers throughout Michigan. Measures of interest included self-reported physical symptoms, depressive symptomatology, optimism, spirituality, and use of conventional and complementary health services. RESULTS: Approximately 33% of older cancer patients reported using complementary therapies. These individuals were more likely to be women, to be breast cancer patients, and to have a higher level of education. The three most frequently used therapies were exercise, herbal therapy, and spiritual healing. Complementary therapy users were significantly more optimistic than nonusers. Also, there were significant differences between users and nonusers on types of physical symptoms experienced, but no differences on reported depressive symptomatology or spirituality. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Oncology providers need to be aware that one third of their older patients are likely to supplement conventional care with complementary therapies. Therefore, providers should be knowledgeable about the safety and efficacy, in particular, of various exercise programs, herbal and vitamin therapies, and spiritual healing. It would be beneficial to develop a system within cancer centers by which patients could easily report on their use of complementary therapies, allowing providers to work in partnership with their patients. KW - Aged KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Depression KW - Educational Status KW - Female KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Neoplasms KW - Patient Acceptance of Health Care KW - Questionnaires SP - 136 EP - 144 SN - 1065-4704 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10352076 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6105 T1 - Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice T3 - SUNY series, the body in culture, history, and religion CY - Albany A1 - Kasulis,Thomas P A1 - Aimes,Roger T A1 - Dissanayake,Wimal PB - State University of New York Press PY - 1993/// KW - Asia KW - History KW - Human body (Philosophy) KW - Mind and body KW - Self (Philosophy) SN - 079141079X ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8301 T1 - Playing God?: Genetic Determinism and Human Freedom CY - New York A1 - Peters,Ted PB - Routledge PY - 2003/// KW - Human genetics KW - Human Genome Project KW - Moral and ethical aspects SN - 0415942489 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7964 T1 - Validation of the Chinese version of Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale--transcending cultural boundaries? JF - International Journal of Behavioral Medicine JA - Int J Behav Med M3 - 10.1007/s12529-009-9045-5 A1 - Ng,Siu-Man A1 - Fong,Ted C T A1 - Tsui,Elaine Y L A1 - Au-Yeung,Friendly S W A1 - Law,Sally K W VL - 16 IS - 2 PY - 2009/// N2 - BACKGROUND: Daily spiritual experience (DSE) refers to one's interaction with the transcendent in day-to-day life. Underwood's Daily Spiritual Experience Scale mic(DSES) was developed to measure this experiential component of religiousness and spirituality. Addressing ordinary daily experiences rather than particular beliefs, DSES has transcultural applicability potential. PURPOSE: The current study aimed to develop and evaluate the Chinese version of DSES (DSES-C). METHOD: The 16-item scale was translated faithfully through standard translation/back-translation procedures. The term "God" required an extended definition embracing both a humanized and a philosophical higher power in Chinese culture. The translated scale plus a battery of validation scales were administered to staff of a large rehabilitation service complex, resulting in 245 completed questionnaires. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed a similar factor structure as the original English version and similar problems with items 13 (compassion) and 14 (mercy). After carefully deliberating on the Chinese conceptualization of spirituality and balancing psychometric properties, the one-factor 16-item structure of the English version was supported. DSES-C showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97). Construct validity was supported by correlations with validation scales in expected directions. CONCLUSION: The psychometric properties of DSES were similar to the English version in factor structure, internal consistency, and convergence/divergence construct validity. KW - Adult KW - Culture KW - Factor Analysis, Statistical KW - Female KW - Hong Kong KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Psychometrics KW - Questionnaires KW - Self Assessment (Psychology) KW - Self Concept KW - Spirituality KW - Translating KW - Young Adult SP - 91 EP - 97 SN - 1532-7558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291413 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7623 T1 - Spirituality and quality of life in gynecologic oncology patients JF - Cancer Practice JA - Cancer Pract A1 - Gioiella,M E A1 - Berkman,B A1 - Robinson,M VL - 6 IS - 6 PY - 1998/12//Nov-undefined N2 - PURPOSE: The inclusion of spiritual well-being in healthcare assessments can provide insight into patients' needs and coping resources. This study explored the relationship between spiritual well-being and quality of life (QOL) in gynecologic oncology patients in an attempt to clarify the significance of spiritual well-being in the assessment process. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY: Eighteen women with gynecologic cancer completed a self-administered questionnaire that obtained sociodemographic, medical, spiritual, and functional information. The Spiritual Well-being Scale was used to assess spiritual well-being, and the Functional Living Index: Cancer (FLIC) measured QOL. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, comparison of means, and analysis of variance. RESULTS: Patients with gynecologic cancers other than ovarian reported a better QOL and a higher degree of spiritual, existential, and religious well-being. Older patients consistently reported higher degrees of spiritual well-being and QOL than did younger patients. Married patients consistently reported higher degrees of spiritual well-being than patients who were not married (never married or separated). Catholic patients scored higher in degrees of religious and spiritual well-being as well as in FLIC scores than other patients. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Health professionals do not generally assess spiritual well-being in their evaluations of patients' needs. The findings from this study support the inclusion of spirituality as part of routine patient assessment and intervention. Clinical intervention that would increase a patient's level of spiritual awareness and his or her level of comfort associated with a personal perspective on death could help decrease the patient's level of psychosocial distress. Despite the medical establishment's bias to the contrary, religion and spirituality are positively associated with both physical and mental health and may be particularly significant to terminally ill patients. The curricula of medical, nursing, and other health schools should be redesigned appropriately. KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Analysis of Variance KW - Female KW - Genital Neoplasms, Female KW - Humans KW - Middle Aged KW - Needs Assessment KW - Nursing Methodology Research KW - Oncologic Nursing KW - Pastoral Care KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Psychology SP - 333 EP - 338 SN - 1065-4704 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9824424 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7151 T1 - Psychiatric therapy and pharmacology in medieval Islam JF - Medicina Nei Secoli JA - Med Secoli A1 - De Maio,Domenico VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 2002/// N2 - Although psychiatric therapy and pharmacology in Medieval Islam are based on the ancient Greek tradition, the original Arabic contribution in the introduction and employment of new substances is undeniable. Another important aspect which received a decisive impetus by Arab physicians was the concept of psychical therapy. KW - History, Medieval KW - Islam KW - Pharmacology KW - Psychiatry KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 39 EP - 68 SN - 0394-9001 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12747380 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7537 T1 - Religiosity and substance use: test of an indirect-effect model in early and middle adolescence JF - Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors JA - Psychol Addict Behav M3 - 10.1037/0893-164X.21.1.84 A1 - Walker,Carmella A1 - Ainette,Michael G A1 - Wills,Thomas A A1 - Mendoza,Don VL - 21 IS - 1 PY - 2007/03// N2 - The authors tested hypothesized pathways from religiosity to adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) with data from samples of middle school (n = 1,273) and high school students (n = 812). Confirmatory analysis of measures of religiosity supported a 2-factor solution with behavioral aspects (belonging, attendance) and personal aspects (importance, value, spirituality, forgiveness) as distinct factors. Structural modeling analyses indicated inverse indirect effects of personal religiosity on substance use, mediated through more good self-control and less tolerance for deviance. Religiosity was correlated with fewer deviant peer affiliations and nonendorsement of coping motives for substance use but did not have direct effects on these variables. Parental support and parent-child conflict also had significant effects (with opposite direction) on substance use, mediated through self-control and deviance-prone attitudes. Implications for prevention research are discussed. KW - Adolescent KW - Adolescent Behavior KW - Child KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Models, Theoretical KW - Parent-Child Relations KW - Parents KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion KW - Students KW - Substance-Related Disorders SP - 84 EP - 96 SN - 0893-164X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17385958 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7523 T1 - Spirituality: The Key to Recovery from Alcoholism. JF - Counseling and Values JA - Counseling and Values A1 - Warfield,Robert D. A1 - Goldstein,Marc B. VL - 40 IS - 3 PY - 1996/// KW - 12 Step Programs KW - Alcoholics Anonymous KW - Negative Affect KW - Relapse KW - Spiritual Needs SP - 196 EP - 205 SN - ISSN-0160-7960 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7555 T1 - Meditation training and essential hypertension: A methodological study JF - Journal of Behavioral Medicine M3 - 10.1007/BF00844914 A1 - Seer,Peter A1 - Raeburn,John M. VL - 3 IS - 1 PY - 1980/03/01/ N2 - Meditation training appears to be a promising psychological approach to the control of hypertension. However, most studies to date have had serious deficiencies. This study attempted to correct many of these deficiencies. Forty-one unmedicated hypertensives referred by general practitioners were randomly allocated to three groups. The treatment group (SRELAX) underwent training procedures based on Transcendental Meditation; a placebo control group (NSRELAX) underwent identical training but without a mantra. Both procedures were compared with a no-treatment control group. The results showed modest reductions in blood pressure in both SRELAX and NSRELAX groups, compared with the no-treatment controls, with diastolic percentage reductions reaching significance (p<0.05). There was considerable subject variation in response, with overall a mean decline in diastolic blood pressure of 8–10% on 3-month follow-up. Possible indicators to predict the response of subjects are considered and reasons for the similarity in the effectiveness of the SRELAX and NSRELAX conditions are discussed. SP - 59 EP - 71 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00844914 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8273 T1 - T'ai chi and qigong for health: patterns of use in the United States JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2009.0174 A1 - Birdee,Gurjeet S A1 - Wayne,Peter M A1 - Davis,Roger B A1 - Phillips,Russell S A1 - Yeh,Gloria Y VL - 15 IS - 9 PY - 2009/09// N2 - BACKGROUND: Little is known in the United States about those who practice t'ai chi and qigong, two mind-body techniques that originated in Asia. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to characterize use of t'ai chi and qigong for health with regard to sociodemographics, health status, medical conditions, perceptions of helpfulness, and disclosure of use to medical professionals. METHODS: We analyzed associations of t'ai chi and qigong use for health using cross-sectional data from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Alternative Medicine Supplement (n = 31,044). The 2002 NHIS estimated the number of t'ai chi and qigong users for health to be 2.5 and 0.5 million persons, respectively. We collapsed t'ai chi and qigong use into a single category (TCQ) for analysis, representing 2.8 million individuals. RESULTS: We found that neither age nor sex was associated with TCQ use. TCQ users were more likely than nonusers to be Asian than white (odds ratio [OR] 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-3.15), college educated (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.97-3.03), and less likely to live in the Midwest (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-0.96) or the southern United States (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.72) than the West. TCQ use was associated independently with higher reports of musculoskeletal conditions (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11-1.83), severe sprains (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.14-2.40), and asthma (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.08-2.10). Half of TCQ users also used yoga for health in the last 12 months. Most TCQ users reported their practice to be important to maintain health, but only a quarter of users disclosed their practice to a medical professional. CONCLUSIONS: In the United States, TCQ is practiced for health by a diverse population, and users report benefits for maintaining health. Further research is needed to establish efficacy and safety for target populations, including those with musculoskeletal and pulmonary disease, as well as for preventive health. SP - 969 EP - 973 SN - 1557-7708 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19757974 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7594 T1 - Medical Qigong for cancer patients: pilot study of impact on quality of life, side effects of treatment and inflammation JF - The American Journal of Chinese Medicine JA - Am. J. Chin. Med A1 - Oh,Byeongsang A1 - Butow,Phyllis A1 - Mullan,Barbara A1 - Clarke,Stephen VL - 36 IS - 3 PY - 2008/// N2 - Quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients is often diminished due to the side effects of treatment and symptoms of the disease itself. Medical Qigong (coordination of gentle exercise and relaxation through meditation and breathing exercise based on Chinese medicine theory of energy channels) may be an effective therapy for improving QOL, symptoms and side effects, and longevity of cancer patients. In this pilot study, the feasibility, acceptability, and impact of Medical Qigong (MQ) were evaluated on outcomes in cancer patients. Thirty patients diagnosed with heterogeneous cancers, were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group that received usual medical care and an intervention group who participated in a MQ program for 8 weeks in addition to receiving usual medical care. Randomization was stratified by completion of cancer treatment (n = 14) or under chemotherapy (n = 16). Patients completed measures before and after the program. Quality of life and symptoms were measured by the EORTC QLQ-C 30 and progress of disease by the inflammation biomarker (CRP: c-reactive protein) via a blood test was assessed. The MQ intervention group reported clinically significant improved global QOL scores pre- and post-intervention. The MQ intervention also reduced the symptoms of side effects of cancer treatment and inflammation biomarker (CRP) compare to the control group. Due to the small sample size, however, the results were not statistically significant between treatment and the control groups. Data from the pilot study suggest that MQ with usual medical treatment can enhance the QOL of cancer patients and reduce inflammation. This study needs a further investigation with a larger sample size. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Biological Markers KW - Breathing Exercises KW - China KW - C-Reactive Protein KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Inflammation KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Neoplasms KW - Outcome Assessment (Health Care) KW - Pilot Projects KW - Quality of Life SP - 459 EP - 472 SN - 0192-415X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18543381 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7163 T1 - Human nature and the nature of reality: conceptual challenges from consciousness research JF - Journal of Psychoactive Drugs JA - J Psychoactive Drugs A1 - Grof,S VL - 30 IS - 4 PY - 1998/12//Oct-undefined N2 - Holotropic states (a large special subgroup of nonordinary states of consciousness) have been the focus of many fields of modern research, such as experiential psychotherapy, clinical and laboratory work with psychedelic substances, field anthropology, thanatology, and therapy with individuals undergoing psychospiritual crises ("spiritual emergencies"). This research has generated a plethora of extraordinary observations that have undermined some of the most fundamental assumptions of modern psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. Some of these new findings seriously challenge the most basic philosophical tenets of Western science concerning the relationship between matter, life, and consciousness. This article summarizes the most important major revisions that would have to be made in our understanding of consciousness and of the human psyche in health and disease to accommodate these conceptual challenges. These areas of changes include: a new understanding and cartography of the human psyche; the nature and architecture of emotional and psychosomatic disorders; therapeutic mechanisms and the process of healing; the strategy of psychotherapy and self-exploration; the role of spirituality in human life; and the nature of reality. KW - Consciousness KW - Emotions KW - Humans KW - Psychology KW - Psychotherapy SP - 343 EP - 357 SN - 0279-1072 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924840 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8000 T1 - The 3 H and BMSEST models for spirituality in multicultural whole-person medicine JF - Annals of Family Medicine JA - Ann Fam Med M3 - 10.1370/afm.864 A1 - Anandarajah,Gowri VL - 6 IS - 5 PY - 2008/10//Sep-undefined N2 - PURPOSE: The explosion of evidence in the last decade supporting the role of spirituality in whole-person patient care has prompted proposals for a move to a biopsychosocial-spiritual model for health. Making this paradigm shift in today's multicultural societies poses many challenges, however. This article presents 2 theoretical models that provide common ground for further exploration of the role of spirituality in medicine. METHODS: The 3 H model (head, heart, hands) and the BMSEST models (body, mind, spirit, environment, social, transcendent) evolved from the author's 12-year experience with curricula development regarding spirituality and medicine, 16-year experience as an attending family physician and educator, lived experience with both Hinduism and Christianity since childhood, and a lifetime study of the world's great spiritual traditions. The models were developed, tested with learners, and refined. RESULTS: The 3 H model offers a multidimensional definition of spirituality, applicable across cultures and belief systems, that provides opportunities for a common vocabulary for spirituality. Therapeutic options, from general spiritual care (compassion, presence, and the healing relationship), to specialized spiritual care (eg, by clinical chaplains), to spiritual self-care are discussed. The BMSEST model provides a conceptual framework for the role of spirituality in the larger health care context, useful for patient care, education, and research. Interactions among the 6 BMSEST components, with references to ongoing research, are proposed. CONCLUSIONS: Including spirituality in whole-person care is a way of furthering our understanding of the complexities of human health and well-being. The 3 H and BMSEST models suggest a multidimensional and multidisciplinary approach based on universal concepts and a foundation in both the art and science of medicine. KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Education, Medical KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Models, Biological KW - Models, Psychological KW - Psychophysiology KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality SP - 448 EP - 458 SN - 1544-1717 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779550 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7596 T1 - Spirituality, demographic and disease factors, and adjustment to cancer JF - Cancer Practice JA - Cancer Pract A1 - Schnoll,R A A1 - Harlow,L L A1 - Brower,L VL - 8 IS - 6 PY - 2000/12//Nov-undefined N2 - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between demographic-disease variables, spirituality, and psychosocial adjustment in a heterogeneous sample of patients with cancer. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY: Participants (N = 83) accrued through the Rhode Island Hospital and the American Cancer Society completed questionnaires, and structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships among disease and demographic factors, spirituality, and psychosocial adjustment to cancer. RESULTS: Of five models tested, a mediational model received the strongest support (chi-square(35)-66.61; P = .005; comparative fix index = .90; root mean square error of approximation = .09), explaining 64% of the variance in psychosocial adjustment. Being a woman, having a longer illness duration, and having a lower disease stage were related to greater levels of purpose in life and religious beliefs, which, in turn, were associated with higher levels of family and social adjustment and psychological health. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results indicate that spirituality can influence how patients with cancer adjust to their diagnosis and treatment and, thus, support the need for interventions that target spirituality to promote psychosocial adjustment in this population. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Analysis of Variance KW - Attitude to Health KW - Chi-Square Distribution KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Existentialism KW - Factor Analysis, Statistical KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Psychological KW - Needs Assessment KW - Neoplasm Staging KW - Neoplasms KW - Pastoral Care KW - Questionnaires KW - Regression Analysis KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Rhode Island KW - Sampling Studies KW - Spirituality SP - 298 EP - 304 SN - 1065-4704 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11898147 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6106 T1 - An Introduction to Yoga JF - The American Journal of Nursing A1 - Wilson,Robin L. VL - 76 IS - 2 PY - 1976/02// SP - 261 EP - 263 SN - 0002936X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3423818 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8304 T1 - Traditional Medicine: Its Contribution to Human Health Development in the New Century: Report of an International Symposium, Kobe, Japan, 6 November 1999 CY - Kobe, Japan A1 - World Health Organization PB - World Health Organization PY - 2000/// KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Traditional medicine ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8267 T1 - Neo-Pagan patients' preferences regarding physician discussion of spirituality JF - Family Medicine JA - Fam Med A1 - Hamilton,Jennifer L A1 - Levine,Jeffrey P VL - 38 IS - 2 PY - 2006/02// KW - Attitude to Health KW - Data Collection KW - Humans KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Physician's Role KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion KW - Spirituality SP - 83 EP - 84 SN - 0742-3225 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16450223 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6107 T1 - Ayurvedic medicine. Core concept, therapeutic principles, and current relevance JF - The Medical Clinics of North America JA - Med. Clin. North Am A1 - Chopra,Arvind A1 - Doiphode,Vijay V VL - 86 IS - 1 PY - 2002/01// N2 - In the prebiblical Ayurvedic origins, every creation inclusive of a human being is a model of the universe. In this model, the basic matter and the dynamic forces (Dosha) of the nature determine health and disease, and the medicinal value of any substance (plant and mineral). The Ayurvedic practices (chiefly that of diet, life style, and the Panchkarama) aim to maintain the Dosha equilibrium. Despite a holistic approach aimed to cure disease, therapy is customized to the individual's constitution (Prakruti). Numerous Ayurvedic medicines (plant derived in particular) have been tested for their biological (especially immunomodulation) and clinical potential using modern ethnovalidation, and thereby setting an interface with modern medicine. To understand Ayurvedic medicine, it would be necessary to first understand the origin, basic concept and principles of Ayurveda. KW - Arthritis KW - Disease KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Obesity KW - Plant Preparations SP - 75-89, vii EP - 75-89, vii SN - 0025-7125 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11795092 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7232 T1 - Ethnomedical Systems in Africa: Patterns of Traditional Medicine in Rural and Urban Kenya CY - New York A1 - Good,Charles M PB - Guilford Press PY - 1987/// KW - Africa KW - Healing KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0898627796 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7472 T1 - Investigation of health perspectives of those with physical disabilities: the role of spirituality as a determinant of health JF - Disability and Rehabilitation JA - Disabil Rehabil M3 - 10.1080/09595230020029365 A1 - Faull,K A1 - Hills,M D A1 - Cochrane,G A1 - Gray,J A1 - Hunt,M A1 - McKenzie,C A1 - Winter,L VL - 26 IS - 3 PY - 2004/02/04/ N2 - PURPOSE: To identify key determinants of health and the process of health attainment for people with musculoskeletal disabilities. METHOD: Focus groups of people with musculoskeletal disorders, including 30 members and their five trained facilitators, provided data. Discussed were 'What is health for you?' and 'What has helped, or would help you achieve this health?' Delphi-structured analysis identified health themes and a health process model was developed with the facilitators comprising the expert panel. RESULTS: Health was perceived as centred on relationships that required a spiritual awareness for a strong and resilient identity. The Self Attributes Model developed portrays the processes perceived to be required for health. CONCLUSIONS: Although physical, social and psychological interventions are essential aspects of health intervention, by themselves they are not sufficient. Also required for health is a strong resilient self resulting from interaction and connection with other people and the natural world. Moreover, development of such an identity requires a spiritual world-view comprising an acknowledgement of the essence of self and focus upon the nature of the connection of this essence with all other aspects of life. Further research is required to advance understanding of the process by which this occurs for people with chronic disorders. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Health KW - Delphi Technique KW - Disabled Persons KW - Female KW - Focus Groups KW - Friends KW - Health Behavior KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Spirituality KW - Wit and Humor as Topic SP - 129 EP - 144 SN - 0963-8288 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754624 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7080 T1 - Pharmacovigilance of ayurvedic medicines in India JF - Indian Journal of Phamacology JA - Indian J Pharmacol A1 - Thatte,Urmila A1 - Bhalerao,Supriya VL - 40 IS - Supp. 1 PY - 2008/02/01/ KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - S10-S12 EP - S10-S12 UR - http://www.ijp-online.com/article.asp?issn=0253-7613;year=2008;volume=40;issue=7;spage=10;epage=12;aulast=Thatte ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7081 T1 - The Ayurveda Education in India: How Well are the Graduates Exposed to Basic Clinical Skills? JF - Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM JA - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med M3 - 10.1093/ecam/nep113 A1 - Patwardhan,Kishor A1 - Gehlot,Sangeeta A1 - Singh,Girish A1 - Rathore,H C S PY - 2009/08/17/ N2 - 'Ayurveda' is an ancient system of healthcare that is native to India. At present, in India, there are more than 240 colleges that offer a graduate-level degree (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery-BAMS) in Ayurveda. Even though the Central Council of Indian Medicine, the governing body that monitors the matters related to Ayurveda education, has imposed various educational norms and regulations, the standard of education has been a cause of concern in recent years. The mushrooming of substandard Ayurvedic colleges is the most important factor that is being held responsible for this kind of erosion in the standards. The present study is a mailed survey, which was carried out to evaluate the 'Extent of exposure to basic clinical skills during BAMS course' as perceived by the sample groups of students and teachers drawn from 32 Ayurvedic educational institutions spread all over India. A methodically validated questionnaire was used as the tool in the study, to which 1022 participants responded. The study indicates that there are some serious flaws in the existing system of the graduate-level Ayurveda education. Since the Ayurvedic graduates play an important role in the primary healthcare delivery system of the country, governing bodies are required to take necessary steps to ensure the adequate exposure of the students to basic clinical skills. Along with the strict implementation of all the regulatory norms during the process of recognition of the colleges, introducing some changes in the policy model may also be required to tackle the situation. SN - 1741-427X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19687194 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7238 T1 - Sorcery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru CY - Salt Lake City A1 - Joralemon,Donald A1 - Sharon,Douglas PB - University of Utah Press PY - 1993/// KW - Indians of South America KW - Medicine KW - Peru KW - Shamanism KW - Traditional medicine SN - 087480423X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7893 T1 - The serotonin system and spiritual experiences JF - The American Journal of Psychiatry JA - Am J Psychiatry A1 - Borg,Jacqueline A1 - Andrée,Bengt A1 - Soderstrom,Henrik A1 - Farde,Lars VL - 160 IS - 11 PY - 2003/11// N2 - OBJECTIVE: The serotonin system has long been of interest in biological models of human personality. The purpose of this positron emission tomography (PET) study was to search for relationships between serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor density and personality traits. METHOD: Fifteen normal male subjects, ages 20-45 years, were examined with PET and the radioligand [(11)C]WAY100635. Personality traits were assessed with the Swedish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory self-report questionnaire. Binding potential, an index for the density of available 5-HT(1A) receptors, was calculated for the dorsal raphe nuclei, the hippocampal formation, and the neocortex. For each region, correlation coefficients between 5-HT(1A) receptor binding potential and Temperament and Character Inventory personality dimensions were calculated and analyzed in two-tailed tests for significance. RESULTS: The authors found that the binding potential correlated inversely with scores for self-transcendence, a personality trait covering religious behavior and attitudes. No correlations were found for any of the other six Temperament and Character Inventory dimensions. The self-transcendence dimension consists of three distinct subscales, and further analysis showed that the subscale for spiritual acceptance correlated significantly with binding potential but not with the other two subscales. CONCLUSIONS: This finding in normal male subjects indicated that the serotonin system may serve as a biological basis for spiritual experiences. The authors speculated that the several-fold variability in 5-HT(1A) receptor density may explain why people vary greatly in spiritual zeal. KW - Adult KW - Brain KW - Character KW - Hippocampus KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Neocortex KW - personality KW - Personality Assessment KW - Personality Inventory KW - Piperazines KW - Pyridines KW - Raphe Nuclei KW - Receptors, Serotonin KW - Serotonin KW - Serotonin Antagonists KW - Spirituality KW - Temperament KW - Tomography, Emission-Computed SP - 1965 EP - 1969 SN - 0002-953X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/14594742 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6108 T1 - Medicine, Modernization, and Cultural Crisis in China and India JF - Comparative Studies in Society and History A1 - Croizier,Ralph C. VL - 12 IS - 3 PY - 1970/07// KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Medicine, Oriental SP - 275 EP - 291 SN - 00104175 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/178238 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6109 T1 - Inspiration and Expiration: Yoga Practice through Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of the Body JF - Philosophy East and West A1 - Morley,James VL - 51 IS - 1 PY - 2001/01// N2 - An interpretation of the yoga practice of prāṇāyāma (breath control) that is influenced by the existential phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty is offered. The approach to yoga is less concerned with comparing his thought to the classical yoga texts than with elucidating the actual experience of breath control through the constructs provided by Merleau-Ponty's philosophy of the lived body. The discussion of yoga can answer certain pedagogical goals but can never finally be severed from doing yoga. Academic discourse centered entirely on the theoretical concepts of yoga philosophies must to some extent remain incomplete. Patañjali's "Yoga Sūtra" is itself a manual of practice. For this reason, the commentary of the scholar-practitioner T. K. V. Desikachar has been chosen as the basis for this study, rather than a more exclusively theoretical commentary. In so doing, yoga will be approached as an experience or phenomenon, not just in the context of a series of academic debates. SP - 73 EP - 82 SN - 00318221 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1400036 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7067 T1 - Religious Healing in the Veda T3 - New Series JF - Transactions of the American Philosophical Society A1 - Zysk,Kenneth G. VL - 75 IS - 7 PY - 1985/// SP - i-311 EP - i-311 SN - 00659746 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/20486646 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7562 T1 - Yoga For Bronchial Asthma: A Controlled Study JF - British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) A1 - Nagarathna,R. A1 - Nagendra,H. R. VL - 291 IS - 6502 PY - 1985/10/19/ N2 - Fifty three patients with asthma underwent training for two weeks in an integrated set of yoga exercises, including breathing exercises, suryanamaskar, yogasana (physical postures), pranayama (breath slowing techniques), dhyana (meditation), and a devotional session, and were told to practise these exercises for 65 minutes daily. They were then compared with a control group of 53 patients with asthma matched for age, sex, and type and severity of asthma, who continued to take their usual drugs. There was a significantly greater improvement in the group who practised yoga in the weekly number of attacks of asthma, scores for drug treatment, and peak flow rate. This study shows the efficacy of yoga in the long term management of bronchial asthma, but the physiological basis for this beneficial effect needs to be examined in more detail. SP - 1077 EP - 1079 SN - 02670623 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/29520949 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7540 T1 - Acute effects of transcendental meditation on hemodynamic functioning in middle-aged adults JF - Psychosomatic Medicine JA - Psychosom Med A1 - Barnes,V A A1 - Treiber,F A A1 - Turner,J R A1 - Davis,H A1 - Strong,W B VL - 61 IS - 4 PY - 1999/08//Jul-undefined N2 - OBJECTIVE: Increased peripheral vasoconstriction (ie, total peripheral resistance, or TPR) has been implicated as playing an important role in the early development of essential hypertension. Some studies have demonstrated that Transcendental Meditation (TM) reduces high blood pressure, but the hemodynamic adjustments behind these blood pressure reductions have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to provide a preliminary investigation of the acute effects of TM on TPR. METHODS: Subjects were 32 healthy adults (16 women and 16 men; 30 white and two African American; mean age, 46.4 +/- 3.9 years). Subjects were divided into a TM group of long-term TM practitioners (eight white women, nine white men, and one African American man; mean years of twice-daily TM practice, 22.4 +/- 6.7) and a control group (eight white women, five white men, and one African American man). Hemodynamic functioning was assessed immediately before and during three conditions: 20 minutes of rest with eyes open (all subjects), 20 minutes of TM (TM group), and 20 minutes of eyes-closed relaxation (control group). RESULTS: During eyes-open rest, the TM group had decreases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and TPR, compared with increases in the control group (SBP: -2.5 vs. +2.4 mm Hg, p < .01; TPR: -0.7 vs. +0.5 mm Hg/liter per minute, p < .004). During TM, there was a greater decrease in SBP due to a concomitantly greater decrease in TPR compared with the control group during eyes-closed relaxation (SBP: -3.0 vs. +2.1 mm Hg, p < .04; TPR: -1.0 vs. +0.3 mm Hg/liter per minute, p < .03). CONCLUSIONS: TPR decreased significantly during TM. Decreases in vasoconstrictive tone during TM may be the hemodynamic mechanism responsible for reduction of high blood pressure over time. The results of this study provide a preliminary contribution to the understanding of the underlying hemodynamic mechanisms responsible for the beneficial influence of TM on cardiovascular risk factors. KW - Adult KW - Blood Pressure KW - Female KW - Heart Rate KW - Hemodynamics KW - Hypertension KW - Life Style KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Middle Aged KW - Questionnaires KW - Vascular Resistance SP - 525 EP - 531 SN - 0033-3174 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/10443761 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8091 T1 - Providing spiritual support: a job for all hospice professionals JF - The Hospice Journal JA - Hosp J A1 - Millison,M A1 - Dudley,J R VL - 8 IS - 4 PY - 1992/// N2 - This research examines spirituality as an aspect of professional practice. A questionnaire on spirituality was sent in 1991 to the hospice directors in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The findings strongly indicate that spirituality is important in the hospice setting and plays a prominent role in the treatment of patients. Also, hospice programs were found to be supportive of the spiritual component of care. The spiritual approaches used by the respondents were the more traditionally religious ones such as listening to the patient talk about God or referring to clergy. Approaches such as meditation or guided imagery, which are not necessarily related to religion, were used less frequently. Clergy in the study placed greater importance on spirituality in hospice work and used more traditionally religious approaches than did non-clergy. While some professional caregivers choose to leave spiritual matters to clergy, the findings reveal that many non-clergy hospice professionals are assisting patients with spiritual concerns. KW - Adult KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Female KW - Health Services Research KW - Hospice Care KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - New Jersey KW - New York KW - Pastoral Care KW - Pennsylvania KW - Questionnaires SP - 49 EP - 66 SN - 0742-969X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1302747 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8062 T1 - Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine: implications for clinical practice JF - Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Mayo Clinic JA - Mayo Clin. Proc A1 - Mueller,P S A1 - Plevak,D J A1 - Rummans,T A VL - 76 IS - 12 PY - 2001/12// N2 - Surveys suggest that most patients have a spiritual life and regard their spiritual health and physical health as equally important. Furthermore, people may have greater spiritual needs during illness. We reviewed published studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and subject reviews that examined the association between religious involvement and spirituality and physical health, mental health, health-related quality of life, and other health outcomes. We also reviewed articles that provided suggestions on how clinicians might assess and support the spiritual needs of patients. Most studies have shown that religious involvement and spirituality are associated with better health outcomes, including greater longevity, coping skills, and health-related quality of life (even during terminal illness) and less anxiety, depression, and suicide. Several studies have shown that addressing the spiritual needs of the patient may enhance recovery from illness. Discerning, acknowledging, and supporting the spiritual needs of patients can be done in a straightforward and noncontroversial manner. Furthermore, many sources of spiritual care (e.g., chaplains) are available to clinicians to address the spiritual needs of patients. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Longevity KW - Medical History Taking KW - mental health KW - Needs Assessment KW - Pastoral Care KW - Physician's Role KW - Quality of Life KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 1225 EP - 1235 SN - 0025-6196 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11761504 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7093 T1 - Basic principles of pharmaceutical science in Ayurvĕda JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Subhose,Varanasi A1 - Srinivas,Pitta A1 - Narayana,Ala VL - 35 IS - 2 PY - 2005/12//Jul-undefined N2 - Pharmaceutical is one of the allied branches of science, which is closely associated with Medical science. Today pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy are playing important role in treatment for a disease and its prevention. Herbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population mostly in the developing countries in the primary health care. There has been an upsurge in demand for the Phyto-pharmaceutical products of Ayurvĕda in western nations, because of the fact that the synthetic drugs are considered to be unsafe. Due to this many national and multinational pharmaceutical companies are now concentrating on manufacturing of Ayurvĕdic Phyto-pharmaceutical products. Ayurvĕda is the Indian traditional system of medicine, which also deals about pharmaceutical science. The Ayurvĕdic knowledge of the pharmaceutical science is scattered in Ayurvĕdic classical texts. Săranghadhara Samhita, which is written by Săranghadhara, explain systematically about the information of the Ayurvĕdic pharmaceutical science and also updated it. Industrialized manufacturing of Ayurvĕdic dosage forms has brought in new challenges like deviation from basic concepts of medicine preparation. Săranghadhara Samrhită the devout text on pharmaceutics in Ayurvĕda comes handy to solve such problems, as the methods described are very lucid and easy to follow. KW - Formularies as Topic KW - History, Ancient KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Pharmacy KW - Plant Preparations KW - Plants, Medicinal SP - 83 EP - 92 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333665 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7823 T1 - Is Spirituality a Critical Ingredient of Meditation? Comparing the Effects of Spiritual Meditation, Secular Meditation, and Relaxation on Spiritual, Psychological, Cardiac, and Pain Outcomes JF - Journal of Behavioral Medicine M3 - 10.1007/s10865-005-9008-5 A1 - Wachholtz,Amy A1 - Pargament,Kenneth VL - 28 IS - 4 PY - 2005/// N2 - This study compared secular and spiritual forms of meditation to assess the benefits of a spiritual intervention. Participants were taught a meditation or relaxation technique to practice for 20 min a day for two weeks. After two weeks, participants returned to the lab, practiced their technique for 20 min, and placed their hand in a cold-water bath of 2°C for as long as they could endure it. The length of time that individuals kept their hand in the water bath was measured. Pain, anxiety, mood, and the spiritual health were assessed following the two-week intervention. Significant interactions occurred (time × group); the Spiritual Meditation group had greater decreases in anxiety and more positive mood, spiritual health, and spiritual experiences than the other two groups. They also tolerated pain almost twice as long as the other two groups. SP - 369 EP - 384 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9008-5 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6110 T1 - Maharishi International University: "Science of Creative Intelligence" T3 - New Series JF - Science A1 - Holden,Constance VL - 187 IS - 4182 PY - 1975/03/28/ SP - 1176 EP - 1180 SN - 00368075 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1739479 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8012 T1 - From Quackery to "Complementary" Medicine: The American Medical Profession Confronts Alternative Therapies JF - Social Problems A1 - Winnick,Terri A. VL - 52 IS - 1 PY - 2005/02// N2 - This research examines trends in coverage of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in five prestigious medical journals during a period of intense reorganization within medicine (1965-1999). Content analysis of a sample of documents (N=102) shows the medical profession responded to the growth of CAM in three distinct phases. During each phase, changes in the medical marketplace-such as relaxed medical licensing, the development of managed care, rising consumerism, and the establishment of the Office of Alternative Medicine-influenced the type of response in the journals. From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, during the condemnation phase, authors ridiculed, exaggerated the risks, and petitioned the state to contain CAM. In the reassessment phase (mid-1970s through early 1990s), increased consumer utilization of CAM prompted concern, and authors pondered whether patient dissatisfaction and shortcomings in conventional care contributed to this trend. Throughout the 1990s, in the integration phase, struggles to outlaw CAM were abandoned, physicians began learning to work around or administer CAM, and the subjugation of CAM to scientific scrutiny became the primary means of control. This analysis demonstrates the evolutionary process of professionalization, a process in which dominance is sustained through adaptation to structural change. SP - 38 EP - 61 SN - 00377791 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/4488108 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7849 T1 - Why We Believe What We Believe: Uncovering Our Biological Need for Meaning, Spirituality, and Truth A1 - Newberg,Andrew A1 - Waldman,Mark Robert PB - Free Press PY - 2006/09/12/ SN - 0743274970 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8119 T1 - The concept of spiritual care in mental health nursing JF - Journal of Advanced Nursing JA - J Adv Nurs A1 - Greasley,P A1 - Chiu,L F A1 - Gartland,M VL - 33 IS - 5 PY - 2001/03// N2 - AIM: In this paper we aim to clarify the issue of spiritual care in the context of mental health nursing. BACKGROUND: The concept of spirituality in nursing has received a great deal of attention in recent years. However, despite many articles addressed to the issue, spiritual care remains poorly understood amongst nursing professionals and, as a result, spiritual needs are often neglected within the context of health care. METHODS: A series of focus groups was conducted to obtain the views of service users, carers and mental health nursing professionals about the concept of spirituality and the provision of spiritual care in mental health nursing. RESULTS: According to the views expressed in our focus groups, spiritual care relates to the acknowledgement of a person's sense of meaning and purpose to life which may, or may not, be expressed through formal religious beliefs and practices. The concept of spiritual care was also associated with the quality of interpersonal care in terms of the expression of love and compassion towards patients. Concerns were expressed that the ethos of mental health nursing and the atmosphere of care provision were becoming less personal, with increasing emphasis on the 'mechanics of nursing'. CONCLUSIONS: The perceived failure of service providers to attend adequately to this component of care may be symptomatic of a medical culture in which the more readily observable and measurable elements in care practice have assumed a prominence over the more subjective, deeply personal components. In order for staff to acknowledge these issues it is argued that a more holistic approach to care should be adopted, which would entail multidisciplinary education in spiritual care. KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Attitude to Health KW - Culture KW - England KW - Focus Groups KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Psychiatric Nursing KW - Religion and Psychology SP - 629 EP - 637 SN - 0309-2402 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11298199 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6111 T1 - Falungong: recent developments in Chinese notions of healing JF - Journal of Cultural Diversity JA - J Cult Divers A1 - Gale,Deborah Dysart A1 - Gorman-Yao,W M VL - 10 IS - 4 PY - 2003/// N2 - Transcultural nursing literature provides a rich picture of prominent Chinese health-related beliefs derived from the traditions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. However, these traditional beliefs are being challenged and modified in response to public discussion of a new spiritual movement, Falungong (also spelled Falun Gong). This movement calling for personal and social renewal has arisen in reaction to significant political and economic upheavals in Chinese society. This paper presents an overview of the Falungong movement and the health beliefs it advances. Implications for U.S. nursing practice are discussed. KW - Anomie KW - Asian Americans KW - Attitude to Health KW - Buddhism KW - China KW - Confucianism KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Health promotion KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Morale KW - Morals KW - Nurse's Role KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Religious Philosophies KW - Social Change KW - Spirituality KW - Transcultural Nursing KW - Unemployment SP - 124 EP - 127 SN - 1071-5568 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15000055 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7583 T1 - Randomized trial of two mind-body interventions for weight-loss maintenance JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2006.6237 A1 - Elder,Charles A1 - Ritenbaugh,Cheryl A1 - Mist,Scott A1 - Aickin,Mikel A1 - Schneider,Jennifer A1 - Zwickey,Heather A1 - Elmer,Pat VL - 13 IS - 1 PY - 2007/02//Jan-undefined N2 - OBJECTIVE: Regain of weight after initial weight loss constitutes a major factor contributing to the escalating obesity epidemic. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility and clinical impact of two mind-body interventions for weight-loss maintenance. DESIGN: Randomized, balanced, controlled trial. SETTING: Large-group model health maintenance organization. PARTICIPANTS: Overweight and obese adults were recruited to a 12-week behavioral weight-loss program. Participants meeting threshold weight loss and attendance requirements were eligible for randomization. INTERVENTIONS: The three weight-loss maintenance interventions were qigong (QI), Tapas Acupressure Technique (TAT (registered trademark of Tapas Fleming, L.Ac.), and a self-directed support (SDS) group as an attention control. OUTCOMES: The main outcome measure was weight loss maintenance at 24 weeks postrandomization. Patient interviews explored additional benefits of the interventions, as well as barriers and facilitators to compliance. RESULTS: Eighty-eight percent (88%) of randomized patients completed the study. There were no significant study-related adverse events. At 24 weeks, the TAT group maintained 1.2 kg more weight loss than the SDS group did (p = 0.09), and 2.8 kg more weight loss than the QI group did (p = 0.00), only regaining 0.1 kg. A separation test (0.05 level, 0.95 power) indicated that TAT merits further study. A secondary analysis revealed that participants reporting a previous history of recurrent unsuccessful weight loss were more likely to regain weight if assigned to the SDS arm, but this effect was suppressed in both the QI and TAT groups (p = 0.03). Although QI participants reported important general health benefits, the instruction sequence was too brief, given the complexity of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: TAT warrants further research for weight-loss maintenance. Any further research on qigong should use a modification of our protocol. KW - Acupressure KW - Adult KW - Analysis of Variance KW - Attitude to Health KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Obesity KW - Patient Compliance KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Questionnaires KW - Research Design KW - Treatment Outcome KW - Weight Loss SP - 67 EP - 78 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17309380 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7917 T1 - The meaning of survival: the early aftermath of a near-death experience JF - Research in Nursing & Health JA - Res Nurs Health A1 - Orne,R M VL - 18 IS - 3 PY - 1995/06// N2 - An estimated 9 million adults in this country may have had a near-death experience (NDE), yet little research has been focused on the early aftermath of this extraordinary phenomenon. The purpose of this interpretive study was to appropriate and make visible how patients who had an NDE during a cardiac or respiratory arrest understood and experienced this early period of survival. Gadamerian hermeneutics (1975/1990) informed and guided the study. This interpretation demonstrates that NDEs and their early aftermath can be the positive, life-enhancing experiences that the common lore and most research tend to depict, yet they can also be unpleasant and distressing experiences fraught with emotional pain and angst. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Death KW - Death KW - Female KW - Heart Arrest KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Parapsychology KW - Respiratory Insufficiency KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Survival SP - 239 EP - 247 SN - 0160-6891 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/7754094 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8322 T1 - Realized Religion: Research on the Relationship Between Religion and Health CY - Philadelphia A1 - Chamberlain,Theodore J A2 - Hall,Christopher A PB - Templeton Foundation Press PY - 2000/// KW - Health KW - Religious aspects SN - 1890151459 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8169 T1 - Experiments on Distant Intercessory Prayer: God, Science, and the Lesson of Massah JF - Archives of Internal Medicine M3 - 10.1001/archinte.161.21.2529 A1 - Chibnall,John T. A1 - Jeral,Joseph M. A1 - Cerullo,Michael A. VL - 161 IS - 21 PY - 2001/11/26/ N2 - EXPERIMENTAL studies on the health effects of distant intercession (prayer) ignore important facets of construct validity, philosophy of science, and theology while focusing on issues like randomization and double-blinding. These tendencies reflect a desire on the part of researchers to remove nature as a causal factor when intercession seems efficacious. We argue that close attention to construct validity of cause-and-effect variables invalidates distant intercessory prayer as a scientific construct. Further, the application of statistical techniques to metaphysical causal phenomena is critiqued. We conclude that research on the effects of religion and spirituality on health should avoid attempting to validate God through scientific methods. SP - 2529 EP - 2536 UR - http://archinte.ama-assn.org ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7309 T1 - Personal values and medical preferences: postmaterialism, spirituality, and the use of complementary medicine JF - Forschende Komplementärmedizin Und Klassische Naturheilkunde = Research in Complementary and Natural Classical Medicine JA - Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd A1 - Messerli-Rohrbach,V VL - 7 IS - 4 PY - 2000/08// N2 - BACKGROUND: The use of complementary medicine is increasing in the countries of the West. To find out the reason for this, research concentrated on the patients' demands for these methods, on their dissatisfaction with conventional medicine, and on their health conceptions. Quantitative research into the influence of attitudes and convictions in a broader sense on the use of complementary medicine are lacking, but would be of interest. QUESTIONS: This article aims to throw light on the specific question of whether materialistic or postmaterialistic values and spiritual preferences correlate with the use of unconventional medical methods. METHOD: Within the framework of the Swiss National Research Programme 34: 'Complementary Medicine', 3,077 and 2,276 Swiss residents were interviewed by telephone in 1995 and 1996, respectively, about their use of the medical system as well as about their attitudes towards materialism and spirituality. RESULTS: Hypotheses were confirmed: Attitudes and convictions influence the use of complementary medicine. Postmaterialists and interviewees who tended to agree with neoreligious statements used complementary medicine significantly more frequently than materialists and interviewees who tended to disagree with neoreligiosity or who tended towards traditional Christian values. CONCLUSIONS: Further research should concentrate on the interaction of different attitudes and convictions in order to learn more about the background of the growing trend towards complementary medicine. Another important conclusion is that the so-called health market is not simply subject to supply and demand, and cannot be regulated by marketing means alone. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Health KW - Christianity KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Educational Status KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Social Values KW - Switzerland SP - 183 EP - 189 SN - 1424-7364 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11025393 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6112 T1 - The terminally ill Muslim: death and dying from the Muslim perspective JF - The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care JA - Am J Hosp Palliat Care A1 - Sarhill,N A1 - LeGrand,S A1 - Islambouli,R A1 - Davis,M P A1 - Walsh,D VL - 18 IS - 4 PY - 2001/08//Jul-undefined N2 - Islam holds life as sacred and belonging to God and that all creatures will die one day. Suicide is forbidden. Muslims believe death is only a transition between two different lives. The terminally ill Muslim desires to perform five ritual requirements. Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders are acceptable. A deceased Muslim must always be buried after being ritually washed and wrapped. There are different Muslim schools of thought, but they are united regarding their views on death and dying. KW - Attitude to Death KW - Attitude to Health KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Funeral Rites KW - Grief KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Patient Advocacy KW - Resuscitation Orders KW - Terminal Care KW - United States SP - 251 EP - 255 SN - 1049-9091 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11467099 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6113 T1 - Eastern and Western Approaches to Healing: Ancient Wisdom and Modern Knowledge T3 - Wiley series on health psychology/behavioral medicine CY - New York A1 - Sheikh,Anees A A1 - Sheikh,Katharina S PB - Wiley PY - 1989/// KW - Cross-Cultural Comparison KW - Medicine and psychology KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Medicine, Oriental KW - Medicine, Oriental Traditional KW - Mind and body KW - Psychiatry KW - Psychiatry, Transcultural KW - Psychology KW - Psychotherapy SN - 0471628905 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7281 T1 - Trance, Initiation, and Psychotherapy in Tamang Shamanism JF - American Ethnologist A1 - Peters,Larry G. VL - 9 IS - 1 PY - 1982/02// N2 - The "calling" that inflicts the neophyte Tamang shaman is a "creative illness" reflecting an endogenous process that has the structure and function of a rite of passage. Shamanic apprenticeship includes the deliberate induction and mastery of trance states that originally afflicted the shaman. Mastery is equivalent to a psychotherapy, and Tamang initiation involves techniques that are also found in its Western and Eastern (yoga) counterparts. However, it is distinct from both in its social and psychological goals. [shamanism, altered states of consciousness, psychotherapy, religious experience, symbolism] SP - 21 EP - 46 SN - 00940496 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/644310 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7387 T1 - Religious involvement, social support, and health among African-American women on the east side of Detroit JF - Journal of General Internal Medicine JA - J Gen Intern Med A1 - van Olphen,Juliana A1 - Schulz,Amy A1 - Israel,Barbara A1 - Chatters,Linda A1 - Klem,Laura A1 - Parker,Edith A1 - Williams,David VL - 18 IS - 7 PY - 2003/07// N2 - BACKGROUND: A significant body of research suggests that religious involvement is related to better mental and physical health. Religion or spirituality was identified as an important health protective factor by women participating in the East Side Village Health Worker Partnership (ESVHWP), a community-based participatory research initiative on Detroit's east side. However, relatively little research to date has examined the mechanisms through which religion may exert a positive effect on health. OBJECTIVE: The research presented here examines the direct effects of different forms of religious involvement on health, and the mediating effects of social support received in the church as a potential mechanism that may account for observed relationships between church attendance and health. DESIGN: This study involved a random sample household survey of 679 African-American women living on the east side of Detroit, conducted as part of the ESVHWP. MAIN RESULTS: Results of multivariate analyses show that respondents who pray less often report a greater number of depressive symptoms, and that faith, as an important source of strength in one's daily life, is positively associated with chronic conditions such as asthma or arthritis. Tests of the mediating effect of social support in the church indicated that social support received from church members mediates the positive relationship between church attendance and specific indicators of health. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that one of the major ways religious involvement benefits health is through expanding an individual's social connections. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - African Americans KW - Aged KW - Community-Institutional Relations KW - Female KW - Health Services Research KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Michigan KW - Middle Aged KW - Multivariate Analysis KW - Religion KW - social support KW - Urban Health KW - Urban Population SP - 549 EP - 557 SN - 0884-8734 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12848838 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8146 T1 - 21st century rural nursing: Navajo Traditional and Western medicine JF - Nursing Administration Quarterly JA - Nurs Adm Q A1 - O'Brien,Barbara L A1 - Anslow,Rosemary M A1 - Begay,Wanda A1 - Sister Benvinda A Pereira A1 - Sullivan,Mary Pat VL - 26 IS - 5 PY - 2002/// N2 - Past experiences enhance the future. Health care providers gaining expertise in creative thinking, traditional medicine, spirituality, and cultural sensitivity is an essential requirement for 21st century health care. We must stay mindful that poverty, isolation, and rural living may create new forms of social exclusion because of lack of communication and rapidly changing technology. Conversely, sensory overload resulting from a faster paced lifestyle and rapid enhancements in technology may cause increased tension and stress. This article reviews successes that may offer the reader ideas on coping with the provision of health care services in such a volatile changing environment, while honoring tradition and cultural competency. KW - Arizona KW - Case Management KW - Health Services, Indigenous KW - Humans KW - Indians, North American KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - New Mexico KW - Nurse Practitioners KW - Rural Health Services SP - 47 EP - 57 SN - 0363-9568 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12515233 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8201 T1 - Providing alternative health care: an ancient system for a modern age JF - Advanced Practice Nursing Quarterly JA - Adv Pract Nurs Q A1 - Titus,G W VL - 1 IS - 3 PY - 1995/// N2 - Ayurveda, the oldest health care system in the world, has unique potential waiting to be exploited by the advanced practice nurse (APN) practicing in family health and primary care settings. The background, paradigm, interventions, scientific research, and strategies to implement Ayurveda in APN practice are explored. Although little is known about Ayurveda in Western cultures, it offers many health promotive interventions that can help the APN fulfill the needs of families who seek a level of wellness not offered by conventional medicine. KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Primary Health Care SP - 19 EP - 28 SN - 1080-4293 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/9447026 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7125 T1 - Islam and end-of-life organ donation. Asking the right questions JF - Saudi Medical Journal JA - Saudi Med J A1 - Rady,Mohamed Y A1 - Verheijde,Joseph L VL - 30 IS - 7 PY - 2009/07// N2 - Organ transplantation has become an established treatment option for end-stage organ disease. Both living and end-of-life (so called deceased) organ donation narrow the gap between supply and demand for transplantable organs. Advances in human biology prove that death occurs as a gradual process over time and not as a single discrete event. Declaring death with either neurological criteria (heart-beating organ donation) or circulatory criteria (non-heart-beating organ donation) enables the procurement of transplantable organs before human death is complete, namely, from the incipiently dying donor. Thus, surgical procurement of organs from the incipiently dying donor is the proximate cause of death, raising new questions on end-of-life organ donation. It is imperative to first and foremost care for the patient as a dying person. International Muslim scholars should reevaluate previous Islamic rulings and provide guidance about current practice of end-of-life organ donation. KW - Death KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Tissue and Organ Procurement SP - 882 EP - 886 SN - 0379-5284 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19618000 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7427 T1 - Yoga and qigong in the psychological prevention of mental health disorders: a conceptual synthesis JF - Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine JA - Chin J Integr Med M3 - 10.1007/s11655-009-9002-2 A1 - Posadzki,Paul A1 - Parekh,Sheetal A1 - Glass,Nel PY - 2009/09/15/ N2 - The study proposes to explore two alternative medicine therapies-qigong and yoga for balancing the essential duo of holistic mind-body and consequently offer a solution for stress, uncertainty, anxiety and depression. Qualitative research methods have been used to create a conceptual synthesis of yoga and qigong. It is suggested that an increased sense of control is the interface between these two modalities. This conceptual congruence of qigong and yoga is thought to be a selective, curative method, a prescription for ideal living and a ground of human essence existence. Furthermore, this essence is thought to enhance the mind's self-regulatory processes and prevent mental health disorders. The two alternative therapies can prevent mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression and, minimize mental health disruptions such as stress and poor quality of life. It is suggested that patients and/or clients can benefifi t from this fusion. SN - 1672-0415 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19756398 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8050 T1 - Handbook of Religion and Health A1 - Koenig,Harold G. A1 - McCullough,Michael E. A1 - Larson,David B. PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2001/01/11/ SN - 0195118669 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7282 T1 - Shamanic Healing, Human Evolution, and the Origin of Religion JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - McClenon,James VL - 36 IS - 3 PY - 1997/09// N2 - It is likely that "Homo sapiens" practiced shamanic healing for many millennia. Studies within anthropology, folklore, hypnosis, medical history, psychoneuroimmunology, and religion support the argument that suggestions embedded within shamanic rituals have therapeutic effects. Shamanic/hypnotic suggestions may reduce pain, enhance healing, control blood loss, facilitate childbirth, and alleviate psychological disorders. Those more responsive to such suggestions are hypothesized to have a survival advantage over the less susceptible. As a consequence, shamanic rituals selected for genotypes associated with hypnotizability, a trait correlated with frequency of anomalous and religious experiences. With the evolution of psychophysiological structures associated with hypnotizability, modern forms of religious sentiment became possible. SP - 345 EP - 354 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1387852 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7653 T1 - Qualitative systemic review of randomized controlled trials on complementary and alternative medicine treatments in fibromyalgia JF - Rheumatology International M3 - 10.1007/s00296-009-0977-5 A1 - Baranowsky,Julia A1 - Klose,Petra A1 - Musial,Frauke A1 - Haeuser,Winfried A1 - Dobos,Gustav A1 - Langhorst,Jost PY - 2009/// N2 - Abstract The objectives of the study were identification, quality evaluation and summary of RCTs on complementary and alternative medicine as defined by the National Institute of Health with the exception of dietary and nutritional supplements. A computerized search of databases from 1990 (year of publication of the ACR criteria for fibromyalgia) to July 2007 was performed. The RCTs were assessed by a methodological quality score. A total of 23 RCTs issued from 1992 to 2007 on acupuncture, balneotherapy, thermotherapy, magnetic therapy, homeopathy, manual manipulation, mind–body medicine, diet therapy and music therapy were identified. The RCTs had an average group size of 25 with the number of groups ranging from two to four. The quality score assessment of the RCTs yielded a mean score of 51 out of 100. The average methodological quality of the identified studies was fairly low. Best evidence was found for balneotherapy/hydrotherapy in multiple studies. Positive results were also noted for homeopathy and mild infrared hyperthermia in 1 RCT in each field. Mindfulness meditation showed mostly positive results in two trials and acupuncture mixed results in multiple trials with a tendency toward positive results. Tendencies for improvement were furthermore noted in single trials of the Mesendieck system, connective tissue massage and to some degree for osteopathy and magnet therapy. No positive evidence could be identified for Qi Gong, biofeedback, and body awareness therapy. KW - prepub UR - http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/10.1007/s00296-009-0977-5 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7551 T1 - Spirituality in persons with heart failure JF - Journal of Holistic Nursing: Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association JA - J Holist Nurs A1 - Beery,Theresa A A1 - Baas,Linda S A1 - Fowler,Christopher A1 - Allen,Gordon VL - 20 IS - 1 PY - 2002/03// N2 - Spiritual expression has been proposed as a dimension of quality of life. Persons with chronic diseases such as AIDS or cancer have described the value of spiritual expression in living with their illnesses. The authors examined the role spirituality plays in the lives of 58 people with heart failure being treated medically or by transplant. Instruments used included the Medical Outcome Survey Short Form 36 and Index of Well-Being measures of quality of life, the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, and the Relative Importance Scale. Combined spirituality scores predicted 24% of the variance in global quality of life. There were no significant gender differences in spiritual well-being or quality of life. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Faith Healing KW - Female KW - Heart Failure KW - Humans KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality KW - Time Factors SP - 5-25; quiz 26-30 EP - 5-25; quiz 26-30 SN - 0898-0101 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11898688 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7101 T1 - Medicine in China: A History of Ideas CY - Berkeley A1 - Unschuld,Paul U PB - University of California Press PY - 1985/// KW - Medicine, Chinese KW - Philosophy SN - 0520050231 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6114 T1 - Samādhi in Patañjali's Yoga Sūtras JF - Philosophy East and West A1 - Kesarcodi-Watson,Ian VL - 32 IS - 1 PY - 1982/01// SP - 77 EP - 90 SN - 00318221 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1398753 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6115 T1 - Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions CY - New York A1 - Numbers,Ronald L A1 - Amundsen,Darrel W PB - Macmillan ; London : Collier Macmillan PY - 1986/// KW - Religion and Medicine SN - 0029192706 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8208 T1 - "Hindu" bioethics? JF - The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics JA - J Law Med Ethics M3 - 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2008.00236.x A1 - Sarma,Deepak VL - 36 IS - 1 PY - 2008/// N2 - The author offers a commentary on the question, "Are there Hindu bioethics?" After deconstructing the term "Hindu," the author shows that there are indeed no Hindu bioethics. He shows that from a classical and Brahminical perspective, medicine is an inappropriate and impure profession. KW - Biomedical Enhancement KW - Hinduism KW - Humans KW - India KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Science SP - 51-58, 3 EP - 51-58, 3 SN - 1073-1105 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18315760 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7871 T1 - The Construction and Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Reported Mystical Experience JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - Hood,Ralph W. VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 1975/03// N2 - A measure of reported mystical experience is presented. This "Mysticism Scale, Research Form D (M scale)," has 32 items, four for each of 8 categories of mysticism initially conceptualized by Stace (1960). Items on this scale are both positively and negatively expressed to avoid problems of response set. A factor analysis of the M Scale indicated two major factors, a general mystical experience factor (20 items) and a religious interpretation factor (12 items). Preliminary evidence indicates that those high on the M Scale have more intrinsic religious motivation as defined by Hoge's (1972) scale, are more open to experience as defined by Taft's (1970) ego permissiveness scale, have more intense religious experience as defined by Hood's (1970) scale, and have moderately higher scores on the L, Hs, and Hy scales of the MMPI. SP - 29 EP - 41 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1384454 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7865 T1 - Rumour of angels and heavenly midwives: anthropology of transpersonal events and childbirth JF - Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives JA - Women Birth M3 - 10.1016/j.wombi.2006.10.002 A1 - Lahood,Gregg VL - 20 IS - 1 PY - 2007/03// N2 - Some contemporary women can experience non-ordinary states of consciousness when childbearing. The purpose of this paper is to bring a 'transpersonal' frame to these non-ordinary states of consciousness (hereafter: NOSC). Transpersonal psychology is an interdisciplinary movement in Western science that studies 'religious', 'peak' or 'healing' experiences in different cultures and social contexts. Between 2001 and 2006 in Auckland, New Zealand, while engaged in anthropological fieldwork, I collected stories from mothers, fathers, and midwives who had participated in transpersonal events during childbirth. I will compare the local women's NOSC with ethnographic accounts of spirit-possession and its relationship to indigenous midwifery then revisit and reconstruct the witch-hunts of Medieval Europe from this perspective. Midwives are encouraged to learn to identify and support women's NOSC during labour and birth as many women find strength and wisdom by passing through these states in labour. The subject is also critical to men, whether they are present with women and birth as fathers or health professionals. The hoped for result of this inquiry is to revalorise NOSC among birth-giving mothers, and to educate birth attendants in this field. KW - Adult KW - Ceremonial Behavior KW - Consciousness KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Delivery, Obstetric KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Infant, Newborn KW - Midwifery KW - Mothers KW - New Zealand KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Nursing Methodology Research KW - Pregnancy KW - Questionnaires KW - Spirituality SP - 3 EP - 10 SN - 1871-5192 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17127114 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8081 T1 - The Jewish midwife JF - Midwifery Today with International Midwife JA - Midwifery Today Int Midwife A1 - Klein,M IS - 60 PY - 2001/// KW - Female KW - History, 15th Century KW - History, 16th Century KW - History, 17th Century KW - History, 18th Century KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, Ancient KW - Humans KW - Infant, Newborn KW - Jews KW - Midwifery KW - Nurse Midwives KW - Spirituality KW - World Health SP - 54-57, 64, 66 EP - 54-57, 64, 66 SN - 1551-8892 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12584823 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7728 T1 - Therapeutical intervention, relaxation, mental images, and spirituality (RIME) for spiritual pain in terminal patients. A training program JF - TheScientificWorldJournal JA - ScientificWorldJournal M3 - 10.1100/tsw.2006.345 A1 - de Araújo Elias,Ana Catarina A1 - Giglio,Joel Sales A1 - de Mattos Pimenta,Cibele Andrucioli A1 - El-Dash,Linda Gentry VL - 6 PY - 2006/// N2 - Therapeutic intervention involving the technique of Relaxation, Mental Images, and Spirituality (RIME) can foster the redefinition of spiritual pain in terminal patients. A training course was developed to instruct health care professionals in its use, and the results were followed up by evaluating reactions of professionals to its use in intervention with patients. Six subjects (a nurse, a doctor, three psychologists, and an alternative therapist), all skilled in palliative care, were invited to take part in the experience. They worked with 11 terminal patients in public hospitals of the cities of Campinas, Piracicaba, and São Paulo, located in Brazil. The theoretical basis for the study involves action research and phenomenology, and the results were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The analysis of the experience of the professionals revealed 5 categories and 15 subcategories. The analysis of the nature of spiritual pain revealed 6 categories and 11 subcategories. The administration of RIME revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001), i.e., patients reported a greater level of well-being at the end than at the beginning of sessions, which suggests that RIME led to the redefinition of spiritual pain for these terminal patients. The training program proposed has shown itself to be effective in preparing health care professionals for the use of RIME intervention. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Education KW - Health Personnel KW - Humans KW - Imagery (Psychotherapy) KW - Middle Aged KW - Pain Measurement KW - Palliative Care KW - Relaxation Therapy KW - Spirituality KW - Terminally ill SP - 2158 EP - 2169 SN - 1537-744X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370011 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7679 T1 - Reliability and validity of the brief multidimensional measure of religiousness/spirituality among adolescents JF - Journal of Religion and Health JA - J Relig Health A1 - Harris,Sion Kim A1 - Sherritt,Lon R A1 - Holder,David W A1 - Kulig,John A1 - Shrier,Lydia A A1 - Knight,John R VL - 47 IS - 4 PY - 2008/12// N2 - BACKGROUND: Developed for use in health research, the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS) consists of brief measures of a broad range of religiousness and spirituality (R/S) dimensions. It has established psychometric properties among adults, but little is known about its appropriateness for use with adolescents. PURPOSE: We assessed the psychometric properties of the BMMRS among adolescents. METHOD: We recruited a racially diverse (85% non-White) sample of 305 adolescents aged 12-18 years (median 16 yrs, IQR 14-17) from 3 urban medical clinics; 93 completed a retest 1 week later. We assessed internal consistency and test-retest reliability. We assessed construct validity by examining how well the measures discriminated groups expected to differ based on self-reported religious preference, and how they related to a hypothesized correlate, depressive symptoms. Religious preference was categorized into "No religion/Atheist" (11%), "Don't know/Confused" (9%), or "Named a religion" (80%). RESULTS: Responses to multi-item measures were generally internally consistent (alpha > or = 0.70 for 12/16 measures) and stable over 1 week (intraclass correlation coefficients > or = 0.70 for 14/16). Forgiveness, Negative R/S Coping, and Commitment items showed lower internal cohesiveness. Scores on most measures were higher (p < 0.05) among those who "Named a religion" compared to the "No religion/Atheist" group. Forgiveness, Commitment, and Anticipated Support from members of one's congregation were inversely correlated with depressive symptoms, while BMMRS measures assessing negative R/S experiences (Negative R/S Coping, Negative Interactions with others in congregation, Loss in Faith) were positively correlated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that most BMMRS measures are reliable and valid for use among adolescents. KW - Adolescent KW - Adolescent Behavior KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Personal Satisfaction KW - Psychometrics KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Spirituality KW - Urban Population SP - 438 EP - 457 SN - 0022-4197 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19093673 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7192 T1 - Christian Science on Trial: Religious Healing in America T3 - Medicine, science, and religion in historical context CY - Baltimore A1 - Schoepflin,Rennie B PB - Johns Hopkins University Press PY - 2003/// KW - Christian Science KW - History KW - Law and legislation KW - Medical care KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects KW - United States SN - 0801870577 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7395 T1 - "Overeating is not about the food": women describe their experience of a yoga treatment program for binge eating JF - Qualitative Health Research JA - Qual Health Res M3 - 10.1177/1049732309343954 A1 - McIver,Shane A1 - McGartland,Michael A1 - O'Halloran,Paul VL - 19 IS - 9 PY - 2009/09// N2 - As part of a larger mixed-methods study, data from 20 personal journals were analyzed to examine the experience of a 12-week yoga treatment program for binge eating among a sample of 25 women who were obese. Qualitative analysis revealed a positive shift experienced by the women during the program, summarized by a general structural description: disconnection versus connection. Women's comments suggested that the program appeared to encourage a healthy reconnection to food, as well as the development of physical self-empowerment, through cultivating present-moment awareness. Specifically, women perceived an overall reduction in the quantity of food they consumed, decreased eating speed, and an improvement in food choices throughout the program. The women also reported feeling more connected to and positive about their physical well-being. These evolving outcomes were summarized through two major themes: the way their physicality changed, and the way their food consumption changed over time. Findings provide insights relevant to therapeutic processes that might occur within eating disorder interventions that draw on meditation-based approaches. SP - 1234 EP - 1245 SN - 1049-7323 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19690205 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7833 T1 - Qigong exercise with concentration predicts increased health JF - The American Journal of Chinese Medicine JA - Am. J. Chin. Med A1 - Jouper,John A1 - Hassmén,Peter A1 - Johansson,Mattias VL - 34 IS - 6 PY - 2006/// N2 - Regular physical activity has many positive health effects. Despite this, approximately 50% of all adults are not exercising enough to enjoy better health and may, therefore, need an alternative to vigorous physical exercise. Qigong offers a gentle way to exercise the body. A questionnaire sample of 253 participants was collected and correlations with the variable health-now were analyzed. Results showed that health-now was positively correlated with number of completed qigong courses (p < 0.05), with level of concentration (p < 0.01), session-time (p < 0.01), and years of practice (p < 0.05). Among these variables, concentration predicts an increased feeling of health (R(2) = 0.092). Qigong exercise thereby seems to offer a viable alternative to other more vigorous physical activities when wellness is the primary goal. When interpreted using self-determination theory, qigong seems to satisfy needs related to autonomy, competence and relatedness, thereby, primarily attracting individuals who are intrinsically motivated. KW - Attitude to Health KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Motivation KW - Questionnaires SP - 949 EP - 957 SN - 0192-415X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17163584 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7423 T1 - Religiousness and mental health: a review JF - Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (São Paulo, Brazil: 1999) JA - Rev Bras Psiquiatr A1 - Moreira-Almeida,Alexander A1 - Neto,Francisco Lotufo A1 - Koenig,Harold G VL - 28 IS - 3 PY - 2006/09// N2 - OBJECTIVE: The relationship between religiosity and mental health has been a perennial source of controversy. This paper reviews the scientific evidence available for the relationship between religion and mental health. METHOD: The authors present the main studies and conclusions of a larger systematic review of 850 studies on the religion-mental health relationship published during the 20th Century identified through several databases. The present paper also includes an update on the papers published since 2000, including researches performed in Brazil and a brief historical and methodological background. DISCUSSION: The majority of well-conducted studies found that higher levels of religious involvement are positively associated with indicators of psychological well-being (life satisfaction, happiness, positive affect, and higher morale) and with less depression, suicidal thoughts and behavior, drug/alcohol use/abuse. Usually the positive impact of religious involvement on mental health is more robust among people under stressful circumstances (the elderly, and those with disability and medical illness). Theoretical pathways of the religiousness-mental health connection and clinical implications of these findings are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that religious involvement is usually associated with better mental health. We need to improve our understanding of the mediating factors of this association and its use in clinical practice. KW - Depression KW - Humans KW - Life Style KW - Mental Disorders KW - mental health KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - Substance-Related Disorders KW - Suicide SP - 242 EP - 250 SN - 1516-4446 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924349 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7598 T1 - Spirituality influences health related quality of life in men with prostate cancer JF - Psycho-Oncology JA - Psychooncology M3 - 10.1002/pon.929 A1 - Krupski,Tracey L A1 - Kwan,Lorna A1 - Fink,Arlene A1 - Sonn,Geoffrey A A1 - Maliski,Sally A1 - Litwin,Mark S VL - 15 IS - 2 PY - 2006/02// N2 - Spirituality is interdependent with the biological, psychological, and interpersonal aspects of life. Although spirituality has been studied in breast cancer survivors, little work has been done in men with prostate cancer. We sought to determine whether lower spirituality in men with early stage prostate cancer is associated with worse general health-related quality of life (HRQOL), disease-specific HRQOL, or psychosocial health. Two hundred and twenty-two subjects were drawn from a state-funded program providing free prostate cancer treatment to indigent men. Validated instruments captured spirituality, general and disease-specific HRQOL, anxiety, symptom distress, and emotional well-being. We found a consistent relationship between spirituality and the outcomes assessed. Low spirituality was associated with significantly worse physical and mental health, sexual function and more urinary bother after controlling for covariates. All of the psychosocial variables studied reflected worse adjustment in the men with low spirituality. Because the likelihood of prostate cancer survivorship is high, interventions targeting spirituality could impact the physical and psychosocial health of many men. KW - Aged KW - Anxiety KW - DEMOGRAPHY KW - Depression KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Interpersonal Relations KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Prostatic Neoplasms KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Spirituality SP - 121 EP - 131 SN - 1057-9249 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15880458 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7802 T1 - Brief meditation training can improve perceived stress and negative mood. JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine A1 - Lane,James D. A1 - Seskevich,Jon E. A1 - Pieper,Carl F. VL - 13 IS - 1 PY - 2007/01// N2 - OBJECTIVES: To test a brief, non-sectarian program of meditation training for effects on perceived stress and negative emotion, and to determine effects of practice frequency and test the moderating effects of neuroticism (emotional lability) on treatment outcome. DESIGN AND SETTING: The study used a single-group, open-label, pre-test post-test design conducted in the setting of a university medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy adults (N=200) interested in learning meditation for stress-reduction were enrolled. One hundred thirty-three (76% females) completed at least 1 follow-up visit and were included in data analyses. INTERVENTION: Participants learned a simple mantra-based meditation technique in 4, 1-hour small-group meetings, with instructions to practice for 15-20 minutes twice daily. Instruction was based on a psychophysiological model of meditation practice and its expected effects on stress. OUTCOME MEASURES: Baseline and monthly follow-up measures of Profile of Mood States; Perceived Stress Scale; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Practice frequency was indexed by monthly retrospective ratings. Neuroticism was evaluated as a potential moderator of treatment effects. RESULTS: All 4 outcome measures improved significantly after instruction, with reductions from baseline that ranged from 14% (STAI) to 36% (BSI). More frequent practice was associated with better outcome. Higher baseline neuroticism scores were associated with greater improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence suggests that even brief instruction in a simple meditation technique can improve negative mood and perceived stress in healthy adults, which could yield long-term health benefits. Frequency of practice does affect outcome. Those most likely to experience negative emotions may benefit the most from the intervention. SP - 38 EP - 44 SN - 1078-6791 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7471 T1 - The Role of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Perceived Stress: Preliminary Evidence for the Moderating Role of Attachment Style JF - Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy M3 - 10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.258 A1 - Cordon,Shari L. A1 - Brown,Kirk Warren A1 - Gibson,Pamela R. VL - 23 PY - 2009/08// N2 - The current research investigated whether adult attachment style moderated the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) participation on levels of perceived stress. Study completing participants (secure group n = 65; insecure group n = 66) completed pre- and postintervention self-report assessments of perceived stress. The insecure group reported significantly higher stress levels prior to MBSR participation, but both groups showed significant pre-post intervention declines in perceived stress. Compared to the secure group, the insecure group also reported marginally lower perceived stress following MBSR participation. Study findings support the efficacy of MBSR for stress reduction across attachment style. Findings also suggest that MBSR participation may provide slightly greater stress reduction benefits for insecurely attached individuals. KW - Attachment Style KW - Mbsr KW - Mindfulness KW - Perceived Stress SP - 258 EP - 269 UR - http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/jcogp/2009/00000023/00000003/art00006 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6116 T1 - Remodeling the Arsenal of Chinese Medicine: Shared Pasts, Alternative Futures JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Scheid,Volker VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N2 - The discourse on alternative medicine assumes that medical practices exist as distinctive medical systems that compete with each other in plural health care systems. Anthropological and historical research clearly demonstrates, however, that this is not so. Many so-called traditional medicines are revealed as inventions of distinctly modern regimes of knowledge and institutional practice, while the political needs of healers and the epistemological desires of researchers converge in the construction of distinctive medical practices for description, classification, and comparison. This article draws on genealogy as a possible way out of this impasse. It shows how different generations of physicians of Chinese medicine employed the same four core concepts to reflect on their practice, imbuing them with ever new meanings to relate them to the changing demands of clinical and political practice. Examining these core concepts reveals something about the essence of Chinese medicine without reducing our analysis to a misguided search for cultural essences. SP - 136 EP - 159 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049693 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8225 T1 - Counselling about genetic disease: an Islamic perspective JF - Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Santé De La Méditerranée Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Ṣiḥḥīyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassiṭ JA - East. Mediterr. Health J A1 - Albar,M A VL - 5 IS - 6 PY - 1999/11// N2 - Genetic counselling is the process by which an individual or a family obtains information about a genetic condition that may affect them, so that they can take the appropriate decisions about marriage, reproduction and health management. Islamic teaching encourages counselling and stresses that the counsellor should be considerate, compassionate and should keep the secrets of the person or family involved. He/she should not impose his/her views on the clients. Some Arab countries encourage premarital medical examination to detect carriers of common hereditary diseases such as thalassaemia. However, this is still controversial, as it infringes the human rights of individuals. Reproductive options open to carriers of hereditary diseases are outlined in this paper, such as prenatal diagnosis, adoption, donation of a sperm, ova or preembryo and preimplantation diagnosis, and their acceptability within Islam is discussed. KW - Attitude to Health KW - Confidentiality KW - Consanguinity KW - Genetic Counseling KW - Genetic Diseases, Inborn KW - Genetic Screening KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Human Rights KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Marriage KW - Middle East KW - Patient Advocacy KW - Preimplantation Diagnosis KW - Premarital Examinations KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Reproduction SP - 1129 EP - 1133 SN - 1020-3397 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11924100 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7803 T1 - Changes in midlatency auditory evoked potentials following two yoga-based relaxation techniques JF - Clinical EEG and Neuroscience: Official Journal of the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society (ENCS) JA - Clin EEG Neurosci A1 - Subramanya,Pailoor A1 - Telles,Shirley VL - 40 IS - 3 PY - 2009/07// N2 - Practicing meditation while focusing on a sound or a symbol influenced midlatency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs). Cyclic meditation (CM) is a technique combining yoga postures with meditation while supine, which has influenced the P300 event-related potential. The effects of CM on MLAEPs have not been previously studied. The MLAEPs were studied before and after the practice of CM compared to an equal duration of supine rest (SR) in 47 male volunteers (group mean age 26.5 +/- 4.4 years), recorded from the vertex referenced to linked earlobes. The sessions were one day apart and subjects were randomly assigned to each session. The Pa wave peak latency and Nb wave peak latency significantly increased following CM compared to before CM (repeated measures ANOVA, post-hoc analysis with least significant difference, p<0.05). There was a significant increase in the peak amplitude of the Nb wave (p<0.05) compared to before CM. Post SR there was a significant increase in the peak latency of the Na wave (p<0.05) compared to before SR. In conclusion following CM the latencies of neural generators corresponding to cortical areas is prolonged, whereas following SR a similar change occurs at mesencephalic-diencephalic levels. SP - 190 EP - 195 SN - 1550-0594 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19715182 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7411 T1 - Psychological Functioning in a Sample of Long-Term Practitioners of Mindfulness Meditation JF - Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy M3 - 10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.226 A1 - Lykins,Emily L.B. A1 - Baer,Ruth A. VL - 23 PY - 2009/08// N2 - Although mindfulness meditation traditionally is viewed as a lifelong practice, much current knowledge about its effects is based on short-term practitioners who have participated in mindfulness-based treatment. In the current study, long-term meditators and demographically similar nonmeditators completed self-report measures of constructs expected to be related to the practice of mindfulness meditation. Extent of meditation experience was correlated in the expected directions with levels of mindfulness and with many other variables. Mean differences between meditators and nonmeditators were significant in most cases. Mediation analyses were consistent with the hypothesis that practicing meditation is associated with increased mindfulness in daily life, which is related to decreased rumination, decreased fear of emotion, and increased behavioral self-regulation. These mechanisms appear partially responsible for the relationships between mindfulness skills and psychological adjustment. Overall, the current study suggests that the long-term practice of mindfulness meditation may cultivate mindfulness skills and promote adaptive functioning. KW - Adaptive Functioning KW - Mechanisms KW - Meditation KW - Mindfulness SP - 226 EP - 241 UR - http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/jcogp/2009/00000023/00000003/art00004 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7933 T1 - Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: a prospective study in the Netherlands JF - Lancet JA - Lancet M3 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07100-8 A1 - van Lommel,P A1 - van Wees,R A1 - Meyers,V A1 - Elfferich,I VL - 358 IS - 9298 PY - 2001/12/15/ N2 - BACKGROUND: Some people report a near-death experience (NDE) after a life-threatening crisis. We aimed to establish the cause of this experience and assess factors that affected its frequency, depth, and content. METHODS: In a prospective study, we included 344 consecutive cardiac patients who were successfully resuscitated after cardiac arrest in ten Dutch hospitals. We compared demographic, medical, pharmacological, and psychological data between patients who reported NDE and patients who did not (controls) after resuscitation. In a longitudinal study of life changes after NDE, we compared the groups 2 and 8 years later. FINDINGS: 62 patients (18%) reported NDE, of whom 41 (12%) described a core experience. Occurrence of the experience was not associated with duration of cardiac arrest or unconsciousness, medication, or fear of death before cardiac arrest. Frequency of NDE was affected by how we defined NDE, the prospective nature of the research in older cardiac patients, age, surviving cardiac arrest in first myocardial infarction, more than one cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during stay in hospital, previous NDE, and memory problems after prolonged CPR. Depth of the experience was affected by sex, surviving CPR outside hospital, and fear before cardiac arrest. Significantly more patients who had an NDE, especially a deep experience, died within 30 days of CPR (p<0.0001). The process of transformation after NDE took several years, and differed from those of patients who survived cardiac arrest without NDE. INTERPRETATION: We do not know why so few cardiac patients report NDE after CPR, although age plays a part. With a purely physiological explanation such as cerebral anoxia for the experience, most patients who have been clinically dead should report one. KW - Adult KW - Age Distribution KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Death KW - Death KW - Female KW - Heart Arrest KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Memory KW - Middle Aged KW - Netherlands KW - Prospective Studies KW - Questionnaires KW - Resuscitation KW - Sex Distribution SP - 2039 EP - 2045 SN - 0140-6736 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11755611 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6117 T1 - Shamanic Healing and Ritual Drama: Health and Medicine in Native North American Religious Traditions T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Hultkrantz,Åke PB - Crossroad PY - 1992/// KW - Health and hygiene KW - Indians of North America KW - Indians, North American KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Mythology KW - North America KW - Religion KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Shamanism KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0824511883 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7087 T1 - Ayurveda and Panchakarma: measuring the effects of a holistic health intervention JF - TheScientificWorldJournal JA - ScientificWorldJournal M3 - 10.1100/tsw.2009.35 A1 - Conboy,Lisa A1 - Edshteyn,Ingrid A1 - Garivaltis,Hilary VL - 9 PY - 2009/// N2 - Ayurveda, the traditional medical system of India, is understudied in western contexts. Using data gathered from an Ayurvedic treatment program, this study examined the role of psychosocial factors in the process of behavior change and the salutogenic process. This observational study examined associations with participation in the 5-day Ayurvedic cleansing retreat program, Panchakarma. Quality of life, psychosocial, and behavior change measurements were measured longitudinally on 20 female participants. Measurements were taken before the start of the program, immediately after the program, and 3 months postprogram. The program did not significantly improve quality of life. Significant improvements were found in self-efficacy towards using Ayurveda to improve health and reported positive health behaviors. In addition, perceived social support and depression showed significant improvements 3 months postprogram after the subjects had returned to their home context. As a program of behavior change, our preliminary results suggest that the complex intervention Panchakarma may be effective in assisting one's expected and reported adherence to new and healthier behavior patterns. KW - Adult KW - Female KW - Health Behavior KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Life Style KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Middle Aged KW - Perception KW - Quality of Life KW - social support SP - 272 EP - 280 SN - 1537-744X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19412555 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6118 T1 - The Medicine Men: Oglala Sioux Ceremony and Healing T3 - Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians CY - Lincoln A1 - Lewis,Thomas H PB - University of Nebraska Press PY - 1990/// KW - Medicine KW - Oglala Indians KW - Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (S.D.) KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Social life and customs KW - South Dakota KW - Sun dance KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0803228902 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6119 T1 - Trance, Initiation, and Psychotherapy in Tamang Shamanism JF - American Ethnologist A1 - Peters,Larry G. VL - 9 IS - 1 PY - 1982/02// N2 - The "calling" that inflicts the neophyte Tamang shaman is a "creative illness" reflecting an endogenous process that has the structure and function of a rite of passage. Shamanic apprenticeship includes the deliberate induction and mastery of trance states that originally afflicted the shaman. Mastery is equivalent to a psychotherapy, and Tamang initiation involves techniques that are also found in its Western and Eastern (yoga) counterparts. However, it is distinct from both in its social and psychological goals. [shamanism, altered states of consciousness, psychotherapy, religious experience, symbolism] SP - 21 EP - 46 SN - 00940496 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/644310 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7903 T1 - Helping patients who've had near-death experiences JF - Nursing JA - Nursing A1 - Corcoran,D K VL - 18 IS - 11 PY - 1988/11// KW - Attitude to Death KW - Death KW - Humans KW - Nursing Care KW - Parapsychology KW - Religion SP - 34 EP - 39 SN - 0360-4039 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/3211414 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6120 T1 - Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions CY - Santa Barbara, Calif A1 - Hatfield,Gabrielle PB - ABC-CLIO PY - 2004/// KW - Alternative medicine KW - English KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Traditional medicine SN - 1576078744 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8036 T1 - Conceptualising spirituality and religion for healthcare JF - Journal of Clinical Nursing JA - J Clin Nurs M3 - 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02344.x A1 - Pesut,Barbara A1 - Fowler,Marsha A1 - Taylor,Elizabeth J A1 - Reimer-Kirkham,Sheryl A1 - Sawatzky,Richard VL - 17 IS - 21 PY - 2008/11// N2 - AIMS: To discuss some of the challenges of conceptualising spirituality and religion for healthcare practice. BACKGROUND: With the growing interest in spirituality in healthcare, has come the inevitable task of trying to conceptualise spirituality, a daunting task given the amorphous nature of spirituality, the changing understandings of spirituality among individuals and the diverse globalised society within which this task is taking place. Spirituality's relationship to religion is a particularly challenging point of debate. DESIGN: Critical review. CONCLUSIONS: Three social and historical conditions - located in the context of Western thought - have contributed to current conceptualisations of spirituality and religion: the diminishment of the social authority of religion as a result of the Enlightenment focus on reason, the rise of a postmodern spirituality emphasising spiritual experience and current tensions over the ideological and political roles of religion in society. The trend to minimise the social influence of religion is a particular Western bias that seems to ignore the global megatrend of the resurgence of religion. Current conceptualisations are critiqued on the following grounds: that they tend to be ungrounded from a rich history of theological and philosophical thought, that a particular form of elitist spirituality is emerging and that the individualistic emphasis in recent conceptualisations of spirituality diminishes the potential for societal critique and transformation while opening the door for economic and political self interest. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Constructing adequate conceptualisations of spirituality and religion for clinical practice entails grounding them in the wealth of centuries of philosophical and theological thinking, ensuring that they represent the diverse society that nursing serves and anchoring them within a moral view of practice. KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - Humans KW - Spirituality SP - 2803 EP - 2810 SN - 1365-2702 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18665876 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7336 T1 - Spirituality predicts outcome independently of expectancy following flower essence self-treatment JF - Journal of Psychosomatic Research JA - J Psychosom Res M3 - 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.073 A1 - Hyland,Michael E A1 - Geraghty,Adam W A A1 - Joy,Oliver E T A1 - Turner,Scott I VL - 60 IS - 1 PY - 2006/01// N2 - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether absorption and spirituality predict the placebo response independently of expectancy. METHOD: This was an open study of self-treatment with self-selected Bach flower essences. Participants' expectancy of the effect of flower essences, attitudes to complementary medicine, holistic health beliefs, absorption, and spirituality were measured prior to treatment. One month after the start of treatment, participants responded to an e-mail enquiry about symptom change using a single seven-point change scale. RESULTS: One hundred sixteen participants (97 university undergraduates and 19 staff) completed all assessments. Spirituality and absorption together predicted additional variance compared with a cluster of expectancy measures comprising expectancy, attitude to complementary medicine, and holistic beliefs (increment in R(2)=.042, P=.032), and spirituality alone (but not absorption alone) predicted more additional variance than did the expectancy cluster (increment in R(2)=.043, P=.014). CONCLUSION: Our data are inconsistent with conventional explanations for the placebo effect. The mechanism underlying the placebo response is not fully understood. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Attitude to Health KW - Child KW - Female KW - Flowers KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Middle Aged KW - Phytotherapy KW - Prospective Studies KW - Psychological Theory KW - Self Administration KW - Spirituality SP - 53 EP - 58 SN - 0022-3999 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380310 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7272 T1 - The Psychological Health of Shamans: A Reevaluation JF - Journal of the American Academy of Religion A1 - Walsh,Roger VL - 65 IS - 1 PY - 1997///Spring SP - 101 EP - 124 SN - 00027189 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1465820 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8047 T1 - Patient perspectives on spirituality and the patient-physician relationship JF - Journal of General Internal Medicine JA - J Gen Intern Med A1 - Hebert,R S A1 - Jenckes,M W A1 - Ford,D E A1 - O'Connor,D R A1 - Cooper,L A VL - 16 IS - 10 PY - 2001/10// N2 - OBJECTIVE: To identify the preferences and concerns of seriously ill patients about discussing religious and spiritual beliefs with physicians. DESIGN: Three focus group discussions with patients who had experienced a recent life-threatening illness. Discussions were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and reviewed independently by two investigators to identify discrete comments for grouping into domains. A third investigator adjudicated differences in opinion. Comments were then independently reviewed for relevance and consistency by a health services researcher and a pastoral counselor. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Referred sample of 22 patients hospitalized with a recent life-threatening illness. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Almost all of the 562 comments could be grouped into one of five broad domains: 1) religiosity/spirituality, 2) prayer, 3) patient-physician relationship, 4) religious/spiritual conversations, and 5) recommendations to physicians. God, prayer, and spiritual beliefs were often mentioned as sources of comfort, support, and healing. All participants stressed the importance of physician empathy. Willingness to participate in spiritual discussions with doctors was closely tied to the patient-physician relationship. Although divided on the proper context, patients agreed that physicians must have strong interpersonal skills for discussions to be fruitful. Physician-initiated conversation without a strong patient-physician relationship was viewed as inappropriate and as implying a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: Religion and spirituality are a source of comfort for many patients. Although not necessarily expecting physicians to discuss spirituality, patients want physicians to ask about coping and support mechanisms. This exploratory study suggests that if patients then disclose the importance of spiritual beliefs in their lives, they would like physicians to respect these values. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude KW - Communication KW - Female KW - Focus Groups KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Patients KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Spiritualism SP - 685 EP - 692 SN - 0884-8734 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679036 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8288 T1 - Policy, the Public, and Priorities in Alternative Medicine Research JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Jonas,Wayne B. VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N2 - The political and social dynamics around unconventional or complementary and alternative medical practices has shifted from marginalization to a struggle for control of definitions and priorities. These practices have arisen because of public rather than professional or scientific interest. Conventional medicine has made significant gains in health care for acute disease, translating basic science into diagnostic and therapeutic value, and improving public health. These gains have been accompanied by high costs, depersonalization, and side effects. Complementary medicine has aligned with public preferences for more natural, lower-cost, and more holistic health care practices. Attempts to integrate the concepts and practices of complementary and alternative medicine into biomedicine present significant challenges for determining how language, funding, and standards of evidence are established. The author outlines some of the issues that arise in the struggle to integrate these practices into biomedicine and suggests some criteria for establishing priorities when funding research in complementary and alternative medicine. SP - 29 EP - 43 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049687 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6121 T1 - The effects of Islam and traditional practices on women's health and reproduction JF - Nursing Ethics JA - Nurs Ethics A1 - Bahar,Zuhal A1 - Okçay,Hale A1 - Ozbiçakçi,S A1 - Beşer,Ayse A1 - Ustün,Besti A1 - Oztürk,Meryem VL - 12 IS - 6 PY - 2005/11// N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Islam as a religion and culture on Turkish women's health. The study included 138 household members residing in the territory of three primary health care centers in Turkey: Güzelbahçe, Fahrettin Altay and Esentepe. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire prepared by a multidisciplinary team that included specialists from the departments of public health, psychiatric nursing and sociology. We found that the women's health behavior changed from traditional to rational as education levels increased, and that religious and traditional attitudes and behaviors were predominant in the countryside, especially practices related to pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, induced abortion and family planning. One of the most important prerequisites for the improvement of women's health is that nurses should know the religious practices and culture of the society for which they provide care, so that their efforts to protect and improve women's health will be effective. KW - Abortion, Induced KW - Adult KW - Attitude to Health KW - Culture KW - Educational Status KW - Family Planning Services KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Maternal Health Services KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Turkey KW - Women's Health SP - 557 EP - 570 SN - 0969-7330 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16312085 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8110 T1 - Spirituality in critical care: patient comfort and satisfaction JF - Critical Care Nursing Quarterly JA - Crit Care Nurs Q A1 - Nussbaum,Gloria B VL - 26 IS - 3 PY - 2003/09//Jul-undefined N2 - Creating an environment of compassion where patients feel that their emotional and spiritual needs are met is at the heart of holistic care. Patient satisfaction surveys address this powerful aspect of care and nurses find themselves in the position of making an impact. The nurse is at the bedside when crisis occurs, both physical and spiritual. Superficial attention to matters of spirituality is no longer acceptable. Nurses need to examine spirituality within themselves and be available when the patients give the invitation to join them in the struggle for peace. The critical care unit is most vulnerable because the intensity of illness is so great. Conscious or unconscious, the patient needs human touch and consolation, which transcends technology. Indifference to this is all but negligence on the part of the nurse. Addressing this through careful care planning and joining the "fellowship of pain" brings the nurse into the healing process. "Burnout" decreases as care increases, and nurses experience the healing process themselves as well. KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Critical Care KW - Empathy KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Needs Assessment KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Nursing Care KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 214 EP - 220 SN - 0887-9303 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12930036 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8162 T1 - Analysis of spirituality content in nursing textbooks JF - The Journal of Nursing Education JA - J Nurs Educ A1 - McEwen,Melanie VL - 43 IS - 1 PY - 2004/01// N2 - Although most nurses believe spiritual care is an integral component of quality, holistic nursing care, they rarely address spiritual issues and typically feel unprepared to do so. One reason for nurses' lack of preparedness to provide spiritual interventions is that their basic education only minimally discusses spirituality and related issues. This is compounded by the problem that only sporadic reference to spiritual care is found in most nursing textbooks. This study was conducted to analyze the content related to spirituality in nursing textbooks in order to determine where spiritual care is addressed and evaluate its adequacy. A total of 50 textbooks from a wide variety of nursing specialty areas were selected from the most recent Brandon Hill list. These books were examined to assess the percentage of pages discussing spiritual issues and analyze inclusion of core content essential for nursing practice. Although there was considerable variation among the books from all specialty areas, overall, hospice/terminal care, fundamentals of nursing, health assessment/health promotion, and transcultural nursing textbooks provided the most information about spirituality and spiritual care. Textbooks focusing on professional issues, medical-surgical nursing, maternal-child health nursing, critical care nursing, and community health nursing contained the least spiritual content. Suggestions are made regarding how to integrate spiritual issues and spiritual care in all nursing textbooks that pertain directly to patient care. KW - Authorship KW - Bibliometrics KW - Curriculum KW - Education, Nursing KW - Faculty, Nursing KW - Humans KW - Needs Assessment KW - Nursing Education Research KW - Pastoral Care KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Specialties, Nursing KW - Spirituality KW - Terminal Care KW - Textbooks as Topic SP - 20 EP - 30 SN - 0148-4834 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14748531 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7212 T1 - Healing logics : culture and medicine in modern health belief systems CY - Logan Utah A1 - Brady,Erika PB - Utah State University Press PY - 2001/// SN - 9780874214116 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8070 T1 - A study of spirituality and life satisfaction among persons with spinal cord injury JF - Rehabilitation Nursing: The Official Journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses JA - Rehabil Nurs A1 - Brillhart,Barbara VL - 30 IS - 1 PY - 2005/02//Jan-undefined N2 - The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of spirituality and life satisfaction among persons with spinal cord injury. A nationwide sample of 230 persons with long-term spinal cord injury completed the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Quality of Life Index (QLI), and a demographic data form. Data analysis also indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between life satisfaction and psychological/spiritual factors of the QLI instrument. Nurses are mandated by the International Council of Nurses, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, and the Patient's Bill of Rights (Maddox, 2001) to provide spiritual care for clients. Rehabilitation nurses have the opportunity to support spirituality and life satisfaction as we assist our clients with disabilities to redefine their lives and explore new life opportunities. KW - Adult KW - Female KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Personal Satisfaction KW - Quality of Life KW - Spinal Cord Injuries KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 31 EP - 34 SN - 0278-4807 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15736617 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7373 T1 - Religious Involvement and Subjective Well-Being JF - Journal of Health and Social Behavior A1 - Ellison,Christopher G. VL - 32 IS - 1 PY - 1991/03// N2 - This study examines the multifaceted relationships between religious involvement and subjective well-being. Findings suggest that the beneficent effects of religious attendance and private devotion reported in previous studies are primarily indirect, resulting from their respective roles in strengthening religious belief systems. The positive influence of religious certainty on well-being, however, is direct and substantial: individuals with strong religious faith report higher levels of life satisfaction, greater personal happiness, and fewer negative psychosocial consequences of traumatic life events. Further, in models of life satisfaction only, the positive influence of existential certainty is especially pronounced for older persons and persons with low levels of formal education. Finally, there are persistent denominational variations in life satisfaction, but not in happiness: nondenominational Protestants, liberal Protestants, and members of nontraditional groups such as Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses report greater life satisfaction than do their unaffiliated counterparts, even with the effects of other dimensions of religiosity held constant. Several directions for additional research on religion and psychological well-being are discussed. SP - 80 EP - 99 SN - 00221465 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2136801 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7362 T1 - Explaining the Relationships between Religious Involvement and Health JF - Psychological Inquiry A1 - George,Linda K. A1 - Ellison,Christopher G. A1 - Larson,David B. VL - 13 IS - 3 PY - 2002/// N2 - There is increasing research evidence that religious involvement is associated both cross-sectionally and prospectively with better physical health, better mental health, and longer survival. These relationships remain substantial in size and statistically significant with other risk and protective factors for morbidity and mortality statistically controlled. In this article, we review the social and psychological factors that have been hypothesized to explain the health-promoting effects of religious involvement. The four potential psychosocial mechanisms that have received empirical attention are health practices, social support, psychosocial resources such as self-esteem and self-efficacy, and belief structures such as sense of coherence. Evidence concerning these potential mediators is mixed and inconsistent, suggesting there is more to be learned about the pathways by which religion affects health. Other possible explanations for the salubrious effects of religious involvement on health and longevity are discussed. SP - 190 EP - 200 SN - 1047840X UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/1449328 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7209 T1 - An Ontology of Health: A Characterization of Human Health and Existence JF - Zygon M3 - 10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.00986.x A1 - Fante,Ryan J. VL - 44 IS - 1 PY - 2009/// N2 - The pursuit of health is one of the most basic and prevalent concerns of humanity. In order to better attain and preserve health, a fundamental and unified description of the concept is required. Using Paul Tillich's ontological framework, I introduce a complete characterization of health and disease is that is useful to the philosophy of medicine and for health-care workers. Health cannot be understood merely as proper functioning of the physical body or of the separated levels of body, mind, and soul. Rather, the multidimensional unity that is the essence of human life requires a new understanding of health as balanced self-integration within the multiple human dimensions. The ontological description of health and disease has concrete implications for how health-care workers should approach healing. It calls for a multidimensional approach to healing in which particular healing is needed and helpful if it considers the other realms of the human. It reveals the importance of accepting limited health as well as the value of faith understood as an ultimate concern because of its ability to wholly integrate the person. SP - 65 EP - 84 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.00986.x ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7612 T1 - The contribution of spirituality and spiritual coping to anxiety and depression in women with a recent diagnosis of gynecological cancer JF - International Journal of Gynecological Cancer: Official Journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society JA - Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer M3 - 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2005.00248.x A1 - Boscaglia,N A1 - Clarke,D M A1 - Jobling,T W A1 - Quinn,M A VL - 15 IS - 5 PY - 2005/10//Sep-undefined N2 - The objective of this study was to determine whether, after accounting for illness and demographic variables, spiritual involvement and beliefs and positive and negative spiritual coping could account for any of the variation in anxiety and depression among women within 1 year's diagnosis of gynecological cancer (GC). One hundred patients from outpatient GC clinics at two Melbourne-based hospitals completed a brief structured interview and self-report measures of anxiety, depression, spirituality, and spiritual coping. Using two sequential regression analyses, we found that younger women with more advanced disease, who used more negative spiritual coping, had a greater tendency towards depression and that the use of negative spiritual coping was associated with greater anxiety scores. Although not statistically significant, patients with lower levels of generalized spirituality also tended to be more depressed. The site of disease and phase of treatment were not predictive of either anxiety or depression. We conclude that spirituality and spiritual coping are important to women with GC and that health professionals in the area should consider these issues. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Anxiety KW - Depression KW - Female KW - Genital Neoplasms, Female KW - Humans KW - Middle Aged KW - Spirituality SP - 755 EP - 761 SN - 1048-891X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174220 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7726 T1 - The essence of spirituality of terminally ill patients JF - The Journal of Nursing Research: JNR JA - J Nurs Res A1 - Chao,Co-Shi Chantal A1 - Chen,Ching-Huey A1 - Yen,Miaofen VL - 10 IS - 4 PY - 2002/12// N2 - The purpose of this hermeneutic study was to investigate the essence of spirituality of terminally ill patients. In-depth unstructured interviews were used as the method for data collection. In the six-month period of data collection, the researcher was in the role of a hospice palliative care consultant who directly took care of the subject patients in a hospice ward of a teaching hospital. The six subjects were selected purposively according to various demographic backgrounds. Interview transcripts provided the data for analysis. The results were composed of four constitutive patterns and ten themes. The first constitutive pattern was "Communion with Self" which included three themes: (1) Self-identity--spirituality is the discovery of the authentic self. (2) Wholeness--a human being is full of contradictions but still in wholeness. (3) Inner peace--spirituality is negotiating conflicts for self-reconciliation. The second constitutive pattern was "Communion with others" which included two themes: (1) Love--spirituality is a caring relationship but not an over-attachment to others. (2) Reconciliation--spirituality is to forgive and to be forgiven. The third constitutive pattern was "Communion with Nature" which included two themes: (1) Inspiration from the nature--spirituality is the resonance of the marvelous beauty of nature. (2) Creativity--spirituality is conceiving imaginatively. The fourth constitutive pattern was "Communion with Higher Being" which included three themes: (1) Faithfulness--spirituality is keeping the trust dependably. (2) Hope--spirituality is claiming possibilities. (3) Gratitude--spirituality is giving thanks and embracing grace. The scientific rigor of this qualitative research as well as the strength and limitations of the study are reported. Implications for hospice palliative care and future research are recommended. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Health KW - Creativeness KW - Female KW - Holistic Health KW - Hospice Care KW - Human Development KW - Humans KW - Interpersonal Relations KW - Love KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Psychological KW - Morale KW - Nursing Methodology Research KW - Personal Satisfaction KW - Qualitative Research KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Self Concept KW - Spirituality KW - Terminally ill SP - 237 EP - 245 SN - 1682-3141 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522736 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8291 T1 - Holistic physicians and family practitioners: similarities, differences and implications for health policy. JF - Social Science & Medicine A1 - Goldstein,M.S. A1 - Sutherland,C A1 - Jaffe,D.T. A1 - Wilson,J VL - 26 IS - 8 PY - 1988/// N2 - Although loosely defined, holistic or alternative medicine has been viewed by most observers as fundamentally at odds with mainstream biomedical approaches. Convergence or integration of the two are seen as highly unlikely. We attempt to assess the potential for such integration empirically through a survey of physicians, members of the American Holistic Medical Association (N = 340) and a comparison group of family practitioners (N = 142). Although social origins of the two groups are similar, they differ in their completion of residency training and a variety of practice characteristics. While the groups differ in the predicted directions in their evaluation and utilization of holistic techniques and in their attitudes toward the nature of medical practice, there is a good deal of overlap. Personal experiences, especially those in the area of religion/spirituality and psychotherapy differ sharply between the groups. Policy concerned with fostering cooperation or convergence between holistic and mainstream medicine should differentiate between clinical attitudes and behaviors (which appear to be more compatible than has been suggested), and the personal world views of physicians (which appear to be much further apart). SP - 853 EP - 61 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7942 T1 - Biological aspects of near-death experiences JF - Perspectives in Biology and Medicine JA - Perspect. Biol. Med A1 - Greyson,B VL - 42 IS - 1 PY - 1998/// KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Death KW - Depersonalization KW - Humans KW - Hypoxia, Brain KW - Memory KW - Psychophysiology KW - Visual Perception SP - 14 EP - 32 SN - 0031-5982 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/9894355 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6122 T1 - Problems of suffering in religions of the world. CY - Cambridge A1 - Bowker,John PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 1970/// SN - 9780521074124 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7643 T1 - Effects of qigong on late-stage complex regional pain syndrome JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine JA - Altern Ther Health Med A1 - Wu,W H A1 - Bandilla,E A1 - Ciccone,D S A1 - Yang,J A1 - Cheng,S C A1 - Carner,N A1 - Wu,Y A1 - Shen,R VL - 5 IS - 1 PY - 1999/01// N2 - CONTEXT: Despite the growing popularity of qigong in the West, few well-controlled studies using a sham master to assess the clinical efficacy of qigong have been conducted. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of qigong on treatment-resistant patients with late-stage complex regional pain syndrome type I. DESIGN: Block-random placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Pain Management Center at New Jersey Medical School. PATIENTS: 26 adult patients (aged 18 to 65 years) with complex regional pain syndrome type I. INTERVENTIONS: The experimental group received qi emission and qigong instruction (including home exercise) by a qigong master. The control group received a similar set of instructions by a sham master. The experimental protocol included 6 forty-minute qigong sessions over 3 weeks, with reevaluation at 6 and 10 weeks. Assessment included comprehensive medical history, physical exam, psychological evaluation, necessary diagnostic testing. Symptom Check List 90, and the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Thermography, swelling, discoloration, muscle wasting, range of motion, pain intensity rating, medication usage, behavior assessment (activity level and domestic disability), frequency of pain awakening, mood assessment, and anxiety assessment. RESULTS: 22 subjects completed the protocol. Among the genuine qigong group, 82% reported less pain by the end of the first training session compared to 45% of control patients. By the last training session, 91% of qigong patients reported analgesia compared to 36% of control patients. Anxiety was reduced in both groups over time, but the reduction was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Using a credible placebo to control for nonspecific treatment effects, qigong training was found to result in transient pain reduction and long-term anxiety reduction. The positive findings were not related to preexperimental differences between groups in hypnotizability. Future studies of qigong should control for possible confounding influences and perhaps use clinical disorders more responsive to psychological intervention. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Middle Aged KW - Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy KW - Time Factors KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 45 EP - 54 SN - 1078-6791 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/9893315 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7507 T1 - Alcohol use and religiousness/spirituality among adolescents JF - Southern Medical Journal JA - South. Med. J A1 - Knight,John R A1 - Sherritt,Lon A1 - Harris,Sion Kim A1 - Holder,David W A1 - Kulig,John A1 - Shrier,Lydia A A1 - Gabrielli,Joy A1 - Chang,Grace VL - 100 IS - 4 PY - 2007/04// N2 - BACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate that religiousness is associated with lower levels of substance use among adolescents, but less is known about the relationship between spirituality and substance use. The objective of this study was to determine the association between adolescents' use of alcohol and specific aspects of religiousness and spirituality. METHODS: Twelve- to 18-year-old patients coming for routine medical care at three primary care sites completed a modified Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality; the Spiritual Connectedness Scale; and a past-90-days alcohol use Timeline Followback calendar. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the association between each religiousness/spirituality measure and odds of any past-90-days alcohol use, controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and clinic site. Timeline Followback data were dichotomized to indicate any past-90-days alcohol use and religiousness/spirituality scale scores were z-transformed for analysis. RESULTS: Participants (n = 305) were 67% female, 74% Hispanic or black, and 45% from two-parent families. Mean +/- SD age was 16.0 +/- 1.8 years. Approximately 1/3 (34%) reported past-90-day alcohol use. After controlling for demographics and clinic site, Religiousness/Spirituality scales that were not significantly associated with alcohol use included: Commitment (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.36, 1.79), Organizational Religiousness (OR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.64, 1.07), Private Religious Practices (OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.80, 1.10), and Religious and Spiritual Coping--Negative (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.91, 1.23). All of these are measures of religiousness, except for Religious and Spiritual Coping--Negative. Scales that were significantly and negatively associated with alcohol use included: Forgiveness (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.73), Religious and Spiritual Coping--Positive (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.51-0.84), Daily Spiritual Experiences (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.54-0.84), and Belief (OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.83), which are all measures of spirituality. In a multivariable model that included all significant measures, however, only Forgiveness remained as a significant negative correlate of alcohol use (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.41, 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Forgiveness is associated with a lowered risk of drinking during adolescence. KW - Adolescent KW - Alcohol Drinking KW - Child KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Massachusetts KW - Odds Ratio KW - Prevalence KW - Prognosis KW - Prospective Studies KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion KW - Spiritual Therapies SP - 349 EP - 355 SN - 0038-4348 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17458392 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8193 T1 - Blind Faith: The Unholy Alliance of Religion and Medicine A1 - Sloan,Richard P. PB - St. Martin's Griffin PY - 2008/03/18/ SN - 0312348827 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7573 T1 - Religiosity in a hemodialysis population and its relationship to satisfaction with medical care, satisfaction with life, and adherence JF - American Journal of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation JA - Am. J. Kidney Dis A1 - Berman,Elisheva A1 - Merz,Jon F A1 - Rudnick,Michael A1 - Snyder,Richard W A1 - Rogers,Katherine K A1 - Lee,James A1 - Johnson,David A1 - Mosenkis,Ari A1 - Israni,Ajay A1 - Wolpe,Paul R A1 - Lipschutz,Joshua H VL - 44 IS - 3 PY - 2004/09// N2 - BACKGROUND: The religious beliefs and spirituality of patients on hemodialysis (HD) therapy have not been studied extensively. Studies of the dialysis population seem to indicate that religion may be associated with increased patient satisfaction with life and increased levels of social support. METHODS: Using multiple religiosity scales and scales to assess patient satisfaction with life and social support, we studied the relationship between religiosity and medical and/or social factors and adherence to treatment in 74 HD patients. RESULTS: High scores on the Intrinsic Religiosity Scale were associated strongly with high scores on the Satisfaction With Life Scale, whereas age and high Organizational Religious Activity Scale scores were associated strongly with high scores on the Satisfaction With Medical Care Scale. Older age was associated strongly with increased adherence. No relationship existed between religiosity and adherence in our population. CONCLUSION: Religious beliefs are related strongly to measures of satisfaction with life, whereas religious behaviors are related to satisfaction with medical care. Age is the single most important demographic factor associated with adherence. Because of the complex nature of religiosity, additional investigation is in order. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Health KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Linear Models KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Patient Compliance KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Quality of Life KW - Religion KW - Renal Dialysis SP - 488 EP - 497 SN - 1523-6838 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15332222 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7090 T1 - Fluent bodies : Ayurvedic remedies for postcolonial imbalance CY - Durham A1 - Langford,Jean PB - Duke University Press PY - 2002/// SN - 9780822329312 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6123 T1 - Health and healing in the Qur'an CY - Sa'adu Zungur Kano A1 - Ahmed,Musa PB - Triumph Pub. Co. Ltd. PY - 1998/// SN - 9789781880506 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8103 T1 - Healing Traditions: Alternative Medicine and the Health Professions T3 - Studies in health, illness, and caregiving CY - Philadelphia A1 - O'Connor,Bonnie Blair PB - University of Pennsylvania Press PY - 1995/// KW - AIDS (Disease) KW - Alternative medicine KW - Alternative treatment KW - Health Services Research KW - Hmong Americans KW - Medicine KW - United States SN - 0812231848 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7484 T1 - The Perceived Benefits of Religious and Spiritual Coping among Older Adults Living with HIV/AIDS JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - Siegel,Karolynn A1 - Schrimshaw,Eric W. VL - 41 IS - 1 PY - 2002/03// N2 - Although religious and spiritual beliefs and practices have been frequently associated with greater psychological well-being among illness populations, little is known about the specific benefits individuals perceive they receive from these beliefs and practices. This issue was examined in interviews with 63 older HIV-infected adults. Participants reported a variety of benefits from their religious and spiritual beliefs and practices, including: (1) evokes comforting emotions and feelings; (2) offers strength, empowerment, and control; (3) eases the emotional burden of the illness; (4) offers social support and a sense of belonging; (5) offers spiritual support through a personal relationship with God; (6) facilitates meaning and acceptance of the illness; (7) helps preserve health; (8) relieves the fear and uncertainty of death; (9) facilitates self-acceptance and reduces self-blame. These perceived benefits suggest potential mechanisms by which religion/spirituality may affect psychological adjustment. SP - 91 EP - 102 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/1387714 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7641 T1 - A Randomized Trial Comparing Acupuncture, Simulated Acupuncture, and Usual Care for Chronic Low Back Pain JF - Arch Intern Med M3 - 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.65 A1 - Cherkin,Daniel C. A1 - Sherman,Karen J. A1 - Avins,Andrew L. A1 - Erro,Janet H. A1 - Ichikawa,Laura A1 - Barlow,William E. A1 - Delaney,Kristin A1 - Hawkes,Rene A1 - Hamilton,Luisa A1 - Pressman,Alice A1 - Khalsa,Partap S. A1 - Deyo,Richard A. VL - 169 IS - 9 PY - 2009/05/11/ N2 - Background Acupuncture is a popular complementary and alternative treatment for chronic back pain. Recent European trials suggest similar short-term benefits from real and sham acupuncture needling. This trial addresses the importance of needle placement and skin penetration in eliciting acupuncture effects for patients with chronic low back pain. Methods A total of 638 adults with chronic mechanical low back pain were randomized to individualized acupuncture, standardized acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, or usual care. Ten treatments were provided over 7 weeks by experienced acupuncturists. The primary outcomes were back-related dysfunction (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire score; range, 0-23) and symptom bothersomeness (0-10 scale). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after 8, 26, and 52 weeks. Results At 8 weeks, mean dysfunction scores for the individualized, standardized, and simulated acupuncture groups improved by 4.4, 4.5, and 4.4 points, respectively, compared with 2.1 points for those receiving usual care (P < .001). Participants receiving real or simulated acupuncture were more likely than those receiving usual care to experience clinically meaningful improvements on the dysfunction scale (60% vs 39%; P < .001). Symptoms improved by 1.6 to 1.9 points in the treatment groups compared with 0.7 points in the usual care group (P < .001). After 1 year, participants in the treatment groups were more likely than those receiving usual care to experience clinically meaningful improvements in dysfunction (59% to 65% vs 50%, respectively; P = .02) but not in symptoms (P > .05). Conclusions Although acupuncture was found effective for chronic low back pain, tailoring needling sites to each patient and penetration of the skin appear to be unimportant in eliciting therapeutic benefits. These findings raise questions about acupuncture's purported mechanisms of action. It remains unclear whether acupuncture or our simulated method of acupuncture provide physiologically important stimulation or represent placebo or nonspecific effects. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00065585 SP - 858 EP - 866 UR - http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/169/9/858 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6124 T1 - Encyclopedia of Native American healing CY - Santa Barbara Calif A1 - Lyon,William PB - ABC-CLIO PY - 1996/// SN - 9780874368529 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7458 T1 - The Stress-Buffering Role of Spiritual Support: Cross-Sectional and Prospective Investigations. JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - Maton,Kenneth I. VL - 28 IS - 3 PY - 1989/// N2 - The contribution of spiritual support (perceived support from God) to well-being, especially under conditions of high versus low life stress, has received little empirical study In the present research, the relationship of spiritual support to well-being for several high and low life-stress samples was examined. With demographic variables controlled, regression analyses indicated that spiritual support: 1) was inversely related to depression and positively related to self-esteem for high life-stress (recently bereaved) parents; and 2) in a prospective (longitudinal) analysis with pre-college depression controlled, spiritual support was positively related to personal-emotional adjustment to college for high life, stress (three or more life events), first-semester college freshmen. Spiritual support was not significantly related to well-being for low life-stress subsamples. The implications of the findings for future research and intervention are discussed. [ KW - ADJUSTMENT (Psychology) KW - DEMOGRAPHY KW - LONGITUDINAL method KW - SELF-esteem -- Religious aspects KW - Spiritual life KW - STRESS (Psychology) -- Religious aspects SP - 310 EP - 310 SN - 00218294 UR - http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=4894195&site=ehost-live&scope=site ER - TY - ELEC ID - 1 T1 - Zotero Quick Start Guide A1 - Center for History and New Media N1 -Welcome to Zotero!
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UR - http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7912 T1 - Risk management in hypnotic recall of near-death experiences JF - The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis JA - Am J Clin Hypn A1 - Holden,J M A1 - MacHovec,F VL - 36 IS - 1 PY - 1993/07// N2 - A substantial number of people facing physical and/or psychological crisis report having a near-death experience (NDE) involving a subjectively real experience of an alternate reality. Where NDE content is associated with positive emotions, benefit might be gained by hypnotic recall of the NDE, yet such recall might involve possible risk in the form of reactivation of the original crisis. In this article we describe a study involving hypnotic recall of positive NDEs by one male and five female subjects. We describe in detail some procedures to minimize risk, including a hypnosis protocol. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Death KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Life Change Events KW - Male KW - Mental Recall KW - Middle Aged KW - Regression (Psychology) KW - Risk Management SP - 38 EP - 46 SN - 0002-9157 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8368195 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6125 T1 - Murder, Magic, and Medicine CY - New York A1 - Mann,J. PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2000/// KW - History KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Pharmacology KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0198507445 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7581 T1 - Regulation, religious experience, and epilepsy: a lens on complementary therapies JF - Epilepsy & Behavior: E&B JA - Epilepsy Behav A1 - Cohen,Michael H VL - 4 IS - 6 PY - 2003/12// N2 - Complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies include chiropractic, acupuncture and traditional Oriental medicine, massage therapy, and herbal remedies; mind-body therapies (such as meditative practices and visualization); and folk practices and religious healing. Of these, modalities based on spiritual healing create a number of conundrums for the clinician, including legal, regulatory, and ethical issues. Further, the historic relationship between the study of epilepsy and religious experience suggests particular, potential associations between CAM therapies (and especially spiritual healing) and care for epileptic patients. There are at least two dimensions to this exploration: first, the widespread use of spiritual healing for treatment of epilepsy; and second, the hypothesized connection between epileptic seizures and mystical states. A number of legal rules help address potential abuse of authority by health care professionals, and include: (1) medical licensure; (2) scope of practice; (3) professional discipline; (4) malpractice; and (5) fraud. This article offers a preliminary resource for clinicians interested in these topics. KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Epilepsy KW - Health Services Needs and Demand KW - Humans KW - Mental Healing KW - Religion KW - Social Control, Formal KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality SP - 602 EP - 606 SN - 1525-5050 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14698692 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7490 T1 - End-of-life decisions in HIV-positive patients: the role of spiritual beliefs JF - AIDS (London, England) JA - AIDS A1 - Kaldjian,L C A1 - Jekel,J F A1 - Friedland,G VL - 12 IS - 1 PY - 1998/01/01/ N2 - OBJECTIVE: To describe the role of spiritual beliefs in HIV-positive patients' end-of-life decisions. DESIGN: Inperson, cross-sectional survey. SETTING: An HIV/AIDS floor of an urban, university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Ninety hospitalized HIV-positive patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prior discussions about advance directives, possession of a living will (written advance directive), fear of death, professions of hope and purpose in life, religious beliefs and practices, guilt about HIV infection, and perception of HIV as punishment. RESULTS: Of 104 eligible patients, 90 agreed to be interviewed. Twenty-four per cent of patients had discussed their resuscitation status with a physician and 17% possessed a living will; 44% of patients felt guilty about their HIV infection, 32% expressed fear of death, and 26% felt their disease was some form of punishment. Prior discussions about resuscitation status were less likely in those who perceived HIV as punishment (P=0.009) and more likely in those who believed in God's forgiveness (P=0.043). A living will was more common in those who prayed daily (P=0.025) and in those whose belief in God helped them when thinking about death (P=0.065). Fear of death was more likely in those who perceived HIV as punishment (P=0.01) or felt guilty about having HIV (P=0.039), and less likely in those who read the Bible frequently (P=0.01) or attended church regularly (P=0.015). Outcome measures did not vary significantly according sex, race, HIV risk factors, or education level. CONCLUSIONS: In this HIV-positive population, spiritual beliefs and religious practices appeared to play a role in end-of-life decisions. Discussions about end-of-life decisions may be facilitated by a patient's belief in a forgiving God and impeded by a patient's interpretation of HIV infection as punishment. Health-care providers need to recognize patients' spiritual beliefs and incorporate them into discussions about terminal care. KW - Advance Care Planning KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Death KW - Decision Making KW - Educational Status KW - Fear KW - Female KW - Guilt KW - HIV Infections KW - Hospitalization KW - Hospitals, University KW - Humans KW - Living Wills KW - Male KW - Punishment KW - Religion KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Resuscitation Orders KW - risk factors KW - Sex Factors KW - Spirituality KW - Vulnerable Populations SP - 103 EP - 107 SN - 0269-9370 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9456260 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8314 T1 - Ayurveda: A Practical Guide: The Science of Self Healing A1 - Lad,Vasant PB - Lotus Press PY - 1984/01/25/ SN - 0914955004 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8067 T1 - Transformative practices for integrating mind-body-spirit JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med A1 - Luskin,Frederic VL - 10 Suppl 1 PY - 2004/// N2 - This paper explores the clinical use of transformative practices that arose from the varied religious traditions of the world. Examples include prayer, meditation, mantra, affirmation, tai chi, and yoga. The purpose of these practices was to lead the practitioner to long term spiritual transformation toward an enhanced awareness of spirit, and a corresponding diminishment of identification with the mental and physical aspects of life. Unfortunately, the vagueness of the definition of transformation demonstrates that it is a broad and diffuse multidimensional concept difficult to quantify and resistant to rigorous research. However, these spiritual practices, offered as interventions separate from their spiritual tradition, have begun to be evaluated to document their effect on psychological and physical well-being. Currently, there are a number of well-designed studies that attest to the health-enhancing and suffering-reducing benefits derived from religiously transformative practices. There also is research, although sporadic and mostly on forgiveness, slowly emerging to show that prosocial positive emotion skills can be taught, and when measured, demonstrate benefit. Randomized trials of transformative practices are needed to help all levels of the health care system focus their attention on the manifestations and effect of the care delivered. KW - Attitude to Health KW - Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Quality Assurance, Health Care KW - Quality of Life KW - Research Design KW - Self Care KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality SP - S15-23 EP - S15-23 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15630819 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7518 T1 - Religiosity and participation in mutual-aid support groups for addiction JF - Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment JA - J Subst Abuse Treat M3 - 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.07.001 A1 - Atkins,Randolph G A1 - Hawdon,James E VL - 33 IS - 3 PY - 2007/10// N2 - Mutual-aid support groups play a vital role in substance abuse treatment in the United States. A national survey of mutual-aid support groups for addiction was conducted to identify key differences between participants in recovery groups. Survey data indicate that active involvement in support groups significantly improves one's chances of remaining clean and sober, regardless of the group in which one participates. Respondents whose individual beliefs better matched those of their primary support groups showed greater levels of group participation, resulting in better outcomes as measured by increased number of days clean and sober. Religious respondents were more likely to participate in 12-step groups and Women for Sobriety. Nonreligious respondents were significantly less likely to participate in 12-step groups. Religiosity had little impact on SMART Recovery participation but actually decreased participation in Secular Organizations for Sobriety. These results have important implications for treatment planning and matching individuals to appropriate support groups. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior, Addictive KW - Female KW - Health Care Surveys KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Recurrence KW - Self-Help Groups KW - Spirituality KW - Substance-Related Disorders KW - Temperance KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 321 EP - 331 SN - 0740-5472 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17889302 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7108 T1 - Chinese magical medicine CY - Stanford Calif. A1 - Strickmann,Michel PB - Stanford University Press PY - 2002/// SN - 9780804734493 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7606 T1 - Complementary and alternative therapy use before and after breast cancer diagnosis: the Pathways Study JF - Breast Cancer Research and Treatment JA - Breast Cancer Res. Treat M3 - 10.1007/s10549-009-0315-3 A1 - Greenlee,Heather A1 - Kwan,Marilyn L A1 - Ergas,Isaac Joshua A1 - Sherman,Karen J A1 - Krathwohl,Sarah E A1 - Bonnell,Christine A1 - Lee,Marion M A1 - Kushi,Lawrence H VL - 117 IS - 3 PY - 2009/10// N2 - Many women use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to maintain or improve their health. We describe CAM use among the first 1,000 participants enrolled in the Pathways Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC). Participants, identified by rapid case ascertainment in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, are women > or = 21 years diagnosed with first invasive BC. Comprehensive baseline data are collected on CAM use through in-person interviews. Study participants include 70.9% non-Hispanic whites, 10.2% Hispanics, 9.0% Asians, 6.5% African-Americans, and 3.4% others. Most women (82.2%) were diagnosed with AJCC stage I/II BC at average (+/-SD) age 59.5 (+/-12.0) years and reported prior use of at least one form of CAM (96.5% of participants). In the 5 years before diagnosis, CAM therapies used at least weekly by >20% of women included green tea, glucosamine, omega-3 fatty acids, prayer and religion. CAM use was high (86.1% of participants) in the period immediately following diagnosis; 47.5% used botanical supplements, 47.2% used other natural products, 28.8% used special diets, 64.2% used mind-body healing, and 26.5% used body/energy/other treatments. In multivariable analyses, frequent use of each CAM modality before and after diagnosis was associated with use of other CAM modalities and other health behaviors (i.e., high fruit/vegetable intake, lower BMI). CAM use before and after BC diagnosis is common in this diverse group of women. Our results emphasize the need for clinicians to discuss CAM use with all BC patients. SP - 653 EP - 665 SN - 1573-7217 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19184414 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8317 T1 - Blind Faith: The Unholy Alliance of Religion and Medicine A1 - Sloan,Richard PB - St. Martin's Press PY - 2006/10/31/ SN - 978-0312348816 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7252 T1 - American Indian Healing Arts: Herbs, Rituals, and Remedies for Every Season of Life CY - New York A1 - Kavasch,E. Barrie A1 - Baar,Karen PB - Bantam Books PY - 1999/// KW - Herbs KW - Indians of North America KW - Indians, North American KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - North America KW - Therapeutic use KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0553378813 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7085 T1 - Making medicine indigenous: homeopathy in South India JF - Social History of Medicine: The Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / SSHM JA - Soc Hist Med A1 - Hausman,Gary J VL - 15 IS - 2 PY - 2002/08// N2 - Historical studies of homeopathy in Europe and the USA have focused on practitioners' attempts to emphasize 'modern' and 'scientific' approaches. Studies of homeopathy in India have focused on a process of Indianization. Arguing against such unilineal trajectories, this paper situates homeopathy in South India within the context of shifting relations between 'scientific' and 'indigenous' systems of medicine. Three time periods are considered. From 1924 through 1934, homeopathy was singled out by Government of Madras officials as 'scientific', as contrasted with the 'indigenous' Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine. From 1947 through 1960, both 'indigenous' and 'scientific' interpretations of homeopathy were put forward by different factions. An honorary director of homeopathy proposed the Indianization of homeopathy, and its reconciliation with Ayurveda; this view conflicted with the Madras government's policy of expanding the 'scientific' medical curriculum of the Government College of Indigenous Medicine. It was not until the early 1970s that homeopathy was officially recognized in Tamilnadu State. By then, both homeopathy and Ayurveda had become conceptualized as non-Tamil, in contrast with promotion of the Tamil Siddha system of 'indigenous' medicine. Thus, constructs of 'indigenous' and 'scientific' systems of medicine are quite malleable with respect to homeopathy in South India. KW - Colonialism KW - History, 20th Century KW - Homeopathy KW - India KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Political Systems KW - Science SP - 303 EP - 322 SN - 0951-631X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12638553 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7473 T1 - The role of the spiritual dimension of the self as the prime determinant of health JF - Disability and Rehabilitation JA - Disabil Rehabil M3 - 10.1080/09638280500265946 A1 - Faull,K A1 - Hills,M D VL - 28 IS - 11 PY - 2006/06/15/ N2 - PURPOSE: To present a clinical commentary on the relationship of spirituality to healthcare for those with chronic physical conditions. METHOD: A spiritually based theory of self-identity was presented, based on selected literature to identify the process of health attainment for those with chronic conditions. The resultant Health Change Process Theory was then discussed in relation to relevant empirical research and the implications for rehabilitation practice were outlined. RESULTS: The development of a resilient, intrinsic, spiritually based concept of self was found to be pivotal to health outcomes in rehabilitation. This was then incorporated within a Health Change Process Theory to explain and predict the course followed by people with chronic disorders to achieve health. CONCLUSION: The Health Change Process Theory provides an inclusive framework within which acute and chronic rehabilitation healthcare can be merged to maximise health outcomes. Nevertheless, a need remains to develop a quantitative measure of individual holistic health, based on this theory, to facilitate its use in rehabilitation practice. This paper forwards an explanation for the process that people experiencing chronic physical disabilities undergo as they achieve health. A concept of self that identifies the spiritual core as the component that determines the constancy and continuity of self as a whole which is necessary for health is presented as the basis of the rehabilitative health process. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Chronic Disease KW - Health KW - Humans KW - Self Concept KW - Spirituality SP - 729 EP - 740 SN - 0963-8288 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809216 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7321 T1 - Religion and Subjective Well-Being in Adulthood: A Quantitative Synthesis JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Witter,Robert A. A1 - Stock,William A. A1 - Okun,Morris A. A1 - Haring,Marilyn J. VL - 26 IS - 4 PY - 1985/06// N2 - What is the strength and direction of the relation between religion and subjective well-being in adulthood? We addressed this question by performing a quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis). The dependent variable was zero-order correlations between religion and subjective well-being. Independent variables were measure, sample, and study characteristics. We found that religion was significantly, positively related to subjective well-being. The relation between religion and subjective well-being is stronger for religious activity than for religiosity measures. The relation is stronger for samples of older than younger adults. The strength of the religion/subjective well-being relation has decreased over time. Religion accounts for between 2 and 6 percent of the variance in adult subjective well-being. SP - 332 EP - 342 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3511048 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7377 T1 - The relationship between spirituality and depressive symptoms: testing psychosocial mechanisms JF - The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease JA - J. Nerv. Ment. Dis M3 - 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31811f4038 A1 - Mofidi,Mahyar A1 - DeVellis,Robert F A1 - DeVellis,Brenda M A1 - Blazer,Dan G A1 - Panter,A T A1 - Jordan,Joanne M VL - 195 IS - 8 PY - 2007/08// N2 - Although many studies suggest lower rates of depressive symptoms in those who report greater spirituality, few have investigated the mechanisms by which spirituality might relate to depressive symptoms. The current study aimed to elucidate potential psychosocial mechanisms that link these 2 variables. Data were drawn from a community-dwelling stratified sample of 630 racially diverse adults in rural North Carolina. Spirituality was assessed by 6 items of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale. Depressive symptoms were measured using 4 subscales from the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression. Hypothesized mediators were optimism, volunteering, and perceived social support. Structural equation modeling was used to test whether proposed mediators explain a link between spirituality and depressive symptoms. The model demonstrated a satisfactory fit. Spirituality was indirectly related to depressive symptoms. More specifically, spirituality was significantly associated with optimism and volunteering but not with social support, and optimism, volunteering and perceived social support were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. The link between spirituality and depressive symptoms is indirect. The relationship is mediated by optimism, volunteering, and social support. Findings present research and practice implications. KW - Attitude KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - Depressive Disorder KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Psychological KW - North Carolina KW - Prevalence KW - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales KW - Rural Population KW - social support KW - Spirituality KW - Voluntary Workers SP - 681 EP - 688 SN - 0022-3018 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17700301 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7145 T1 - How Islam changed medicine: Ibn Sina (Avicenna) saw medicine and surgery as one JF - BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) JA - BMJ M3 - 10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120-b A1 - Urquhart,John VL - 332 IS - 7533 PY - 2006/01/14/ KW - General Surgery KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, Medieval KW - Islam KW - Medicine, Arabic SP - 120 EP - 120 SN - 1468-5833 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16410600 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7218 T1 - Indigenous Medicine and Knowledge in African Society CY - New York A1 - Konadu,Kwasi PB - Routledge PY - 2007/// KW - Africa KW - Medical anthropology KW - Medicinal plants KW - Social life and customs KW - Traditional medicine SN - 9780415956208 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7757 T1 - Religious Attendance and Psychological Well-Being in Middle-Aged and Older Mexican Americans JF - Sociological Analysis A1 - Levin,Jeffrey S. A1 - Markides,Kyriakos S. VL - 49 IS - 1 PY - 1988///Spring N2 - The relationship between religious attendance and psychological well-being is explored in a sample of middle-aged and older Mexican American men and women. Religious attendance has significant zero-order effects on life satisfaction in older men and in middle-aged and older women. The associations remain significant in women, despite controlling for age, marital status, social class, and either of two indicators of health status. Previous work in gerontology and epidemiology suggests that religious attendance, especially among older adults, may represent a proxy for health, but our findings provide only mixed confirmation of this, and only in older men. In women, religious attendance does appear to have a substantive independent effect on well-being SP - 66 EP - 72 SN - 00380210 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3711104 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8245 T1 - Mesmer minus magic: hypnosis and modern medicine JF - The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis JA - Int J Clin Exp Hypn A1 - Spiegel,David VL - 50 IS - 4 PY - 2002/10// N2 - The implications and effects of the French commission that passed judgment on Mesmer's work is examined in light of the pioneering role of hypnosis as the first Western conception of a psychotherapy, the ancient philosophical debate between idealism and empiricism, and the conflict in modern medicine between biotechnological emphasis on cure and the need for care as many previously terminal illnesses are converted to chronic diseases. The panel's report is interpreted as negative about the literal theory of animal magnetism but actually supportive of the potential therapeutic power of suggestion and "positive thinking." This aspect of hypnosis is described as a forerunner of modern cognitive therapies of depression and other illnesses. The panel exerted a constructive effect in applying scientific method and rigorous evaluation to hypnotic treatment, an application of Enlightenment philosophy that presaged the Flexner era in modern medicine. Both hypnosis and medicine ultimately benefited. KW - France KW - History, 18th Century KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, 20th Century KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Magic KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Psychotherapy SP - 397 EP - 406 SN - 0020-7144 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12362955 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7188 T1 - Electric Medicine and Mesmerism JF - Isis A1 - Sutton,Geoffrey VL - 72 IS - 3 PY - 1981/09// SP - 375 EP - 392 SN - 00211753 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/230256 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8096 T1 - Nursing, religiosity, and end-of-life care: interconnections and implications JF - The Nursing Clinics of North America JA - Nurs. Clin. North Am M3 - 10.1016/j.cnur.2009.07.010 A1 - Bjarnason,Dana VL - 44 IS - 4 PY - 2009/12// N2 - The influence of religious beliefs and practices at the end of life is underinvestigated. Given nursing's advocacy role and the intimate and personal nature of the dimensions of religiosity and the end of life, exploring the multidimensional interplay of religiosity and end-of-life care is a significant aspect of the nurse-patient relationship and must be better understood. The question that must be faced is whether nurses' own belief systems impinge on or influence patient care, especially for patients who are at the end of life. When nurses understand their own beliefs and respect the religious practices and needs of patients and their families, it deepens the humanistic dimensions of the nurse-patient relationship. KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Attitude to Death KW - Attitude to Health KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Decision Making KW - Dissent and Disputes KW - Humanism KW - Humans KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Nurse's Role KW - Patient Advocacy KW - Philosophy, Nursing KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Secularism KW - Spirituality KW - Terminal Care KW - United States SP - 517 EP - 525 SN - 1558-1357 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19850187 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6126 T1 - Health Knowledge and Belief Systems in Africa CY - Durham, N.C A1 - Falola,Toyin ED - Heaton,Matthew M PB - Carolina Academic Press PY - 2008/// KW - Africa KW - Medical care KW - Social medicine KW - Traditional medicine SN - 1594602433 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7280 T1 - Samoan Medical Belief and Practice A1 - Macpherson,Cluny A1 - Macpherson,La'arasa PB - University of Hawaii Press PY - 2007/01// SN - 0824831330 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8027 T1 - Mind-body interventions: Applications in neurology JF - Neurology M3 - 10.1212/01.wnl.0000314667.16386.5e A1 - Wahbeh,Helane A1 - Elsas,Siegward-M A1 - Oken,Barry S. VL - 70 IS - 24 PY - 2008/06/10/ N2 - Objective: Half of the adults in the United States use complementary and alternative medicine with mind-body therapy being the most commonly used form. Neurology patients often turn to their physicians for insight into the effectiveness of the therapies and resources to integrate them into their care. The objective of this article is to give a clinical overview of mind-body interventions and their applications in neurology. Methods: Medline and PsychInfo were searched on mind-body therapies and neurologic disease search terms for clinical trials and reviews and published evidence was graded. Results: Meditation, relaxation, and breathing techniques, yoga, tai chi, and qigong, hypnosis, and biofeedback are described. Mind-body therapy application to general pain, back and neck pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, headaches, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, muscular dysfunction, stroke, aging, Parkinson disease, stroke, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder are reviewed. Conclusions: There are several conditions where the evidence for mind-body therapies is quite strong such as migraine headache. Mind-body therapies for other neurology applications have limited evidence due mostly to small clinical trials and inadequate control groups. SP - 2321 EP - 2328 UR - http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/24/2321 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7182 T1 - Despair, Sickness or Sin?: Hopelessness and Healing in the Christian Life CY - Nashville A1 - Bringle,Mary Louise PB - Abingdon Press PY - 1990/// KW - Despair KW - Health KW - Hope KW - Laziness KW - Religious aspects KW - Sin SN - 0687104939 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7948 T1 - Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality. Implications for physical and mental health research JF - The American Psychologist JA - Am Psychol A1 - Hill,Peter C A1 - Pargament,Kenneth I VL - 58 IS - 1 PY - 2003/01// N2 - Empirical studies have identified significant links between religion and spirituality and health. The reasons for these associations, however, are unclear. Typically, religion and spirituality have been measured by global indices (e.g., frequency of church attendance, self-rated religiousness and spirituality) that do not specify how or why religion and spirituality affect health. The authors highlight recent advances in the delineation of religion and spirituality concepts and measures theoretically and functionally connected to health. They also point to areas for areas for growth in religion and spirituality conceptualization and measurement. Through measures of religion and spirituality more conceptually related to physical and mental health (e.g., closeness to God, religious orientation and motivation, religious support, religious struggle), psychologists are discovering more about the distinctive contributions of religiousness and spirituality to health and well-being. KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - mental health KW - Motivation KW - Quality of Life KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Research Design KW - Spirituality KW - Truth Disclosure SP - 64 EP - 74 SN - 0003-066X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12674819 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6127 T1 - Sickness, Healing, and Religious Vocation: Alternative Choices at a Theravāda Buddhist Nunnery JF - Ethnology A1 - Salgado,Nirmala S. VL - 36 IS - 3 PY - 1997///Summer N2 - This essay examines alternative religious vocations and choices of cures that are open to women in the Sri Lankan Buddhist context. The focus of the investigation is a Theravāda Buddhist hermitage that was studied over an eleven-year period. The article presents case histories of nuns who are representative of the individuals living at the hermitage, and demonstrates how the illnesses they suffer concurrently with their ecstatic trances (interpreted as spirit possession) receive meaning and can be cured within the framework of Buddhist asceticism in Sri Lanka. SP - 213 EP - 226 SN - 00141828 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3773986 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8048 T1 - Medicine, Spirituality, and Patient Care JF - Journal of the American Medical Association JA - JAMA M3 - 10.1001/jama.300.7.836 A1 - Fosarelli,Pat VL - 300 IS - 7 PY - 2008/08/20/ N2 - As a physician and pastoral theologian, and in my role as a teacher of medical, nursing, chaplaincy, and theology students, I am often asked (especially when speaking about the needs of seriously ill and dying patients), "Is spiritual care always an important part of medical care? If yes, who should assess the need for it?" Religion is defined as "the service and worship of God or the supernatural; a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices"; and spirituality is defined as "the quality or state of being spiritual" (with spiritual meaning "of or relating to sacred matters").1 In most individuals' estimation, religion tends to be associated with formal practices and rules that connect a person to the sacred. Because spirituality is not usually based on human-made laws of reason or logic, it is often described as the nonlogical or nonrational... SP - 836 EP - 838 UR - http://jama.ama-assn.org.ezproxy.bu.edu ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6128 T1 - Islamic legacy of cardiology: Inspirations from the holy sources JF - International Journal of Cardiology JA - Int. J. Cardiol M3 - 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.470 A1 - Turgut,Okan A1 - Yalta,Kenan A1 - Tandogan,Izzet PY - 2009/10/24/ N2 - The main source of all inspirational knowledge in Islam is indeed the Holy Qur'an. The verses of the Qur'an as well as the Hadeeth and Sunnah literature have also accumulated a number of teachings and practices in relation to cardiovascular medicine. Islam is actually a comprehensive system of life, which provides mankind with the best forms of balance between the mundane and the spiritual. Early era of Islamic medicine has generated some very famous and notable physicians. The greatest physician of this era was Avicenna who devoted a substantial section of his classic magnum opus, the Canon of Medicine, to cardiovascular disorders. The empirical guidelines and principles of the Qur'an and Sunnah might contribute to the understanding and evaluation of various disturbances of the heart and vessels. Islamic legacy will still continue to inspire the contemporary cardiology in investigating cardiovascular diseases. SN - 1874-1754 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19857908 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7513 T1 - Patient attitudes concerning the inclusion of spirituality into addiction treatment JF - Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment JA - J Subst Abuse Treat A1 - Arnold,RuthM A1 - Avants,S Kelly A1 - Margolin,Arthur A1 - Marcotte,David VL - 23 IS - 4 PY - 2002/12// N2 - The purpose of this exploratory study was 3-fold: (a) to determine how 'spirituality' is defined by inner-city HIV-positive drug users; (b) to determine perceived relationships between spirituality and abstinence, harm reduction, and health promotion; and (c) to assess interest in a spirituality-based intervention. Opioid-dependent patients enrolled in an inner-city methadone maintenance program participated in the study; 21 participated in focus groups and 47 completed a questionnaire. In the focus groups, two predominant themes emerged: spirituality as a source of strength/protection of self, and spirituality as a source of altruism/protection of others. A large majority of the larger sample expressed an interest in receiving spirituality-focused treatment, reporting that such an intervention would be helpful for reducing craving and HIV risk behavior, following medical recommendations, and increasing hopefulness. African American women perceived spirituality as more helpful in their recovery than did African American men. KW - Adult KW - Attitude KW - Connecticut KW - Female KW - Focus Groups KW - Harm Reduction KW - HIV Infections KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Patient Compliance KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality KW - Substance-Related Disorders KW - Urban Population SP - 319 EP - 326 SN - 0740-5472 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12495793 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7564 T1 - Spirituality and Alzheimer's JF - Nursing Older People JA - Nurs Older People A1 - Dopson,Laurence VL - 17 IS - 4 PY - 2005/06// KW - Aged KW - Alzheimer Disease KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Attitude to Health KW - Health Status KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality SP - 39 EP - 39 SN - 1472-0795 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15968863 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7246 T1 - Shamanism in Contemporary Society JF - Anthropology Today A1 - Woodman,Justin VL - 14 IS - 6 PY - 1998/12// SP - 23 EP - 24 SN - 0268540X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2783241 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8141 T1 - Nursing with dignity. Part 8: Islam JF - Nursing Times JA - Nurs Times A1 - Akhtar,Shaida Ghazala VL - 98 IS - 16 PY - 2002/04/16/22 N2 - This article describes the main teachings and customs of Islam. It offers some guidelines to enable nurses to provide sensitive and appropriate care to Muslim patients. KW - Attitude to Health KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Transcultural Nursing SP - 40 EP - 42 SN - 0954-7762 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11997996 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7914 T1 - Near-Death Experiences and the Temporal Lobe JF - Psychological Science JA - Psychological Science M3 - 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00661.x A1 - Britton,Willoughby B. A1 - Bootzin,Richard R. VL - 15 IS - 4 PY - 2004/04// N2 - Many studies in humans suggest that altered temporal lobe functioning, especially functioning in the right temporal lobe, is involved in mystical and religious experiences. We investigated temporal lobe functioning in individuals who reported having transcendental "near-death experiences" during life-threatening events. These individuals were found to have more temporal lobe epileptiform electroencephalographic activity than control subjects and also reported significantly more temporal lobe epileptic symptoms. Contrary to predictions, epileptiform activity was nearly completely lateralized to the left hemisphere. The near-death experience was not associated with dysfunctional stress reactions such as dissociation, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse, but rather was associated with positive coping styles. Additional analyses revealed that near-death experiencers had altered sleep patterns, specifically, a shorter duration of sleep and delayed REM sleep relative to the control group. These results suggest that altered temporal lobe functioning may be involved in the near-death experience and that individuals who have had such experiences are physiologically distinct from the general population. SP - 254 EP - 258 SN - 0956-7976 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/cgi-bin/fulltext/120705572/main.html,ftx_abs ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7428 T1 - Religious affiliation and psychiatric diagnoses JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - MacDonald, Coval A1 - Luckett, Jeffrey B. VL - 22 IS - 1 PY - 1983/03// N2 - This study examines the relationship between religious affiliation and psychiatric diagnoses in a sample of 7050 patients at a mid-western psychiatric clinic (1977-80). Seven major and thirty-three specific religious groups are compared according to nine major and forty-four specific DSM II psychiatric diagnostic categories. The major finding is that under emotional stress, affiliates of major and specific religious groups tend to experience psychiatric disorder in different ways. Using the top third Chi-square values for both major and specific groups, a psychiatric profile is provided for each religious group in which significantly strong and weak diagnoses are rank ordered. SP - 15 EP - 37 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8057 T1 - Religion, infertility and assisted reproductive technology JF - Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology JA - Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol M3 - 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.09.007 A1 - Dutney,Andrew VL - 21 IS - 1 PY - 2007/02// N2 - This chapter describes religion in general before discussing the centrality of its concern for family formation. In light of this, the impact of infertility on religious people is considered. Recognizing religion's cautiously positive attitude towards assisted reproductive technology (ART) as a potential ally in the project of family formation and the relief of infertility, two areas that have caused concern for the religions are discussed: perceived threats to marriage and the sanctity of the human embryo. Throughout the chapter, illustrations are drawn from particular religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. There are striking similarities in their concerns and in the range of their responses to ART. Ways in which medical personnel should take into account the religious dimensions of the experience of infertility in their care for patients are suggested. KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Infertility, Female KW - Pregnancy KW - Religion KW - Reproductive Techniques, Assisted KW - Women's Rights SP - 169 EP - 180 SN - 1521-6934 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17110170 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7390 T1 - Religious Doubt and Health: Exploring the Potential Dark Side of Religion JF - Sociology of Religion M3 - 10.2307/3712506 A1 - Krause,Neal A1 - Wulff,Keith M. VL - 65 IS - 1 PY - 2004///Spring N2 - The purpose of this study is to test two hypotheses about the relationship between religious doubt and health. The first hypothesis specifies that people who have more doubts about their faith will be less satisfied with their health, and experience more symptoms of depression than individuals who have fewer doubts about their religious beliefs. The second hypothesis states that the potentially deleterious effects of religious doubt will be greater for people who occupy formal roles in the church. Findings from a nationwide survey provide support for both hypotheses. The results underscore the importance of looking at the potential costs, as well as the benefits, of religious involvement. SP - 35 EP - 56 SN - 10694404 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/3712506 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6129 T1 - Ayurvĕda gleaned through Buddhism JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Narayana,Ala A1 - Lavekar,G S VL - 35 IS - 2 PY - 2005/12//Jul-undefined N2 - The Păli canon consists of three Pitakas (baskets), which replete the Buddhism and is known as Tripiţaka, viz, Vinaya, Sutta and Abhidhamma Piţakas. The original phase of Tripiţaka (Buddhisim started in 544 B.C. and lastly systematized up to 29 B.C. The Buddhist literature also possesses the esoteric material of Medical Science, which is practiced and conserved in India since centuries. It refers to the fundamentals of medicine, rules of good living, which lay considerable emphasis on the hygiene of body, mind. Internal Medicine, curative medicine including symptoms, methods of diagnosis, theories of causation, materia-medica, therapeutics and treatment and skills of Jivaka. Some famous and popular prescriptions are also dealt with. KW - Buddhism KW - History, Ancient KW - Humans KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 131 EP - 146 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333669 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7483 T1 - Five-factor model personality traits, spirituality/religiousness, and mental health among people living with HIV JF - Journal of Personality JA - J Pers M3 - 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00587.x A1 - Löckenhoff,Corinna E A1 - Ironson,Gail H A1 - O'Cleirigh,Conall A1 - Costa,Paul T VL - 77 IS - 5 PY - 2009/10// N2 - We examined the association between five-factor personality domains and facets and spirituality/religiousness as well as their joint association with mental health in a diverse sample of people living with HIV (n=112, age range 18-66). Spirituality/religiousness showed stronger associations with Conscientiousness, Openness, and Agreeableness than with Neuroticism and Extraversion. Both personality traits and spirituality/religiousness were significantly linked to mental health, even after controlling for individual differences in demographic measures and disease status. Personality traits explained unique variance in mental health above spirituality and religiousness. Further, aspects of spirituality and religiousness were found to mediate some of the links between personality and mental health in this patient sample. These findings suggest that underlying personality traits contribute to the beneficial effects of spirituality/religiousness among vulnerable populations. SP - 1411 EP - 1436 SN - 1467-6494 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19686457 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7890 T1 - Why revelations have occurred on mountains? Linking mystical experiences and cognitive neuroscience JF - Medical Hypotheses JA - Medical Hypotheses M3 - 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.04.044 A1 - Arzy,S A1 - Idel,M A1 - Landis,T A1 - Blanke,O VL - 65 IS - 5 PY - 2005/// SP - 841 EP - 845 SN - 03069877 UR - http://www.medical-hypotheses.com/article/S0306-9877(05)00295-1/abstract ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6130 T1 - Science and Medicine in Islam: A Collection of Essays T3 - Collected studies CY - Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain A1 - Rosenthal,Franz PB - Variorum PY - 1990/// KW - collected works KW - History KW - History of Medicine, Medieval KW - Islamic Empire KW - Medicine, Arab KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Science SN - 0860782824 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7927 T1 - Near death experience: a concept analysis as applied to nursing JF - Journal of Advanced Nursing JA - J Adv Nurs A1 - Simpson,S M VL - 36 IS - 4 PY - 2001/11// N2 - BACKGROUND: A concept is a thought or complicated mental illustration of a phenomenon. Concepts are essential in research development as they are described as the building blocks of theory. The occurrence of near death experiences (NDEs) is not an innovative subject. Parallels have existed as early as the Bible and Plato's Republic. The NDE was given further consideration in 1975 by Dr Raymond Moody who initiated an interest from the general public and researchers alike, with his book Life after Life. METHOD: This paper will use the strategy of concept analysis to find a working definition for the concept of the NDE and the implications it has for nursing. CONCLUSION: This paper will attest that the number of people who have claimed to have a NDE is phenomenal and overwhelming. In addition, it claims that the numbers of those who have experienced this phenomenon may be underestimated because of the persons' feeling of insecurity in talking with others about their paranormal incident. Therefore, it is vital that nurses become aware of the NDE and how to support the client who has had the experience. The following paper will summarize the different stages of a NDE, the consequences that one experiences, both positive and negative, and nursing implications. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adolescent KW - Aged KW - Death KW - Humans KW - Leukemia KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Nursing KW - Surgical Procedures, Operative SP - 520 EP - 526 SN - 0309-2402 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11703546 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7207 T1 - Early American mesmeric societies: a historical study JF - The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis JA - Am J Clin Hypn A1 - Gravitz,M A VL - 37 IS - 1 PY - 1994/07// N2 - Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mesmer to bring animal magnetism to the United States in 1784 through the Marquis de Lafayette, there was a period of little activity there for several decades. Then, concurrent with its revival in Europe and led by a few American practitioners who had been trained in France, several early societies of American magnetizers were founded beginning about 1815. These were initially organized in New York City and subsequently in New Orleans, Boston, Clinton, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Philadelphia. They played an important role in the development of hypnosis in America. KW - History, 18th Century KW - History, 19th Century KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Societies KW - United States SP - 41 EP - 48 SN - 0002-9157 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8085545 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6131 T1 - Making medicine indigenous: homeopathy in South India JF - Social History of Medicine: The Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / SSHM JA - Soc Hist Med A1 - Hausman,Gary J VL - 15 IS - 2 PY - 2002/08// N2 - Historical studies of homeopathy in Europe and the USA have focused on practitioners' attempts to emphasize 'modern' and 'scientific' approaches. Studies of homeopathy in India have focused on a process of Indianization. Arguing against such unilineal trajectories, this paper situates homeopathy in South India within the context of shifting relations between 'scientific' and 'indigenous' systems of medicine. Three time periods are considered. From 1924 through 1934, homeopathy was singled out by Government of Madras officials as 'scientific', as contrasted with the 'indigenous' Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine. From 1947 through 1960, both 'indigenous' and 'scientific' interpretations of homeopathy were put forward by different factions. An honorary director of homeopathy proposed the Indianization of homeopathy, and its reconciliation with Ayurveda; this view conflicted with the Madras government's policy of expanding the 'scientific' medical curriculum of the Government College of Indigenous Medicine. It was not until the early 1970s that homeopathy was officially recognized in Tamilnadu State. By then, both homeopathy and Ayurveda had become conceptualized as non-Tamil, in contrast with promotion of the Tamil Siddha system of 'indigenous' medicine. Thus, constructs of 'indigenous' and 'scientific' systems of medicine are quite malleable with respect to homeopathy in South India. KW - Colonialism KW - History, 20th Century KW - Homeopathy KW - India KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Political Systems KW - Science SP - 303 EP - 322 SN - 0951-631X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12638553 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7592 T1 - Religious coping is associated with the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer JF - Journal of Palliative Medicine JA - J Palliat Med M3 - 10.1089/jpm.2006.9.646 A1 - Tarakeshwar,Nalini A1 - Vanderwerker,Lauren C A1 - Paulk,Elizabeth A1 - Pearce,Michelle J A1 - Kasl,Stanislav V A1 - Prigerson,Holly G VL - 9 IS - 3 PY - 2006/06// N2 - BACKGROUND: For patients confronting a life-threatening illness such as advanced cancer, religious coping can be an important factor influencing their quality of life (QOL). OBJECTIVE: The study's main purpose was to examine the association between religious coping and QOL among 170 patients with advanced cancer. Both positive religious coping (e.g., benevolent religious appraisals) and negative religious coping (e.g., anger at God) and multiple dimensions of QOL (physical, physical symptom, psychological, existential, and support) were studied. DESIGN: Structured interviews were conducted with 170 patients recruited as part of an ongoing multi-institutional longitudinal evaluation of the prevalence of mental illness and patterns of mental health service utilization in advanced cancer patients and their primary informal caregivers. MEASUREMENTS: Patients completed measures of QOL (McGill QOL questionnaire), religious coping (Brief Measure of Religious Coping [RCOPE] and Multidimensional Measure of Religion/ Spirituality), self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Scale), and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Linear regression analyses revealed that after controlling for sociodemographic variables, lifetime history of depression and self-efficacy, greater use of positive religious coping was associated with better overall QOL as well as higher scores on the existential and support QOL dimensions. Greater use of positive religious coping was also related to more physical symptoms. In contrast, greater use of negative religious coping was related to poorer overall QOL and lower scores on the existential and psychological QOL dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show that religious coping plays an important role for the QOL of patients and the types of religious coping strategies used are related to better or poorer QOL. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Neoplasms KW - Quality of Life KW - Regression Analysis KW - Religion SP - 646 EP - 657 SN - 1096-6218 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16752970 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7096 T1 - Health Care and Traditional Medicine in China, 1800-1982 CY - London A1 - Hillier,S. M A1 - Jewell,J. A PB - Routledge & Kegan Paul PY - 1983/// KW - China KW - History KW - Medical care KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Chinese SN - 0710094256 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7885 T1 - Neuro-ontological interpretation of spiritual experiences JF - Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica: A Magyar Pszichofarmakológiai Egyesület Lapja = Official Journal of the Hungarian Association of Psychopharmacology JA - Neuropsychopharmacol Hung A1 - Frecska,Ede A1 - Luna,Luis Eduardo VL - 8 IS - 3 PY - 2006/10// N2 - The prevailing neuroscientific paradigm considers information processing within the central nervous system as occurring through hierarchically organized and interconnected neural networks. The hierarchy of neural networks doesn't end at the neuroaxonal level; it incorporates subcellular mechanisms as well. When the size of the hierarchical components reaches the nanometer range and the number of elements exceeds that of the neuroaxonal system, an interface emerges for a possible transition between neurochemical and quantum physical events. "Signal nonlocality", accessed by means of quantum entanglement is an essential feature of the quantum physical domain. The presented interface may imply that some manifestations of altered states of consciousness, unconscious/conscious shifts have quantum origin with significant psychosomatic implications. Healing methods based on altered states of consciousness and common in spiritual or shamanic traditions escape neuroscientific explanations based on classical cognition denoted here as "perceptual-cognitive-symbolic" (characteristic of ordinary states of consciousness). Another channel of information processing, called "direct-intuitive-nonlocal" (characteristic of non-ordinary states of consciousness) is required to be introduced for interpretation. The first one is capable of modeling via symbolism and is more culturally bound due to its psycholinguistic features. The second channel lacks the symbolic mediation, therefore it has more transcultural similarity and practically ineffable for the first one, though culture specific transliteration may occur. Different traditional healing rituals pursue the same end: to destroy "profane" sensibility. The ritual use of hallucinogens, the monotonous drumming, the repeated refrains, the fatigue, the fasting, the dancing and so forth, create a sensory condition which is wide open to the so-called "supernatural". According to contemporary anthropological views, the breakdown of ordinary sensibility/cognition is not the ultimate goal, but the way to accomplish healing, that is psychointegration in the widest sense. From the perspective of system theory, integration needs information to be brought into the system. According to the presented model, when the coping capability of the "perceptual-cognitive-symbolic" processing is exhausted in a stressful, unmanageable situation, or its influence is eliminated by the use of hallucinogens or in case of transcendental meditation, a frame shift occurs, and the "spiritual universe" opens up through the "direct-intuitive-nonlocal" channel. There is little chance either for a psychointegrative effect, or for a meaningful "opening" without ritual context, and with the recreational use of mind altering strategies. . KW - Cognition KW - Consciousness KW - Humans KW - Mental Processes KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality SP - 143 EP - 153 SN - 1419-8711 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17211049 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8239 T1 - Medical ethics and the Islamic tradition JF - The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy JA - J Med Philos A1 - Nanji,A A VL - 13 IS - 3 PY - 1988/08// N2 - After tracing the main features of the foundational ethical perspectives and their relationship to the rise of medical practice in early Islam, the paper focuses on the development of the moral concept of adab. This concept served as an important tool in defining and shaping an ethical tradition based on the integration of the Hippocratic tradition into Muslim medicine and its underlying moral values. The existence of plural therapeutic systems and their moral and theological sources are also noted and an attempt is made to show how all of these diverse modes co-existed through most of the pre-modern history of medicine among Muslims. The paper ends by outlining the impact the European colonial and cultural encounter with the World of Islam had, in creating a duality in medical practice, education and institutions, thus limiting sustained and meaningful discourse between modern medical science and the ethical values of Islam. KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Ethics, Medical KW - History, Medieval KW - History, Modern 1601- KW - Internationality KW - Islam KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Moral Obligations KW - Morals KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Social Values KW - Theology KW - Virtues SP - 257 EP - 275 SN - 0360-5310 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/3058851 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7919 T1 - A near-death experience in a 7-year-old child JF - American Journal of Diseases of Children (1960) JA - Am. J. Dis. Child A1 - Morse,M VL - 137 IS - 10 PY - 1983/10// N2 - Near-death experiences occurring to persons who have survived near-terminal events, such as cardiac arrests or profound comas, have been widely reported in the lay literature; however, there is little documentation of such events in the medical literature. These experiences generally have a consistent core of euphoric affect, an out-of-the-body state, encountering a being of light, meeting others (especially dead relatives), and going from a dark tunnel to a world of light. This core remains consistently present despite wide variations in the religious or cultural background of the person. Such an event occurred to a 7-year-old near-drowning victim. Pediatricians should be alerted to the potential need for counseling in children who have survived near-fatal events. KW - Child KW - Counseling KW - Death KW - Drowning KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Religion KW - Resuscitation SP - 959 EP - 961 SN - 0002-922X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/6613940 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7923 T1 - The benefits of working with a "dead" patient: hypnotically facilitated pseudo near-death experiences JF - The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis JA - Am J Clin Hypn A1 - Schenk,P W VL - 42 IS - 1 PY - 1999/07// N2 - The literature on near-death experiences is consistent in describing how such events are typically transformative. Utilizing standard hypnotic techniques, therapists can approximate many of the therapeutic aspects of such experiences, without the life-or-death crisis, to facilitate both first and second order change in psychotherapy. This article explores the use of hypnotically facilitated waking dreams as an interactive projective technique. The focus is on the varied ways that the dream components that correlate with near-death experiences can evoke durable change. KW - Adult KW - Death KW - dreams KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Projective Techniques SP - 36 EP - 49 SN - 0002-9157 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/10570851 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7431 T1 - Complementary and alternative medicine use in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome JF - Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society JA - Mov. Disord M3 - 10.1002/mds.22724 A1 - Kompoliti,Katie A1 - Fan,Wenqin A1 - Leurgans,Sue PY - 2009/08/24/ N2 - The aim of this study was to describe the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) and explore associations with CAM use. In recent years CAM use has increased, but rates of CAM use in TS patients are not reported. Consecutive TS patients or their parent(s), seen in an academic movement disorder center, completed a questionnaire regarding their use of CAM. One hundred TS patients or parents completed the questionnaire, mean age 21.5 +/- 13.5, 76 males, 87 Caucasians. Sixty four patients had used at least one CAM modality. CAM treatments used were prayer (28), vitamins (21), massage (19), dietary supplements (15), chiropractic manipulations (12), meditation (10), diet alterations (nine), yoga (nine), acupuncture (eight), hypnosis (seven), homeopathy (six), and EEG biofeedback (six). Fifty six percent of patients using CAM reported some improvement. Users paid out of pocket for 47% of treatments pursued, and 19% of these payers received partial reimbursement by third party payer. Users and non-users did not differ in age, gender, race, income, educational level, general health, tic severity, medication use for TS, current satisfaction from medications or experience of side effects from medications. CAM use was associated with the presence of affective disorder (P = 0.004), but not with either ADHD or OCD. Among CAM users, 80% initiated CAM without informing their doctor. CAM is commonly used in children and adults with TS, and often without the neurologist's knowledge. Physicians should inquire about CAM to understand the spectrum of interventions that patients with TS use. (c) 2009 Movement Disorder Society. KW - prepub SN - 1531-8257 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19705358 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8289 T1 - The soul of the embryo : an enquiry into the status of the human embryo in the Christian tradition CY - London; New York A1 - Jones,David PB - Continuum PY - 2004/// SN - 9780826462961 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8138 T1 - The language of spirituality: an emerging taxonomy JF - International Journal of Nursing Studies JA - Int J Nurs Stud A1 - McSherry,Wilfred A1 - Cash,Keith VL - 41 IS - 2 PY - 2004/02// N2 - BACKGROUND: This paper explores the relationships that exist between the language used to describe spirituality within nursing and the appropriateness of constructing a universal definition acceptable to all individuals. 'Spirituality' is a term that is increasingly used in nursing but there may be problems about exactly what the term means and how it is interpreted and understood by both nurses and patients. AIM: The aim of the paper is to explore some of the commonly cited definitions to establish if the concept of spirituality could be termed 'universal'. METHOD: This paper presents a discussion, based upon a literature review, of the nursing and health care databases, combined with manual searches. The review demonstrates how the term spirituality is being constructed within nursing suggesting that there are numerous definitions each with several layers of meaning. FINDINGS: From the review the authors have developed 'a spiritual taxonomy' that may explain and accommodate the different layers of meaning found within nursing and health care definitions. At the extreme left there is a spirituality based on religious and theist ideals, while at the extreme right there is a spirituality based upon secular, humanistic, existential elements. A middle way is explained containing elements from both the left and right but not as fundamental or radical. CONCLUSION: The authors argue that because there are so many definitions with different layers of meanings, spirituality can imply different things depending upon an individual's personal interpretation or worldview. The results of the review suggest nursing is constructing a 'blanket' definition of spirituality, which has a broad, almost inexhaustible set of defining characteristics. If this approach continues then there is a danger that the word may become so broad in meaning that it loses any real significance. KW - Emotions KW - Existentialism KW - Holistic Health KW - Humanism KW - Humans KW - Nurse's Role KW - Nursing Care KW - Nursing Theory KW - Pastoral Care KW - Philosophy, Nursing KW - Psycholinguistics KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Semantics KW - Spirituality SP - 151 EP - 161 SN - 0020-7489 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14725779 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7972 T1 - Timeless healing : the power and biology of belief CY - New York NY A1 - Benson,Herbert PB - Scribner PY - 1996/// SN - 9780684814414 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7334 T1 - Religion and Well-Being among Canadian University Students: The Role of Faith Groups on Campus JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - Frankel,B. Gail A1 - Hewitt,W. E. VL - 33 IS - 1 PY - 1994/03// N1 -Doesn't appear to fit any existing categories. Addition of subsection for research on college students might be warranted.
N2 - Social science research examining the relationship between religion and health has produced equivocal results, although evidence from more recent studies points toward a link between inward or intrinsic religion and both mental and physical well-being. This study offers a further examination of this emergent association by comparing the health status of two specific respondent groups drawn from a population of Canadian university students. The first consists of members of a range of campus Christian faith groups, and the second is a comparison or nonaffiliated group chosen from the student body at large. The results of the study reveal a positive relationship between faith group involvement and various aspects of health status, and thus support previous positive findings. At the same time, they reinforce the need for further research on the association between specific aspects of religiosity and well-being. SP - 62 EP - 73 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1386637 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7589 T1 - The long-term impact of child abuse on religious behavior and spirituality in men JF - Child Abuse & Neglect JA - Child Abuse Negl A1 - Lawson,R A1 - Drebing,C A1 - Berg,G A1 - Vincellette,A A1 - Penk,W VL - 22 IS - 5 PY - 1998/05// N2 - OBJECTIVE: Two hypotheses were tested: (1) In a sample of adult men, past experience of child abuse (sexual, physical, or emotional) will be related to higher levels of reported alienation from religion and God as shown in lower rates of current religious behavior, higher frequency of spiritual "injury," and lower stability of religious behavior and experiences; (2) More "severe" forms of abuse will be associated with higher indicators of alienation. METHOD: Data were collected from 1,207 male veterans, 527 (43.7%) of whom reported being abused as a child. Each subject completed the Spiritual Issues Assessment, a large survey which includes data about: (1) KASL Religiosity Index; (2) The Spiritual Injury Scale; and (3) Religious items from the Westberg Personal Health Inventory. RESULTS: A history of sexual abuse was related to significantly greater spiritual injury and lower stability of spiritual behaviors and experiences, but not to overall rate of current religious behavior. Surprisingly, abuse was related to increased frequency of prayer and of "spiritual experience." Multivariate analyses indicate that the effect size is relatively small and the type of abuse was less important than the presence of any form of abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the impact of childhood abuse is more complex than initially hypothesized. While abuse seems to be related to continuing spiritual injury and distress, it is also related to higher levels of some spiritual activities and experiences which are usually associated with positive spirituality. KW - Adult KW - Child KW - Child Abuse KW - Child Abuse, Sexual KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Religion and Psychology SP - 369 EP - 380 SN - 0145-2134 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9631249 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7766 T1 - Relationships between health and culture in Polynesia - A review JF - Social Science & Medicine M3 - 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.002 A1 - Capstick,Stuart A1 - Norris,Pauline A1 - Sopoaga,Faafetai A1 - Tobata,Wale VL - 68 IS - 7 PY - 2009/04// N2 - This review of journal articles and book chapters discusses the health beliefs characteristic of Polynesia and reveals several themes. These are: commonality in health conceptualisations across the cultures of the region which differ from the conceptualisations of biomedicine; the role of the relational self, traditional living and communalism in understanding health; the place of spirituality and religion in health and illness causation; and pluralism and pragmatism in health-seeking behaviour. Suggestions are made as to how awareness of key ideas might contribute to effective planning of health promotion and intervention activities. KW - Culture KW - Health beliefs KW - Health promotion KW - Oceania KW - Pacific KW - Polynesia KW - Review SP - 1341 EP - 1348 SN - 0277-9536 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4VHWB0S-1/2/ea1a56e2c1f7cf737ce71064ce683920 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7636 T1 - The relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health, mental health, and pain in a chronic pain population JF - Pain JA - Pain M3 - 10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.008 A1 - Rippentrop,Elizabeth A A1 - Altmaier,Elizabeth M A1 - Chen,Joseph J A1 - Found,Ernest M A1 - Keffala,Valerie J VL - 116 IS - 3 PY - 2005/08// N2 - This study sought to better understand the relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health and mental health in 122 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The current study conceptualized religion/spirituality as a multidimensional factor, and measured it with a new measure of religion/spirituality for research on health outcomes (Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religion/Spirituality). Pain patients' religious and spiritual beliefs appear different than the general population (e.g. pain patients feel less desire to reduce pain in the world and feel more abandoned by God). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed significant associations between components of religion/spirituality and physical and mental health. Private religious practice (e.g. prayer, meditation, consumption of religious media) was inversely related to physical health outcomes, indicating that those who were experiencing worse physical health were more likely to engage in private religious activities, perhaps as a way to cope with their poor health. Forgiveness, negative religious coping, daily spiritual experiences, religious support, and self-rankings of religious/spiritual intensity significantly predicted mental health status. Religion/spirituality was unrelated to pain intensity and life interference due to pain. This study establishes relationships between religion/spirituality and health in a chronic pain population, and emphasizes that religion/spirituality may have both costs and benefits for the health of those with chronic pain. KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Health KW - Chronic Disease KW - DEMOGRAPHY KW - Disability Evaluation KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - mental health KW - Middle Aged KW - Pain KW - Pain Measurement KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Regression Analysis KW - Religion and Psychology KW - social support SP - 311 EP - 321 SN - 0304-3959 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979795 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7185 T1 - The Christian Science Textbook: An Analysis of the Religious Authority of Science and Health by Mary Baker Eddy JF - The Harvard Theological Review A1 - Weddle,David L. VL - 84 IS - 3 PY - 1991/07// SP - 273 EP - 297 SN - 00178160 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1510020 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8257 T1 - The role of spirituality healing with perceptions of the medical encounter among Latinos JF - Journal of General Internal Medicine JA - J Gen Intern Med M3 - 10.1007/s11606-009-1067-9 A1 - Reyes-Ortiz,Carlos A A1 - Rodriguez,Michael A1 - Markides,Kyriakos S VL - 24 Suppl 3 PY - 2009/11// N2 - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relationship between spirituality healing and perceptions about the medical encounter among Latinos. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between spirituality healing and attitudes of self-reported perceptions about the medical encounter. DESIGN: A cross-sectional telephone survey. PARTICIPANTS: 3,728 Latinos aged >or=18 years residing in the United States from Wave 1 of the Pew Hispanic Center/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Latino Health Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Dependent variables were ever prayed for healing (yes/no), ever asked others to pray for healing (yes/no), considered important spiritual healing (very vs. somewhat or not important), and ever consulted a 'curandero' (folk healer in Latin America) (yes/no). The primary independent variables were feelings about the last time seeing a Doctor (confused by information given, or frustrated by lack of information) and perception of quality of medical care (excellent, good, fair or poor) within the past 12 months. RESULTS: Six percent of individuals reported that they had ever consulted a curandero, 60% prayed for healing, 49% asked others to pray for healing, and 69% considered spiritual healing as very important. In multivariable analyses, feeling confused was associated with increased odds of consulting a curandero (OR = 1.58; 95% CI, 1.02-2.45), praying for healing (OR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.03-1.64), asking others to pray for healing (OR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03-1.62), and considering spiritual healing as very important (OR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.01-1.66). Feeling frustrated by a lack of information was associated with asking others to pray for healing (OR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.04-1.60). A better perception of quality of medical care was associated with lower odds of consulting a curandero (OR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.98). CONCLUSION: Feelings about the medical encounter were associated with spirituality healing, praying for healing, and asking others to pray for healing. Feeling confused and perception of poor quality of medical care were associated with consulting a curandero. SP - 542 EP - 547 SN - 1525-1497 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19842004 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7477 T1 - Religion among disabled and nondisabled persons II: attendance at religious services as a predictor of the course of disability. T3 - B JF - The Journals of Gerontology JA - J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci A1 - Idler,E.L. A1 - Kasl,S.V. VL - 52 IS - 6 PY - 1997/11// N2 - Does religious involvement influence changes in physical health? We perform a longitudinal analysis of the effect of religious participation on functioning over a 12-year follow-up period, in a large, prospective, representative sample of elderly persons from New Haven, Connecticut, a religiously diverse community. To examine the possibility that disability or changes in disability may be affecting religious involvement, we perform a second longitudinal analysis of changes in religious practices. Finally, we ask whether psychosocial correlates explain the effect of religious involvement on disability. Findings are (a) that attendance at services is a strong predictor of better functioning, even when intermediate changes in functioning are included, (b) that health practices, social ties, and indicators of well-being reduce, but do not eliminate these effects, and (c) that disability has minimal effects on subsequent attendance. The findings illustrate the short- and long-term importance of religious participation to the health and well-being of elderly people, and suggest a particular significance for religious participation in the lives of disabled elders. SP - S306-316 EP - S306-316 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9403524 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7634 T1 - Qigong and exercise therapy for elderly patients with chronic neck pain (QIBANE): a randomized controlled study JF - The Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society JA - J Pain M3 - 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.11.004 A1 - von Trott,Philipp A1 - Wiedemann,Anna Maria A1 - Lüdtke,Rainer A1 - Reishauer,Anett A1 - Willich,Stefan N A1 - Witt,Claudia M VL - 10 IS - 5 PY - 2009/05// N2 - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of qigong compared with exercise therapy and no treatment. Elderly patients with chronic neck pain (>6 months) were randomly assigned to qigong or exercise therapy (each 24 sessions over a period of 3 months) or to a waiting list control. Patients completed standardized questionnaires at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. The main outcome measure was average neck pain on the visual analogue scale after 3 months. Secondary outcomes were neck pain and disability (NPAD) and quality of life (SF-36). One hundred seventeen patients (age, 76 +/- 8 years, 95% women) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The average duration of neck pain was 19.0 +/- 14.9 years. After 3 months, no significant differences were observed between the qigong group and the waiting list control group (visual analogue scale mean difference, -11 mm [CI, -24.0; 2.1], P = .099) or between the qigong group and the exercise therapy group (-2.5 mm [ - 15.4; 10.3], P = .699). Results for the NPAD were similar (qigong vs waiting list -6.7 (-15.4; 2.1), P = .135; qigong vs exercise therapy 2.3 (-6.2; 10.8); P = .600). We found no significant effect after 3 months of qigong or exercise therapy compared with no treatment. Further studies should include outcomes more suitable to elderly patients, longer treatment, and patients with less chronic pain. PERSPECTIVE: In a randomized controlled study, we evaluated whether a treatment of 24 qigong sessions over a period of 3 months is (1) superior to no treatment and (2) superior to the same amount of exercise therapy in elderly patients (age, 76 +/- 8 years, 95% women) with long-term chronic neck pain (19.0 +/- 14.9 years). After 3 and 6 months, we found no significant differences for pain, neck pain, disability, and quality of life among the 3 groups. KW - Aged KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Chronic Disease KW - Data Interpretation, Statistical KW - Exercise Therapy KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Middle Aged KW - Neck Pain KW - Pain Measurement KW - Quality of Life KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 501 EP - 508 SN - 1528-8447 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19231298 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7631 T1 - Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy--Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp) JF - Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine JA - Ann Behav Med A1 - Peterman,Amy H A1 - Fitchett,George A1 - Brady,Marianne J A1 - Hernandez,Lesbia A1 - Cella,David VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 2002/// N2 - A significant relation between religion and better health has been demonstrated in a variety of healthy and patient populations. In the past several years, there has been a focus on the role of spirituality, as distinctfrom religion, in health promotion and coping with illness. Despite the growing interest, there remains a dearth of well-validated, psychometrically sound instruments to measure aspects of spirituality. In this article we report on the development and testing of a measure of spiritual well-being, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being (FACIT-Sp), within two samples of cancer patients. The instrument comprises two subscales--one measuring a sense of meaning and peace and the other assessing the role offaith in illness. A total score for spiritual well-being is also produced. Study 1 demonstrates good internal consistency reliability and a significant relation with quality of life in a large, multiethnic sample. Study 2 examines convergent validity with 5 other measures of religion and spirituality in a sample of individuals with mixed early stage and metastatic cancer diagnoses. Results of the two studies demonstrate that the FACIT-Sp is a psychometrically sound measure of spiritual well-being for people with cancer and other chronic illnesses. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Chronic Disease KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Neoplasms KW - Psychometrics KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Self Concept SP - 49 EP - 58 SN - 0883-6612 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12008794 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8035 T1 - Religion and the secularisation of health care JF - Journal of Clinical Nursing M3 - 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02780.x A1 - Paley,John VL - 18 IS - 14 PY - 2009/// N2 - Aims and objectives. To assess the claim that conceptualisations of religion and spirituality should be grounded in theology, and acknowledge the global resurgence of religion.Background. Although there is widespread agreement in the nursing literature that 'spirituality' is a broader concept than 'religion,' and should be understood generically, this approximate consensus has occasionally been challenged. A recent paper by Barbara Pesut and colleagues argues that the generic view not only empties spirituality of powerful religious symbols and narratives, but underestimates the continuing social influence of religion, and its resurgence on a global scale. Accordingly, these authors suggest three principles for conceptualising spirituality and religion in health care, one of which is that conceptualisations should be grounded in philosophical and theological thinking, and should not ignore the global resurgence of religion.Method. Critical review.Conclusion. The Pesut principle privileges theology, disregarding other disciplines which theorise religion. Arguably, it privileges specifically Christian theology, the history of which suggests a politics of orthodoxy and an epistemology of authority and obedience. The global resurgence of religion is not, in fact, global, as the industrialised countries have experienced a marked shift towards secular-rational values; and the postindustrial phase of development is associated with self-expression values, which represent a challenge not merely to religious institutions (arguably an affirmation of 'spirituality') but to traditional elites and structures of all kinds. Finally, religion 'resurgent' is not an attractive model for health care, since many of its most obvious manifestations are incompatible with the ideology of health professionals.Relevance to clinical practice. In the secular societies of Europe, if not North America, there should be no expectation that nurses provide spiritual care. It is a requirement of the great separation between civil order and religion that the health services, as a public space, should remain thoroughly secular. SP - 1963 EP - 1974 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02780.x ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7172 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Eastern Orthodox Tradition: Faith, Liturgy, and Wholeness T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Harakas,Stanley S PB - Crossroad PY - 1990/// KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 082450934X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7697 T1 - Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: a two-year longitudinal study JF - Journal of Health Psychology JA - J Health Psychol M3 - 10.1177/1359105304045366 A1 - Pargament,Kenneth I A1 - Koenig,Harold G A1 - Tarakeshwar,Nalini A1 - Hahn,June VL - 9 IS - 6 PY - 2004/11// N2 - A total of 268 medically ill, elderly, hospitalized patients responded to measures of religious coping and spiritual, psychological and physical functioning at baseline and follow-up two years later. After controlling for relevant variables, religious coping was significantly predictive of spiritual outcome, and changes in mental and physical health. Generally, positive methods of religious coping (e.g. seeking spiritual support, benevolent religious reappraisals) were associated with improvements in health. Negative methods of religious coping (e.g. punishing God reappraisal, interpersonal religious discontent) were predictive of declines in health. Patients who continue to struggle with religious issues over time may be particularly at risk for health-related problems. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Aged KW - Female KW - Follow-Up Studies KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Motor Activity KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality SP - 713 EP - 730 SN - 1359-1053 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15367751 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6132 T1 - Basic principles of pharmaceutical science in Ayurvĕda JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Subhose,Varanasi A1 - Srinivas,Pitta A1 - Narayana,Ala VL - 35 IS - 2 PY - 2005/12//Jul-undefined N2 - Pharmaceutical is one of the allied branches of science, which is closely associated with Medical science. Today pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy are playing important role in treatment for a disease and its prevention. Herbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population mostly in the developing countries in the primary health care. There has been an upsurge in demand for the Phyto-pharmaceutical products of Ayurvĕda in western nations, because of the fact that the synthetic drugs are considered to be unsafe. Due to this many national and multinational pharmaceutical companies are now concentrating on manufacturing of Ayurvĕdic Phyto-pharmaceutical products. Ayurvĕda is the Indian traditional system of medicine, which also deals about pharmaceutical science. The Ayurvĕdic knowledge of the pharmaceutical science is scattered in Ayurvĕdic classical texts. Săranghadhara Samhita, which is written by Săranghadhara, explain systematically about the information of the Ayurvĕdic pharmaceutical science and also updated it. Industrialized manufacturing of Ayurvĕdic dosage forms has brought in new challenges like deviation from basic concepts of medicine preparation. Săranghadhara Samrhită the devout text on pharmaceutics in Ayurvĕda comes handy to solve such problems, as the methods described are very lucid and easy to follow. KW - Formularies as Topic KW - History, Ancient KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Pharmacy KW - Plant Preparations KW - Plants, Medicinal SP - 83 EP - 92 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333665 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7098 T1 - Needles, herbs, gods, and ghosts : China, healing, and the West to 1848 CY - Cambridge Mass. A1 - Barnes,Linda PB - Harvard University Press PY - 2005/// SN - 9780674018723 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7975 T1 - Integrated Medicine: Imbues Orthodox Medicine With The Values Of Complementary Medicine JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Rees,Lesley A1 - Weil,Andrew VL - 322 IS - 7279 PY - 2001/01/20/ SP - 119 EP - 120 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25465997 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8142 T1 - Nursing with dignity. Part 3: Christianity I JF - Nursing Times JA - Nurs Times A1 - Christmas,Maxine VL - 98 IS - 11 PY - 2002/03/14/20 KW - African Americans KW - African Continental Ancestry Group KW - Attitude to Health KW - Christianity KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Great Britain KW - Humans KW - Needs Assessment KW - Religion and Medicine KW - State Medicine KW - Transcultural Nursing KW - West Indies SP - 37 EP - 39 SN - 0954-7762 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11933807 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6133 T1 - Needles, herbs, gods, and ghosts : China, healing, and the West to 1848 CY - Cambridge Mass. A1 - Barnes,Linda PB - Harvard University Press PY - 2005/// SN - 9780674018723 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8017 T1 - Derivative benefits: exploring the body through complementary and alternative medicine JF - Sociology of Health & Illness JA - Sociol Health Illn M3 - 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01163.x A1 - Baarts,Charlotte A1 - Pedersen,Inge Kryger VL - 31 IS - 5 PY - 2009/07// N2 - Since the 1960s, in Western societies, there has been a striking growth of consumer interest in complementary or alternative medicine (CAM). In order to make this increased popularity intelligible this paper challenges stereotypical images of users' motives and the results of clinical studies of CAM by exploring bodily experiences of acupuncture, reflexology treatments, and mindfulness training. The study draws on 138 in-depth interviews with 46 clients, client diaries and observations of 92 clinical treatments in order to identify bodily experiences of health and care: experiences that are contested between forces of mastery, control and resistance. We discuss why clients continue to use CAM even when the treatments do not help or even after they have been relieved of their physiological or mental problems. The encounter between the client and CAM produces derivative benefits such as a fresh and sustained sense of bodily responsibility that induces new health practices. KW - Acupuncture Therapy KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Health KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Female KW - Health Behavior KW - Humans KW - Internal-External Control KW - Interviews as Topic KW - Male KW - Massage KW - Meditation KW - Middle Aged KW - Patient Acceptance of Health Care KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Young Adult SP - 719 EP - 733 SN - 1467-9566 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19392940 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7650 T1 - External qigong for pain conditions: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials JF - The Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society JA - J Pain M3 - 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.05.016 A1 - Lee,Myeong Soo A1 - Pittler,Max H A1 - Ernst,Edzard VL - 8 IS - 11 PY - 2007/11// N2 - The aim of this systematic review was to assess the clinical evidence of external qigong as a treatment option for pain conditions. Databases were searched up to January 2007. Randomized, clinical trials (RCTs) testing external qigong in patients with pain of any origin assessing clinical outcomes were considered. Trials using any type of control group were included. The selection of studies, data extraction, and validation were performed independently by at least 2 reviewers. One hundred forty-one potentially relevant studies were identified and 5 RCTs could be included. All RCTs of external qigong demonstrated greater pain reductions in the qigong groups compared with control groups. Meta-analysis of 2 RCTs showed a significant effect of external qigong compared with general care for treating chronic pain (Pain 100 mm VAS; weighted main differences, 36.3 mm; 95% CI, 22.8 to 49.8; P < .001; heterogeneity: chi(2) = 1.79, P = .18, I(2) = 44.0%, n = 80). The evidence from RCTs testing the effectiveness of external qigong for treating pain is encouraging. Further studies are warranted. PERSPECTIVE: This review of clinical studies focused on the efficacy of qigong, an energy-healing intervention used to prevent and cure ailments. A meta-analysis shows that evidence for the effectiveness of external qigong is encouraging, though further studies are warranted. KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Humans KW - Pain KW - Pain Measurement KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic SP - 827 EP - 831 SN - 1526-5900 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17690012 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7793 T1 - The effects of the transcendental meditation program on mindfulness JF - Journal of Clinical Psychology JA - J Clin Psychol M3 - 10.1002/jclp.20544 A1 - Tanner,Melissa A A1 - Travis,Fred A1 - Gaylord-King,Carolyn A1 - Haaga,David A F A1 - Grosswald,Sarina A1 - Schneider,Robert H VL - 65 IS - 6 PY - 2009/06// N2 - Mindfulness is associated with low levels of neuroticism, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, as well as high levels of self-esteem and satisfaction with life (Brown & Ryan, 2003). As part of a 3-month randomized waitlist-controlled trial of the effects of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program on university students (N=295), we examined the impact of TM practice on mindfulness as measured by the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS; Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004). A repeated measures ANOVA on total KIMS scores showed a significant timextreatment interaction, with the TM participants reporting greater increases in mindfulness than the waitlist participants. All KIMS subscales were positively intercorrelated at pretreatment, and there were no differences over time or as a function of treatment condition in subscale intercorrelations. Therefore, previously published findings of a positive correlation between subscales measuring the skills of observing and accepting-without-judgment one's inner experiences only among those with meditation experience may have reflected a self-selection effect rather than a change in the relation of these mindfulness components resulting directly from meditation practice. KW - Adult KW - Analysis of Variance KW - Attention KW - Awareness KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Questionnaires KW - Students KW - Young Adult SP - 574 EP - 589 SN - 1097-4679 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19241401 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7875 T1 - Neurology, psychology, and extraordinary religious experiences. JF - Journal of Religion and Health A1 - Helminiak,Daniel A. VL - 23 IS - 1 PY - 1984///Spr N2 - Temporal lobe epilepsy and certain personality disorders often result in experiences described as "religious". TLE research suggests a possible neurological basis for such experiences. Immediately the question arises about the authenticity of these experiences as religious. An experience is authentic if it furthers the authentic growth of the subject, regardless of what triggered it. So pathology may occasion authentic religious experiences, even as history exemplifies. For practical purposes, the further question about God in religious experience is secondary. The exception, miraculous occurrences, should not be granted without sufficient reason. This approach dissolves all conflict between science and faith. [j]. KW - Brain KW - Experience (Religion) KW - God--Knowableness KW - Neurology KW - peer reviewed KW - Temporal lobe epilepsy SP - 33 EP - 46 SN - 0022-4197 UR - http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rfh&AN=ATLA0000956108&site=ehost-live ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7588 T1 - The Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Cough Reflex Sensitivity JF - Thorax JA - Thorax M3 - 10.1136/thx.2009.116723 A1 - Young,Emma Claire A1 - Brammar,Chris A1 - Owen,Emily A1 - Brown,Nailah A1 - Lowe,John A1 - Johnson,Collette A1 - Calam,Rachel A1 - Jones,Steve A1 - Woodcock,Ashley A1 - Smith,Jaclyn A PY - 2009/08/12/ N2 - BACKGROUND: Chronic cough is common and medical treatment can be ineffective. Mindfulness is a psychological intervention that aims to teach moment-to-moment non-judgemental awareness of thoughts, feelings and sensations. Method: 30 healthy subjects and 30 chronic cough patients were studied in two sequential trials. For both studies, cough reflex sensitivity to citric acid (C5) was measured on two occasions with urge-to-cough rated following each inhalation; between challenges subjects were randomised to (i) no intervention (ii) mindfulness or (iii) no intervention but modified cough challenge (subjects suppress coughing). For the healthy volunteers, measures were one hour apart and mindfulness was practiced for 15 minutes. For the chronic cough patients measures were 1 week apart and mindfulness practiced daily for 30 minutes. RESULTS: In healthy volunteers, median change (IQR) in cough reflex sensitivity (logC5) for no intervention, mindfulness and suppression was +1.0(0.0 to +1.3), +2.0(+1.0 to +3.0) and +3.0(+2.8 to +3.0) doubling concentrations (dc) (p=0.003); significant reductions for both mindfulness (p=0.043) and suppression (p=0.002) over no intervention. In cough patients, median change (IQR) in logC5 for no intervention, mindfulness training and voluntary suppression was 0.0(-1.0 to +1.0), +1.0(-0.3 to +1.0) and +1.0(+1.0 to +2.0)dc, (p=0.046); significant reduction for suppression (p=0.02) but not mindfulness (p=0.35). Urge-to-cough did not change after mindfulness compared to control in either healthy (p=0.33) or chronic cough subjects (p=0.47). CONCLUSION: Compared to control, mindfulness decreased cough reflex sensitivity in healthy volunteers, but did not alter cough threshold in chronic cough patients. Both groups were able to suppress cough responses to citric acid inhalation. KW - prepub SN - 1468-3296 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19679578 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7273 T1 - Latina/o Healing Practices: Mestizo and Indigenous Perspectives CY - New York ED - McNeill,Brian ED - Cervantes,Joseph Michael PB - Routledge PY - 2008/// KW - Hispanic Americans KW - Latin America KW - Latin Americans KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Religion KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality KW - Traditional medicine KW - United States SN - 9780415954204 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8088 T1 - A contemplative care approach to training and supporting hospice volunteers: a prospective study of spiritual practice, well-being, and fear of death JF - Explore (New York, N.Y.) JA - Explore (NY) M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2006.04.001 A1 - Scherwitz,Larry A1 - Pullman,Marcie A1 - McHenry,Pamela A1 - Gao,Billy A1 - Ostaseski,Frank VL - 2 IS - 4 PY - 2006/08//Jul-undefined N2 - BACKGROUND: Inspired by a 2,500-year-old Buddhist tradition, the Zen Hospice Project (ZHP) provides residential hospice care, volunteer programs, and educational efforts that cultivate wisdom and compassion in service. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to understand how being with dying hospice residents affects hospice volunteers well-being and the role of spiritual practice in ameliorating the fear of death. DESIGN: A one-year longitudinal study of two volunteer cohorts (N = 24 and N = 22) with repeated measures of spiritual practice, well-being, and hospice performance during one-year service as volunteers. SETTING: The Zen Hospice Guest House and Laguna Honda Residential Hospital of San Francisco, CA. PARTICIPANTS: All 46 individuals who became ZHP volunteers during two years. INTERVENTIONS: A 40-hour training program for beginning hospice volunteers stressing compassion, equanimity, mindfulness, and practical bedside care; a one-year caregiver assignment five hours per week; and monthly group meeting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-report FACIT spiritual well-being, general well-being, self-transcendence scale, and a volunteer coordinator-rated ZHP performance scale. RESULTS: The volunteers had a high level of self-care and well-being at baseline and maintained both throughout the year; they increased compassion and decreased fear of death. Those (n = 20) practicing yoga were found to have consistently lower fear of death than the group average (P = .04, P = .008, respectively). All rated the training and program highly, and 63% continued to volunteer after the first year's commitment. The results suggest that this approach to training and supporting hospice volunteers fosters emotional well-being and spiritual growth. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude to Death KW - California KW - Cohort Studies KW - Fear KW - Female KW - Hospice Care KW - Humans KW - Inservice Training KW - Interpersonal Relations KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Prospective Studies KW - Questionnaires KW - Self Care KW - social support KW - Spirituality KW - Voluntary Workers SP - 304 EP - 313 SN - 1550-8307 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846818 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7876 T1 - The social-psychology of religious experience: a naturalistic approach JF - Sociological Analysis A1 - Straus,Roger A. VL - 42 IS - 2 PY - 1981/04// N2 - Religious experiences present a seeming paradox: they are felt to be direct, unmediated experiences of the Absolute, yet substantive religious experiences differ from one another in details and imagery in a way that clearly relates to their sociocultural, biographical and situational contexts. A naturalistic "sociological" social psychological approach is described in which this problem is resolved by differentiating conceptual interpretation from perceptual analogizing and then examining the emergence of expectation, perceptual and intellectual metaphors, and the definition of the situation as a subject moves through his/her biographical experience toward the episode of triggering and having the actual ecstatic peak experience. SP - 57 EP - 67 UR - http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/ehost/resultsadvanced?vid=5&hid=3&sid=3b7429bf-775d-4c17-98d5-3c74833df177%40sessionmgr4&bquery=(AB+(religious+experiences))+and+(TX+(health))&bdata=JmRiPXJmaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8300 T1 - Church, State, and Physician-Assisted Suicide JF - Journal of Church and State A1 - McKenzie,David VL - 46 IS - 4 PY - 2004/// N2 - The writer discusses the 1997 decisions of the US Supreme Court in Vacco v. Quill and Washington v. Glucksberg that state laws prohibiting physician-assisted suicide in New York and Washington respectively are not unconstitutional. He notes that these decisions overturned rulings by the Second and Ninth Circuit Courts of Appeals. He contends that the Supreme Court failed to give sufficient consideration to evidence submitted in Judge Stephen Reinhardt's Ninth Circuit Court Opinion showing the implications of the "Mystery Clause" of Planned Parenthood v. Casey for issues at the end of life and linking the moral opprobrium surrounding suicide directly to the Christian contribution to western intellectual history. He maintains that the Supreme Court's decisions unconstitutionally advance the views of the Christian faith and violate a legitimate liberty interest of the people. SP - 787 EP - 809 SN - 0021-969X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7880 T1 - Knowing Through the Body: Dissociative Religious Experience in the African- and British-American Methodist Traditions JF - The Journal of Religion A1 - Taves,Ann VL - 73 IS - 2 PY - 1993/04// SP - 200 EP - 222 SN - 00224189 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1204878 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7602 T1 - The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Meditation Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Spirituality in Japanese Patients with Cancer JF - Journal of Palliative Medicine JA - J Palliat Med M3 - 10.1089/jpm.2009.0143 A1 - Ando,Michiyo A1 - Morita,Tatsuya A1 - Akechi,Tatsuo A1 - Ito,Sayoko A1 - Tanaka,Masaya A1 - Ifuku,Yuka A1 - Nakayama,Toshimichi PY - 2009/08/28/ N2 - Abstract Objective: The primary goal of the study was to assess the efficacy of mindfulness-based meditation therapy on anxiety, depression, and spiritual well-being of Japanese patients undergoing anticancer treatment. A secondary goal was to assess the relationships among anxiety, depression, spiritual well-being, growth, appreciation, pain, and symptoms. Methods: The subjects were 28 patients who were receiving anticancer treatment. The subjects participated in two sessions of mindfulness-based meditation therapy, including breathing, yoga movement and meditation. Each patient was taught the program in the first session, then exercised at home with a CD, and subsequently met the interviewer in a second session after 2 weeks. Primary physicians recruited the patients and interviews were conducted individually by nurses or psychologists with training in the program. Patients completed preintervention and postintervention questionnaires on anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), spiritual well-being (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual [FACIT-Sp]), and appreciation, growth, pain, and symptoms. Results: HADS scores significantly decreased from 12 +/- 5.3 to 8.6 +/- 6.3 (p = 0.004) after the intervention, and FACIT-Sp increased from 32 +/- 6.5 to 33 +/- 6.9 (p = 0.69), but the change was not significant. There were significant associations between FACIT-Sp and HADS (r = -0.78, p = 000), FACIT-Sp and growth (r = -0.35, p = 0.04), FACIT-Sp and pain (r = -0.41, p = 0.02), and growth and appreciation (r = 0.45, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Mindfulness-based meditation therapy may be effective for anxiety and depression in Japanese cancer patients, and spiritual well-being is related to anxiety and depression, growth, and pain. The negative correlation of spirituality with growth differs from the results of previous studies and the mechanism of this effect needs to be investigated further. KW - prepub SN - 1557-7740 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19715397 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7154 T1 - Female patients and practitioners in medieval Islam JF - Lancet JA - Lancet A1 - Pormann,Peter E VL - 373 IS - 9675 PY - 2009/05/09/ KW - Female KW - Gynecology KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Medicine in Literature KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Obstetrics KW - Physicians, Women KW - Women's Health KW - Women's Rights SP - 1598 EP - 1599 SN - 1474-547X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19437603 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6134 T1 - The Indus Valley Origin of a Yoga Practice JF - Artibus Asiae A1 - Dhyansky,Yan Y. VL - 48 IS - 1/2 PY - 1987/// SP - 89 EP - 108 SN - 00043648 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3249853 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7798 T1 - Can meditation slow rate of cellular aging? Cognitive stress, mindfulness, and telomeres JF - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences JA - Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci M3 - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04414.x A1 - Epel,Elissa A1 - Daubenmier,Jennifer A1 - Moskowitz,Judith Tedlie A1 - Folkman,Susan A1 - Blackburn,Elizabeth VL - 1172 PY - 2009/08// N2 - Understanding the malleable determinants of cellular aging is critical to understanding human longevity. Telomeres may provide a pathway for exploring this question. Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. The length of telomeres offers insight into mitotic cell and possibly organismal longevity. Telomere length has now been linked to chronic stress exposure and depression. This raises the question of mechanism: How might cellular aging be modulated by psychological functioning? We consider two psychological processes or states that are in opposition to one another-threat cognition and mindfulness-and their effects on cellular aging. Psychological stress cognitions, particularly appraisals of threat and ruminative thoughts, can lead to prolonged states of reactivity. In contrast, mindfulness meditation techniques appear to shift cognitive appraisals from threat to challenge, decrease ruminative thought, and reduce stress arousal. Mindfulness may also directly increase positive arousal states. We review data linking telomere length to cognitive stress and stress arousal and present new data linking cognitive appraisal to telomere length. Given the pattern of associations revealed so far, we propose that some forms of meditation may have salutary effects on telomere length by reducing cognitive stress and stress arousal and increasing positive states of mind and hormonal factors that may promote telomere maintenance. Aspects of this model are currently being tested in ongoing trials of mindfulness meditation. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Cell Aging KW - Cognition KW - Humans KW - Meditation KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Telomere SP - 34 EP - 53 SN - 1749-6632 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19735238 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6135 T1 - Sorcery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru CY - Salt Lake City A1 - Joralemon,Donald A1 - Sharon,Douglas PB - University of Utah Press PY - 1993/// KW - Indians of South America KW - Medicine KW - Peru KW - Shamanism KW - Traditional medicine SN - 087480423X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6136 T1 - Cherokee Healing: Myth, Dreams, and Medicine JF - American Indian Quarterly A1 - Irwin,Lee VL - 16 IS - 2 PY - 1992///Spring SP - 237 EP - 257 SN - 0095182X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1185431 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7412 T1 - Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV. JF - Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease A1 - Turner,R.P. A1 - Lukoff,D. A1 - Barnhouse,R.T. A1 - Lu,F.G. VL - 183 IS - 7 PY - 1995/07// N2 - A new diagnostic category entitled religious or spiritual problem has been included in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) under Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention. Along with several other changes, this category contributes significantly to the greater cultural sensitivity incorporated into DSM-IV. The authors review the approval process, including the changes that were made in both the proposed new category and the former V Code section of DSM-III-R. In addition, the definition, assessment methods, types, and clinical significance of religious and spiritual problems are clarified, along with the differential diagnostic issues raised by the definitional changes in the former V Code section. Finally, clinical issues involving cultural sensitivity and the implications for future research are addressed. The new category could help to promote a new relationship between psychiatry and the fields of religion and spirituality that will benefit both mental health professionals and those who seek their assistance. SP - 435 EP - 44 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7862 T1 - Beyond Unity: Religious Experience, Creativity, and Psychology JF - Journal of Aesthetic Education A1 - Fauteux,Kevin VL - 29 IS - 2 PY - 1995///Summer SP - 93 EP - 101 SN - 00218510 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3333457 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7794 T1 - New beginnings: evidence that the meditational regimen can lead to optimization of perception, attention, cognition, and other functions JF - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences JA - Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci M3 - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04960.x A1 - Bushell,William C VL - 1172 PY - 2009/08// N2 - A "framework" is presented for understanding empirically confirmed and unconfirmed phenomena in the Indo-Tibetan meditation system, from an integrative perspective, and providing evidence that certain meditative practices enable meditators to realize the innate human potential to perceive light "at the limits imposed by quantum mechanics," on the level of individual photons. This is part of a larger Buddhist agenda to meditatitively develop perceptual/attentional capacities to achieve penetrating insight into the nature of phenomena. Such capacities may also allow advanced meditators to perceive changes in natural scenes that are "hidden" from persons with "normal" attentional capacities, according to research on "change blindness," and to enhance their visual system functioning akin to high-speed and time-lapse photography, in toto allowing for the perception, as well as sophisticated understanding, of the "moment to moment change or impermanence" universally characteristic of the phenomenal world but normally outside untrained attention and perception according to Buddhist doctrine. KW - Algorithms KW - Attention KW - Buddhism KW - Cognition KW - Consciousness KW - Humans KW - Meditation KW - Perception KW - Visual Perception SP - 348 EP - 361 SN - 1749-6632 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19735255 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7216 T1 - The Coexistence of Traditional and Modern Medicine in Nigeria: An Example of Transitional Behavior in the Developing World A1 - Aryee,Augustine A PY - 1983/// KW - Medicine KW - Nigeria KW - Traditional medicine ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7179 T1 - The Journey Toward Wholeness: A Christ-Centered Approach to Health and Healing CY - New York A1 - Bakken,Kenneth L A1 - Hofeller,Kathleen H PB - Crossroad PY - 1988/// KW - Christian life KW - Health KW - Lutheran authors KW - Religious aspects KW - Spiritual healing SN - 0824508815 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8669 T1 - The complete yoga book : yoga of breathing, yoga of posture, and yoga of meditation CY - New York A1 - Hewitt,James PB - Schocken Books PY - 1978/// SN - 9780805236873 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7049 T1 - Ayurvedic Healing: A Comprehensive Guide CY - Salt Lake City, Utah A1 - Frawley,David PB - Passage Press PY - 1989/// KW - Herbal Medicine KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SN - 1878423002 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7835 T1 - How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings from a Leading Neuroscientist A1 - Newberg,Andrew A1 - Waldman,Mark Robert PB - Ballantine Books PY - 2009/03/24/ SN - 0345503414 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8037 T1 - Seeking Security in the New Age: On Attachment and Emotional Compensation JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - Granqvist,Pehr A1 - Hagekull,Berit VL - 40 IS - 3 PY - 2001/09// N2 - The purpose of the present cross-sectional questionnaire study was to construct a comprehensive and reliable scale to assess new age orientation as a continuous individual difference variable. Given large increases in new age orientation in Sweden in recent years, an additional purpose was to test our emotional compensation hypothesis by studying connections of retrospective parental and adult romantic attachment in relation to new age orientation, emotionally-based religiosity, and socialization-based religiosity, as well as to study links between attachment and several aspects of spiritual change. The study group included 193 participants from upper secondary school classes, Christian youth organizations, and new age establishments in Stockholm, Sweden. The new age orientation scale was shown to be unidimensional according to an exploratory factor analysis, and to possess adequate reliability and construct validity. In line with the emotional compensation predictions, new age orientation was directly linked to attachment insecurity and emotionally-based religiosity and inversely related to socialization-based religiosity. Attachment insecurity was also linked to the experience of spiritual changes, whereas most findings pertaining to characteristics of spiritual change did not support predictions. In general, unlike perceived attachment to parents, adult romantic attachment did not display the predicted pattern of results. It was concluded that attachment theory may make an important contribution by highlighting predisposing factors for new age orientation, as representing one aspect of the emotional compensation profile, but that several methodological improvements are necessary in future studies. SP - 527 EP - 545 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1388105 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7050 T1 - Ayurvedic medicine. Core concept, therapeutic principles, and current relevance JF - The Medical Clinics of North America JA - Med. Clin. North Am A1 - Chopra,Arvind A1 - Doiphode,Vijay V VL - 86 IS - 1 PY - 2002/01// N2 - In the prebiblical Ayurvedic origins, every creation inclusive of a human being is a model of the universe. In this model, the basic matter and the dynamic forces (Dosha) of the nature determine health and disease, and the medicinal value of any substance (plant and mineral). The Ayurvedic practices (chiefly that of diet, life style, and the Panchkarama) aim to maintain the Dosha equilibrium. Despite a holistic approach aimed to cure disease, therapy is customized to the individual's constitution (Prakruti). Numerous Ayurvedic medicines (plant derived in particular) have been tested for their biological (especially immunomodulation) and clinical potential using modern ethnovalidation, and thereby setting an interface with modern medicine. To understand Ayurvedic medicine, it would be necessary to first understand the origin, basic concept and principles of Ayurveda. KW - Arthritis KW - Disease KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Obesity KW - Plant Preparations SP - 75-89, vii EP - 75-89, vii SN - 0025-7125 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11795092 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8030 T1 - Placing Religion and Spirituality in End-of-Life Care JF - JAMA M3 - 10.1001/jama.284.19.2514 A1 - Daaleman,Timothy P. A1 - VandeCreek,Larry VL - 284 IS - 19 PY - 2000/11/15/ N2 - In 1995, the SUPPORT (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment) trial stimulated a reexamination of systems of care for seriously ill and dying patients.1 This study has accelerated efforts to improve end-of-life care and has indirectly promoted a rapprochement among religion, spirituality, medicine, and health care.2 The goal of a quality comfortable death is achieved by meeting a patient's physical needs and by attending to the social, psychological, and the now recognized spiritual and religious dimensions of care.3-4 This perspective is highlighted in a recent consensus statement that includes the assessment and support of spiritual and religious well-being and management of spiritual and religious problems as core principles of professional practice and care at the end of life.5 Yet multiple ethical and pragmatic issues arise. For example, should physicians identify patients' spiritual and religious needs and intervene in clinical settings? The roles and responsibilities of patients and physicians in this scenario are unclear. An understanding of religion and spirituality within the context of end-of-life care, quality of life, and patient-clinician interactions may illuminate the problems and potentialities for both patients and clinicians. SP - 2514 EP - 2517 UR - http://jama.ama-assn.org ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6137 T1 - How Islam changed medicine: Ibn Sina (Avicenna) saw medicine and surgery as one JF - BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) JA - BMJ M3 - 10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120-b A1 - Urquhart,John VL - 332 IS - 7533 PY - 2006/01/14/ KW - General Surgery KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, Medieval KW - Islam KW - Medicine, Arabic SP - 120 EP - 120 SN - 1468-5833 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16410600 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7765 T1 - Hmong shamanism. Animist spiritual healing in Minnesota JF - Minnesota Medicine JA - Minn Med A1 - Plotnikoff,Gregory A A1 - Numrich,Charles A1 - Wu,Chu A1 - Yang,Deu A1 - Xiong,Phua VL - 85 IS - 6 PY - 2002/06// N2 - Hmong cultural attitudes, values, and behaviors influence when, where, why, and with whom a Hmong person will use Western medicine. Understanding the practices and importance of Hmong healing traditions will help majority-culture physicians provide respectful and effective health care to Hmong patients. The foremost Hmong traditional healer is the shaman (tu txiv neeb, pronounced "too tse neng"). There is no equivalent health professional in Western biomedicine, and the scope of the shaman as a healer extends beyond the capacities and expertise of physicians. Despite 25 years of Hmong acculturation in the United States and conversion to Christianity, Hmong shamanism maintains its traditional role in health and healing. Many Hmong who see physicians also rely on shamans for restoring health and balance to their body and soul. Thus, the Hmong shaman can be considered a powerful complement to Western health care professionals. This article presents the results of semistructured interviews with 11 Hmong shamans (5 males, 6 females, ranging in age from 35 to 85) and 32 nonrandomly selected Hmong patients (14 males, 18 females ranging in age from 21 to 85). The shamans described their spiritual perspectives, training and skills, and professional activities. Patients described their beliefs about spiritual healing and health care. These interviews suggest that Shamanism is considered effective care by many Hmong, irrespective of age, gender, or degree of acculturation. The article also includes summary charts of Hmong healing practices and concludes with a set of questions designed to help practicing physicians access the assumptions and beliefs of their Hmong patients so that they can provide efficient, effective, and satisfactory care. KW - Acculturation KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Asian Americans KW - Chronic Disease KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Minnesota KW - Patient Care Team KW - Shamanism KW - Spiritual Therapies SP - 29 EP - 34 SN - 0026-556X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12092436 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8059 T1 - God, Love, and Health: Findings from a Clinical Study JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Levin,Jeff VL - 42 IS - 3 PY - 2001/03// N2 - This study identifies a significant health effect of a loving relationship with God. Based on work by Sorokin, an eight-item scale was developed and validated to assess what he termed religious love: the feeling of loving and being loved by God. Using a sample of 205 family practice outpatients, hierarchical OLS regression was used to investigate the effect of this construct on a standard self-rating of health. Several sets of factors were hypothesized to mediate the relationship between religious love and self-rated health: religious involvement, social resources, psychological resources, objective health status, and sociode-mographic factors. These effects were controlled for in six successive models. In the end, despite controlling for effects of 15 variables and scales that accounted for nearly 40% of the variance in self-rated health, the statistically significant association between religious love and self-rated health at baseline (β =.33, p <.001) remained strong, significant, and only marginally affected (β =.24, p < .05). These findings provide evidence that loving and being loved by God exerts a positive influence on perceptions of health. SP - 277 EP - 293 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3512570 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7990 T1 - Complementary and alternative medicine: attitudes and patterns of use by German physicians in a national survey JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2008.0306 A1 - Stange,Rainer A1 - Amhof,Robert A1 - Moebus,Susanne VL - 14 IS - 10 PY - 2008/12// N2 - OBJECTIVE: To generate valid data on attitudes about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as well as patterns of use in a large stochastic sample of general practitioner physicians and specialists. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey in a large random sample of 516 German outpatient care physicians with qualifications in 13 medical fields representative of a basic population of 118,085 statutory health insurance physicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Telephone interviews with 36 wide-ranging questions about CAM attitudes and preferred techniques were conducted in November and December 2005 as part of a national healthcare survey. RESULTS: In our sample, 51% were in favor of CAM use (26% were very much in favor, 25% were in favor). The methods most frequently prescribed (combining answers for "very often" and "at times") were physical therapy (71%), phytomedicine (67%), exercise (63%), nutrition and dieting (62%), massage (61%), relaxation techniques (55%), followed by more typical CAM interventions such as homeopathy (38%), acupuncture (37%), and traditional Chinese medicine (18%). Primary care physicians were significantly more inclined to use CAM than were specialists. No striking differences were observed with respect to gender or age. CONCLUSIONS: This survey demonstrates a broader acceptance and practice of CAM by physicians than hitherto believed. Methods traditionally known as "natural medicine" were more frequently used than more typical CAM procedures. Further research should focus on physicians' differing motivations and observed results. KW - Adult KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Female KW - Germany KW - Health Care Surveys KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Multivariate Analysis KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Physician's Practice Patterns KW - Primary Health Care KW - Questionnaires KW - Specialties, Medical SP - 1255 EP - 1261 SN - 1557-7708 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19123879 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7978 T1 - Handbook of Spirituality and Worldview in Clinical Practice CY - Washington, DC ED - Josephson,Allan M ED - Peteet,John R PB - American Psychiatric Pub., Inc PY - 2004/// KW - Mental Disorders KW - Psychiatry and religion KW - Psychotherapist and patient KW - Psychotherapy KW - Psychotherapy patients KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religious aspects KW - Religious life KW - Spiritual life KW - Spirituality KW - therapy SN - 1585621048 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7333 T1 - Six pillars of energy medicine: clinical strengths of a complementary paradigm JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine JA - Altern Ther Health Med A1 - Feinstein,David A1 - Eden,Donna VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 2008/02//Jan-undefined N2 - The current status of energy medicine and its increasing challenge to the biochemical paradigm that has dominated conventional medicine are reviewed. Although energy medicine represents only a small fraction of 1% of the $2.2 trillion healthcare industry, 6 properties of energy medicine give it strengths that could augment conventional health care models. These include the ways energy medicine (1) can address biological processes at their energetic foundations (reach), (2) regulates biological processes with precision, speed, and flexibility (efficiency), (3) fosters health and prevents illness with interventions that can be readily, economically, and noninvasively applied (practicality), (4) includes methods that can be used on an at-home, self-help basis, fostering a stronger patient-practitioner partnership in the healing process (patient empowerment), (5) adopts non-linear concepts consistent with distant healing, the healing impact of prayer, and the role of intention in healing (quantum compatibility), and (6) strengthens the integration of body, mind, and spirit, leading not only to a focus on healing, but to achieving greater well-being, peace, and passion for life (holistic orientation). KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Energy Metabolism KW - Faith Healing KW - Holistic Health KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Neoplasms KW - Quality of Life KW - Spirituality SP - 44 EP - 54 SN - 1078-6791 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18251321 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7530 T1 - Fire and ice. Natives, alcohol and spirituality, a northern health paradigm JF - Arctic Medical Research JA - Arctic Med Res A1 - Colorado,P VL - 47 Suppl 1 PY - 1988/// KW - Alcoholism KW - Arctic Regions KW - Canada KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Culture KW - Humans KW - Indians, North American KW - Religion and Psychology KW - risk factors KW - Social Environment SP - 598 EP - 603 SN - 0782-226X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3272696 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8287 T1 - Sacred work : Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances CY - New Brunswick N.J. A1 - Davis,Tom PB - Rutgers University Press PY - 2005/// SN - 9780813534930 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6138 T1 - Allopathy Goes Native: Traditional Versus Modern Medicine in Iran T3 - International library of Iranian studies CY - London A1 - Loeffler,Agnes Gertrud PB - Tauris Academic Studies PY - 2007/// KW - Anthropological aspects KW - Iran KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Public Health KW - Social medicine KW - Traditional medicine SN - 9781850439424 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7460 T1 - Do formal religious participation and spiritual perceptions have independent linkages with diverse dimensions of psychological well-being? JF - Journal of Health and Social Behavior JA - J Health Soc Behav A1 - Greenfield,Emily A A1 - Vaillant,George E A1 - Marks,Nadine F VL - 50 IS - 2 PY - 2009/06// N2 - Recognizing religiosity and spirituality as related yet distinct phenomena, and conceptualizing psychological well-being as a multidimensional construct, this study examines whether individuals' frequency of formal religious participation and spiritual perceptions are independently associated with diverse dimensions of psychological well-being (negative affect, positive affect, purpose in life, positive relations with others, personal growth, self-acceptance, environmental mastery, and autonomy). Data came from 1,564 respondents in the 2005 National Survey of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS). Higher levels of spiritual perceptions were independently associated with better psychological well-being across all dimensions, and three of these salutary associations were stronger among women than men. Greater formal religious participation was independently associated only with more purpose in life and (among older adults) personal growth; greater formal religious participation was also associated with less autonomy. Overall, results suggest a different pattern of independent linkages between formal religious participation and spiritual perceptions across diverse dimensions of psychological well-being. KW - Age Factors KW - Aged KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Interpersonal Relations KW - Male KW - mental health KW - Middle Aged KW - Personal Autonomy KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Self Efficacy KW - Sex Factors KW - Spirituality SP - 196 EP - 212 SN - 0022-1465 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19537460 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7615 T1 - Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among Women with Breast Cancer T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Adler,Shelley R. VL - 13 IS - 2 PY - 1999/06// N2 - The legacy of 19th-century social theories applied to the study of non-mainstream treatment use continues to affect contemporary research into complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Quantitatively based studies of CAM use have been hindered by the lack of an adequate lexicon, inaccurate characterizations of the people who use CAM, and underestimates of the prevalence of usage. Results from a qualitative prospective cohort study challenge previous stereotypes by indicating that CAM usage does not increase dramatically with the initial diagnosis of cancer and that younger women are more likely to use CAM than older women. Qualitative research methods are uniquely appropriate for obtaining accurate information about health practices that, despite growing acceptance in some areas of society, are still viewed as outside of the mainstream. SP - 214 EP - 222 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/649645 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7818 T1 - Subjective Sleep Quality and hormonal modulation in long-term yoga practitioners JF - Biological Psychology JA - Biol Psychol M3 - 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.03.008 A1 - Vera,Francisca M A1 - Manzaneque,Juan M A1 - Maldonado,Enrique F A1 - Carranque,Gabriel A A1 - Rodriguez,Francisco M A1 - Blanca,Maria J A1 - Morell,Miguel VL - 81 IS - 3 PY - 2009/07// N2 - Yoga represents a fascinating mind-body approach, wherein body movements (asana), breathing exercises (pranayama) and meditation are integrated into a single multidimensional practice. Numerous beneficial mental and physical effects have been classically ascribed to this holistic ancient method. The purpose of the present study has been to examine the effects of long-term yoga practice on Subjective Sleep Quality (SSQ) and on several hormonal parameters of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Twenty-six subjects (16 experimental and 10 controls) were recruited to be part of the study. Experimental subjects were regular yoga practitioners with a minimum of 3 years of practice. Blood samples for the quantification of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) were drawn from all subjects. Likewise, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was employed to assess SSQ. As statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney U-test was performed. The yoga group displayed lower PSQI scores and higher blood cortisol levels than control subjects. Therefore, it can be concluded that long-term yoga practice is associated with significant psycho-biological differences, including better sleep quality as well as a modulatory action on the levels of cortisol. These preliminary results suggest interesting clinical implications which should be further researched. KW - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone KW - Adult KW - Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate KW - Female KW - Hormones KW - Humans KW - Hydrocortisone KW - Immunoassay KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Questionnaires KW - Sleep KW - Statistics, Nonparametric KW - Yoga SP - 164 EP - 168 SN - 1873-6246 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19482233 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6139 T1 - Wu and Shaman JF - Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London A1 - Boileau,Gilles VL - 65 IS - 2 PY - 2002/// N2 - Since Shangdai de shenhua yu wushu, Chen Mengjia's article on Shang mythology, some sinological works have proposed that the Chinese wu was an equivalent of the Siberian shaman. I examine first the issues in anthropological comparatism involved in this problem and provide up-to-date information on Siberian shamanism. It must be noted that the Chinese texts are by no means equivalent to modern anthropological data and that these texts did not originate directly from the wu themselves; they are rather a collection of opinions or stories on the wu. Detailed study of the nature and social status of the Chinese wu, either in oracular inscriptions or late Zhou received texts, shows a systematic association of the wu with non-auspicious or negative events, like funerals, death or natural catastrophes. A further analysis of the data reveals that the wu's activities in relation to natural phenomena were frequently presented in terms related to sexuality. This last point permits a comparison with Siberian shamans, whose activities are also linked to fecundity and sexuality, although the Chinese texts often associate the wu with sexual misbehaviour and blame them on moral grounds. They go as far as to treat them as dangerous sorcerers who must be weeded out. According to these data, the wu's social function is linked to the handling of misfortune, either directly or by being associated with ritually unacceptable behaviours. On the whole, my conclusion is that even the common point between wu and Siberian shaman (the link with sexuality) is not sufficient to allow for a translation of 'wu' by 'shaman', especially in view of the differences of social and historical context. SP - 350 EP - 378 SN - 0041977X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/4145619 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7993 T1 - Religion, clinicians, and the integration of complementary and alternative medicines JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2008.0512 A1 - Curlin,Farr A A1 - Rasinski,Kenneth A A1 - Kaptchuk,Ted J A1 - Emanuel,Ezekiel J A1 - Miller,Franklin G A1 - Tilburt,Jon C VL - 15 IS - 9 PY - 2009/09// N2 - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare religious characteristics of general internists, rheumatologists, naturopaths, and acupuncturists, as well as to examine associations between physicians' religious characteristics and their openness to integrating complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). DESIGN: The design involved a national mail survey. The subjects were internists, rheumatologists, naturopaths, and acupuncturists. MEASURES: Physician outcome measures were use of and attitudes toward six classes of CAM. Predictors were religious affiliation, intrinsic religiosity, spirituality, and religious traditionalism. RESULTS: There was a 65% response. Naturopaths and acupuncturists were three times as likely as internists and rheumatologists to report no religious affiliation (35% versus 12%, p < 0.001), but were more likely to describe themselves as very spiritual (51% versus 20%, p < 0.001) and to agree they try to carry religious beliefs into life's dealings (51% versus 44%, p < 0.01). Among physicians, increased spirituality and religiosity coincided with more personal use of CAM and willingness to integrate CAM into a treatment program. CONCLUSIONS: Current and future integrative medicine will be shaped in part by religious and spiritual characteristics of providers. SP - 987 EP - 994 SN - 1557-7708 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19757976 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6140 T1 - Moving Lines and Variable Criteria: Differences/Connections between Allpathic and Alternative Medicine JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Frohock,Fred M. VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N2 - The standard narratives of medicine recognize its origins in natural cures and in religious or spiritual discourses. The uneasy relationships of such practices (now designated as complementary or alternative medicine [CAM]) to conventional health care today can be tracked to the formation of medicine as a distinct profession based on modern science. The author accepts four statements as a framework for exploring CAM in the context of modern medicine. The first is that all versions of unconventional medicine depend for their identity on the existence of conventional medicine. The second is that the distinctions between alternative and conventional medicine are variables of time, place, and the attitudes of health care practitioners. Third, CAM today in the West occupies no sharp and distinctive category. There are instead continuums of various slopes and lengths on which types of complementary and alternative medicine are arrayed. Fourth, the turn to CAM may represent a chronic (and, to some, welcome) inclination of the human intellect to delimit the energies of material inquiries with metaphysical baselines and options. SP - 214 EP - 232 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049698 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7740 T1 - Religion/spirituality in African-American culture: an essential aspect of psychiatric care JF - Journal of the National Medical Association JA - J Natl Med Assoc A1 - Carter,James H VL - 94 IS - 5 PY - 2002/05// N2 - There is an astonishing diversity of religious beliefs and practices in the history of African Americans that influences the presentation, diagnosis, and management of both physical and mental disorders. The majority of African Americans, however, are evangelical Christians with religious experiences originating in the regions of ancient Africa (Cush, Punt, and to a great extent, Egypt), as well as black adaptation of Hebraic, Jewish, Christian, and Islamic beliefs and rituals. Consequently, more than 60 of the nation's 125 medical schools offer classes in spirituality and health. Although there is a lack of empirical evidence that religion improves health outcomes, physicians should understand patients as a biopsychosocial-spiritual whole. Asking about religion/spirituality during a health assessment can help the physician determine whether religious/spiritual factors will influence the patient's medical decisions and compliance. Two psychiatric case histories of African Americans are presented in which religion/spirituality significantly influenced treatment decisions and results. Neither of these patients suffered major debilitating medical comorbidity. KW - Adult KW - African Americans KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mental Disorders KW - Middle Aged KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 371 EP - 375 SN - 0027-9684 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12069218 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7579 T1 - Spirituality and stress management in healthy adults JF - Journal of Holistic Nursing: Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association JA - J Holist Nurs M3 - 10.1177/0898010106289842 A1 - Tuck,Inez A1 - Alleyne,Renee A1 - Thinganjana,Wantana VL - 24 IS - 4 PY - 2006/12// N2 - The purposes of this longitudinal, descriptive pilot study were to (a) test the acceptability and feasibility of a 6-week spiritual intervention; (b) determine the relationship between spirituality and stress; (c) explore the effects of the intervention on measures of perceived stress, spiritual perspective, and spiritual well-being; and (d) explore the meaning of spirituality. The sample consisted of 27 community-dwelling adults. Six categories emerged from the qualitative data as descriptors of the meaning and significance of spirituality. The survey data indicated that there were significant negative correlations between perceived stress and spiritual well-being at three time intervals, a significant decline in the levels of perceived stress, and a significant increase in spiritual perspective from the pretest to the 6-week follow-up. There were no significant changes in spiritual well-being. The intervention proved effective in reducing stress in this healthy adult sample. KW - Adult KW - Female KW - Follow-Up Studies KW - Health Status KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Pilot Projects KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Reference Values KW - Spirituality KW - Stress, Psychological SP - 245-253; discussion 254-255 EP - 245-253; discussion 254-255 SN - 0898-0101 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17098877 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7351 T1 - Spiritual well-being and health JF - The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease JA - J. Nerv. Ment. Dis M3 - 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31811f4062 A1 - Tsuang,Ming T A1 - Simpson,John C A1 - Koenen,Karestan C A1 - Kremen,William S A1 - Lyons,Michael J VL - 195 IS - 8 PY - 2007/08// N2 - Data on empirical associations between religious variables and health outcomes are needed to clarify the complex interplay between religion and mental health. The aim of this study was to determine whether associations with health variables are primarily attributable to explicitly religious aspects of spiritual well-being (SWB) or to "existential" aspects that primarily reflect a sense of satisfaction or purpose in life. Three hundred forty-five pairs of twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry completed a diagnostic interview and questionnaires containing the 2-factor SWB Scale and general health items. Observed associations between SWB and health outcomes were uniquely explained by the SWB subscale of existential well-being, with much less of a unique explanatory contribution from religious well-being or "spiritual involvement." We concluded that studies of SWB and health should continue to distinguish between explicitly religious variables and others that more closely approximate the psychological construct of personal well-being. KW - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders KW - Existentialism KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mental Disorders KW - mental health KW - Middle Aged KW - North Carolina KW - Personal Satisfaction KW - Personality Inventory KW - Principal Component Analysis KW - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales KW - Psychometrics KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Registries KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Research Design KW - Spirituality KW - Twins, Dizygotic KW - Twins, Monozygotic SP - 673 EP - 680 SN - 0022-3018 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17700300 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6141 T1 - African Philosophy, Culture, and Traditional Medicine T3 - Monographs in international studies CY - Athens, Ohio A1 - Makinde,M. Akin PB - Ohio University Center for International Studies PY - 1988/// KW - Africa, Sub-Saharan KW - Civilization KW - Philosophy, African KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0896801527 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6142 T1 - Islamic perspectives in human reproduction JF - Reproductive Biomedicine Online JA - Reprod. Biomed. Online A1 - Serour,G I VL - 17 Suppl 3 PY - 2008/// N2 - Assisted reproductive technology is widely practised around the world for the treatment of virtually all forms of infertility. The application of this technology in the Islamic world had been delayed for many years, based on the misconception that Islamic teachings do not approve assisted reproduction. The paper discusses derivation of Islamic rulings and its impact on the ethics of contemporary issues, including family formation and assisted reproduction. It clearly shows that Islam encourages family formation and assisted reproduction, when indicated, within the frame of marriage. It also discusses differences among Muslim sects, Sunni and Shi'aa. The paper also discusses Islamic rulings on the new emerging practices in assisted reproduction, including surrogacy, multifetal pregnancy reduction, cryopreservation, pregnancy in the post-menopausal period, sex selection and embryo implantation following the husband's death. The moral status of the embryo in Islam is discussed. Organ differentiation and ensoulment are believed to occur at 42 days after fertilization at the earliest. As individuation of the embryo does not occur before 14 days from fertilization, research on surplus embryos during this period is allowed. Similarly, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, gene therapy and non-reproductive cloning for the benefit of humanity are ethically acceptable in Islam. This information should help physicians in their decision before conscientious objection to offering various modalities of assisted reproduction to their infertile patients. KW - Cloning, Organism KW - Cryopreservation KW - Female KW - Gene Therapy KW - Humans KW - Infertility KW - Islam KW - Male KW - Menopause KW - Posthumous Conception KW - Pregnancy KW - Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Reproduction KW - Reproductive Techniques, Assisted KW - Sex Preselection KW - Surrogate Mothers KW - Uterus SP - 34 EP - 38 SN - 1472-6491 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18983735 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7350 T1 - Transformative practices for integrating mind-body-spirit JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med A1 - Luskin,Frederic VL - 10 Suppl 1 PY - 2004/// N2 - This paper explores the clinical use of transformative practices that arose from the varied religious traditions of the world. Examples include prayer, meditation, mantra, affirmation, tai chi, and yoga. The purpose of these practices was to lead the practitioner to long term spiritual transformation toward an enhanced awareness of spirit, and a corresponding diminishment of identification with the mental and physical aspects of life. Unfortunately, the vagueness of the definition of transformation demonstrates that it is a broad and diffuse multidimensional concept difficult to quantify and resistant to rigorous research. However, these spiritual practices, offered as interventions separate from their spiritual tradition, have begun to be evaluated to document their effect on psychological and physical well-being. Currently, there are a number of well-designed studies that attest to the health-enhancing and suffering-reducing benefits derived from religiously transformative practices. There also is research, although sporadic and mostly on forgiveness, slowly emerging to show that prosocial positive emotion skills can be taught, and when measured, demonstrate benefit. Randomized trials of transformative practices are needed to help all levels of the health care system focus their attention on the manifestations and effect of the care delivered. KW - Attitude to Health KW - Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Quality Assurance, Health Care KW - Quality of Life KW - Research Design KW - Self Care KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality SP - S15-23 EP - S15-23 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15630819 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7189 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Methodist Tradition: Journey Toward Wholeness T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Holifield,E. Brooks PB - Crossroad PY - 1986/// KW - Doctrines KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Methodist Church KW - Religious aspects SN - 0824507924 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8051 T1 - The place of spirituality in managed care. Attending to spiritual needs can help managed care systems achieve their goals JF - Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.) JA - Health Prog A1 - Hilsman,G J VL - 78 IS - 1 PY - 1997/02//Jan-undefined N2 - If managed care leaders are able to achieve their goals of enhancing total well-being within a capitated system of care, they must attend to the broad new societal interest in spiritual perspectives and find ways to integrate them into their structure of care. Imaginative and sensitive members of many professions, particularly those who acknowledge the value of spirituality in their own lives and are convinced of its value in healing, will likely spearhead this integrated movement. Promoting individuals' total well-being necessitates an acknowledgement that everyone has a unique personal spirituality that needs to be addressed at times of crisis, such as illness or hospitalization. Further, attention to the spiritual dimensions of problems that result in high healthcare costs, such as violence, alcoholism, and the fear of death, can help reduce those costs. The process of grief also needs to be addressed in healthcare settings, for professionals as well as patients, to enhance understanding, acceptance, and the quality of care. People recover and retain health through a balanced integration of physical, spiritual, and community aspects of their lives. If professional chaplains who have emphasized crisis and acute care in their ministry styles are to contribute to this integrative healing and its adoption into managed care systems, they may need to explore broader frameworks, holistic concepts of healing processes, motivations for self-care, and a personal holistic balance. KW - Health Care Costs KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Managed Care Programs KW - Organizational Objectives KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Patient-Centered Care KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Social Problems KW - social support KW - United States SP - 43 EP - 46 SN - 0882-1577 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10165750 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7397 T1 - Assessing depression following two ancient Indian interventions: effects of yoga and ayurveda on older adults in a residential home JF - Journal of Gerontological Nursing JA - J Gerontol Nurs A1 - Krishnamurthy,Manjunath Nandi A1 - Telles,Shirley VL - 33 IS - 2 PY - 2007/02// N2 - The effects of yoga and ayurveda on geriatric depression were evaluated in 69 persons older than 60 who were living in a residential home. Participants were stratified by age and gender and randomly allocated to three groups: Yoga, Ayurveda, or Wait-list Control. The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms prior to the intervention, and after 3 months and 6 months post-intervention. Participation in one of the three groups lasted 24 weeks. The yoga program (7 hours 30 minutes per week) included physical postures, relaxation techniques, regulated breathing, devotional songs, and lectures. The Ayurveda Group received an herbal preparation twice daily for the whole period. The depression symptom scores of the Yoga Group at both 3 and 6 months decreased significantly, from a group average baseline of 10.6 to 8.1 and 6.7, respectively (p < .001, paired t-test). The other groups showed no change. Hence, an integrated approach of yoga including the mental and philosophical aspects in addition to the physical practices was useful for institutionalized older persons. KW - Aged KW - Analysis of Variance KW - Depression KW - Female KW - Geriatric Assessment KW - Humans KW - India KW - Institutionalization KW - Male KW - Malvaceae KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Middle Aged KW - Nursing Assessment KW - Nursing Evaluation Research KW - Nursing Homes KW - Phyllanthus emblica KW - Phytotherapy KW - Piper KW - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales KW - Terminalia KW - Treatment Outcome KW - Withania KW - Yoga SP - 17 EP - 23 SN - 0098-9134 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17310659 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7973 T1 - To measure or not to measure? Reviewing the assessment of spirituality and religion in health-related quality of life JF - Chronic Illness JA - Chronic Illn A1 - O'Connell,Kathryn A A1 - Skevington,Suzanne M VL - 3 IS - 1 PY - 2007/03// N2 - Measures of quality of life have not conventionally or routinely included concepts of spirituality, religion, or existential wellbeing. Although spirituality has been seen as irrelevant, or difficult to measure, a growing body of peer-reviewed articles point to a positive and important relationship between spiritual beliefs and other domains of quality of life in health. Following a discussion of current theoretical issues surrounding the inclusion of these generic concepts, we select and review seven quality-of-life assessments in health that provide a spiritual and/or religious dimension, and evaluate each in psychometric terms. Such information could be useful to clinicians working in chronic illness, surgery and terminal care, who seek concept clarification before using an assessment that includes a spiritual domain. KW - Chronic Disease KW - Health Status Indicators KW - Humans KW - Neoplasms KW - Psychometrics KW - Qualitative Research KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion KW - Research Design KW - Spirituality SP - 77 EP - 87 SN - 1742-3953 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18072699 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8176 T1 - Snake Oil Science: The Truth about Complementary and Alternative Medicine A1 - Bausell,R. Barker PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2007/10/31/ SN - 0195313682 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6143 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Lutheran Tradition: Being Well CY - New York A1 - Marty,Martin E PB - Crossroad PY - 1983/// KW - Doctrines KW - Health KW - Lutheran Church KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0824506138 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6144 T1 - Sickness or Sin: Spiritual Discernment and Differential Diagnosis CY - Brookline, MA A1 - Chirban,John T PB - Holy Cross Orthodox Press PY - 2001/// KW - Discernment of spirits KW - Diseases KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Psychology and religion KW - Religious aspects KW - Sin SN - 1885652496 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8083 T1 - Becoming a reflective nurse or midwife: using complementary therapies while practising holistically JF - Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery JA - Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery M3 - 10.1054/ctnm.2001.0595 A1 - Taylor,Bev VL - 8 IS - 2 PY - 2002/05// N2 - Complementary therapies augment nursing and midwidfery practice, but they do not necessarily make it holistic, nor is that practice guaranteed of being based on systematic reflection. This article argues the need for holistic nursing and midwifery to be based on reflective processes, enabling continual development and renewal of the person and practitioner. Practical hints are suggested to assist nurses and midwives in becoming reflective, thereby increasing the likelihood of incorporating complementary therapies while practising holistically. KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Ethics, Nursing KW - Great Britain KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Holistic Health KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Midwifery KW - Philosophy, Nursing KW - Spirituality SP - 62 EP - 68 SN - 1353-6117 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12188159 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8029 T1 - The complex 'whole': exploring homoeopathic and spiritual considerations JF - The Australian Journal of Holistic Nursing JA - Aust J Holist Nurs A1 - Bell,F VL - 7 IS - 1 PY - 2000/04// N2 - Unlike the biomedical model, holistic health care takes a much broader view of what constitutes health and the responsibility for helping restore an individual's health. Homoeopathy addresses the physical, mental and emotional aspects of the whole individual, while alternative practices such as yoga, hypnotherapy and meditation can be described as 'functional' spiritual practices which demonstrate the taking of personal responsibility for health care to the individual. KW - Holistic Health KW - Homeopathy KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Meditation KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Quality of Life KW - Self Care KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Yoga SP - 31 EP - 35 SN - 1322-8803 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11898219 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6145 T1 - Mesmerism and the American cure of souls CY - Philadelphia A1 - Fuller,Robert PB - University of Pennsylvania Press PY - 1982/// SN - 9780812278477 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7560 T1 - Spiritual and religious beliefs in acute illness--is this a feasible area for study? JF - Social Science & Medicine A1 - King,Michael A1 - Speck,P A1 - Thomas,A VL - 38 IS - 4 PY - 1982/// N2 - In this paper we discuss the measurement of spiritual, religious and philosophical beliefs in patients admitted to hospital with acute physical illness. The discussion is based on the results of a preliminary study of the beliefs of 300 patients studied by face-to-face interview and questionnaire. Principal outcome measures at 6 months were self reported psychological and belief scores and physical state as reported in the medical records. Two thirds of patients reported a religious and/or spiritual belief system. Strength of belief was not associated with social, psychological or diagnostic factors. However, those patients with a religious and/or spiritual life view who expressed strong beliefs were likely to fare less well clinically. We conclude that empirical study of patients' beliefs is possible, though care must be exercised over the measures used. Beliefs were at least as predictive of outcome as other social and psychological factors. This area is of considerable importance to patients and should not be neglected by carers or researchers. SP - 631 EP - 636 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7086 T1 - Ancient-Modern Concordance in Ayurvedic Plants: Some Examples JF - Environmental Health Perspectives A1 - Dev,Sukh VL - 107 IS - 10 PY - 1999/10// KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 783 EP - 789 SN - 00916765 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3454574 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8011 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Complementary Medicine and the Patient JF - British Medical Journal A1 - Zollman,Catherine A1 - Vickers,Andrew VL - 319 IS - 7223 PY - 1999/12/04/ SP - 1486 EP - 1489 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186547 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7637 T1 - Exploring the relationship between spirituality, coping, and pain JF - Journal of Behavorial Medicine JA - J Behav Med M3 - 10.1007/s10865-007-9114-7 A1 - Wachholtz,AB A1 - Pearce,MJ A1 - Koenig,H VL - 30 IS - 4 PY - 2007/08// N2 - There is growing recognition that persistent pain is a complex and multidimensional experience stemming from the interrelationship among biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors. Chronic pain patients use a number of cognitive and behavioral strategies to cope with their pain, including religious/spiritual forms of coping, such as prayer, and seeking spiritual support to manage their pain. This article will explore the relationship between the experience of pain and religion/spirituality with the aim of understanding not only why some people rely on their faith to cope with pain, but also how religion/spirituality may impact the experience of pain and help or hinder the coping process. We will also identify future research priorities that may provide fruitful research in illuminating the relationship between religion/spirituality and pain. SP - 311 EP - 318 SN - 0160-7715 UR - http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3FGF9KpkfiglbOgE94A&page=1&doc=10 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7066 T1 - The Indus Valley Origin of a Yoga Practice JF - Artibus Asiae A1 - Dhyansky,Yan Y. VL - 48 IS - 1/2 PY - 1987/// SP - 89 EP - 108 SN - 00043648 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3249853 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7690 T1 - Sitting-Meditation Interventions Among Youth: A Review of Treatment Efficacy JF - Pediatrics JA - Pediatrics M3 - 10.1542/peds.2008-3434 A1 - Black,David S A1 - Milam,Joel A1 - Sussman,Steve PY - 2009/08/24/ N2 - Objective: Although the efficacy of meditation interventions has been examined among adult samples, meditation treatment effects among youth are relatively unknown. We systematically reviewed empirical studies for the health-related effects of sitting-meditative practices implemented among youth aged 6 to 18 years in school, clinic, and community settings. Methods: A systematic review of electronic databases (PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Reviews Database, Google Scholar) was conducted from 1982 to 2008, obtaining a sample of 16 empirical studies related to sitting-meditation interventions among youth. Results: Meditation modalities included mindfulness meditation, transcendental meditation, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Study samples primarily consisted of youth with preexisting conditions such as high-normal blood pressure, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and learning disabilities. Studies that examined physiologic outcomes were composed almost entirely of African American/black participants. Median effect sizes were slightly smaller than those obtained from adult samples and ranged from 0.16 to 0.29 for physiologic outcomes and 0.27 to 0.70 for psychosocial/behavioral outcomes. Conclusions: Sitting meditation seems to be an effective intervention in the treatment of physiologic, psychosocial, and behavioral conditions among youth. Because of current limitations, carefully constructed research is needed to advance our understanding of sitting meditation and its future use as an effective treatment modality among younger populations. KW - prepub SN - 1098-4275 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19706568 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8211 T1 - Ayurvedic Interiors: Person, Space, and Episteme in Three Medical Practices JF - Cultural Anthropology A1 - Langford,Jean VL - 10 IS - 3 PY - 1995/08// KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 330 EP - 366 SN - 08867356 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/656341 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7457 T1 - Religious affiliation and suicide attempt JF - The American Journal of Psychiatry JA - Am J Psychiatry M3 - 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2303 A1 - Dervic,Kanita A1 - Oquendo,Maria A A1 - Grunebaum,Michael F A1 - Ellis,Steve A1 - Burke,Ainsley K A1 - Mann,J John VL - 161 IS - 12 PY - 2004/12// N2 - OBJECTIVE: Few studies have investigated the association between religion and suicide either in terms of Durkheim's social integration hypothesis or the hypothesis of the regulative benefits of religion. The relationship between religion and suicide attempts has received even less attention. METHOD: Depressed inpatients (N=371) who reported belonging to one specific religion or described themselves as having no religious affiliation were compared in terms of their demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Religiously unaffiliated subjects had significantly more lifetime suicide attempts and more first-degree relatives who committed suicide than subjects who endorsed a religious affiliation. Unaffiliated subjects were younger, less often married, less often had children, and had less contact with family members. Furthermore, subjects with no religious affiliation perceived fewer reasons for living, particularly fewer moral objections to suicide. In terms of clinical characteristics, religiously unaffiliated subjects had more lifetime impulsivity, aggression, and past substance use disorder. No differences in the level of subjective and objective depression, hopelessness, or stressful life events were found. CONCLUSIONS: Religious affiliation is associated with less suicidal behavior in depressed inpatients. After other factors were controlled, it was found that greater moral objections to suicide and lower aggression level in religiously affiliated subjects may function as protective factors against suicide attempts. Further study about the influence of religious affiliation on aggressive behavior and how moral objections can reduce the probability of acting on suicidal thoughts may offer new therapeutic strategies in suicide prevention. KW - Adult KW - Aggression KW - Depressive Disorder, Major KW - Female KW - Hospitalization KW - Humans KW - Logistic Models KW - Male KW - Morals KW - Religion KW - Suicide, Attempted SP - 2303 EP - 2308 SN - 0002-953X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15569904 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6146 T1 - Cultural differences: practising medicine in an Islamic country JF - Clinical Medicine (London, England) JA - Clin Med A1 - Al-Kassimi,Mohammad VL - 3 IS - 1 PY - 2003/02//Jan-undefined N2 - Islam and Muslims have been in the headlines recently for one reason or another. But the practice of medicine in an Islamic conservative country such as Saudi Arabia has not been adequately reported. Many questions about cultural differences in the practice of medicine have been directed at me by non-Muslim colleagues. Below, I have tried to answer some of them after practising at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia for the last 25 years. KW - Abortion, Induced KW - Blood Transfusion KW - Female KW - Fertilization in Vitro KW - Hospitals, University KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Male KW - Organ Transplantation KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Pregnancy KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Saudi Arabia KW - Sterilization, Reproductive SP - 52 EP - 53 SN - 1470-2118 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12617415 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7236 T1 - Wu and Shaman JF - Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London A1 - Boileau,Gilles VL - 65 IS - 2 PY - 2002/// N2 - Since Shangdai de shenhua yu wushu, Chen Mengjia's article on Shang mythology, some sinological works have proposed that the Chinese wu was an equivalent of the Siberian shaman. I examine first the issues in anthropological comparatism involved in this problem and provide up-to-date information on Siberian shamanism. It must be noted that the Chinese texts are by no means equivalent to modern anthropological data and that these texts did not originate directly from the wu themselves; they are rather a collection of opinions or stories on the wu. Detailed study of the nature and social status of the Chinese wu, either in oracular inscriptions or late Zhou received texts, shows a systematic association of the wu with non-auspicious or negative events, like funerals, death or natural catastrophes. A further analysis of the data reveals that the wu's activities in relation to natural phenomena were frequently presented in terms related to sexuality. This last point permits a comparison with Siberian shamans, whose activities are also linked to fecundity and sexuality, although the Chinese texts often associate the wu with sexual misbehaviour and blame them on moral grounds. They go as far as to treat them as dangerous sorcerers who must be weeded out. According to these data, the wu's social function is linked to the handling of misfortune, either directly or by being associated with ritually unacceptable behaviours. On the whole, my conclusion is that even the common point between wu and Siberian shaman (the link with sexuality) is not sufficient to allow for a translation of 'wu' by 'shaman', especially in view of the differences of social and historical context. SP - 350 EP - 378 SN - 0041977X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/4145619 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6147 T1 - Yoga and psychology : language, memory, and mysticism CY - Albany A1 - Coward,Harold PB - State University of New York Press PY - 2002/// SN - 9780791454992 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7417 T1 - Participation in Spiritual Healing, Religiosity, and Mental Health* JF - Sociological Inquiry M3 - 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1990.tb00136.x A1 - Glik,Deborah Carrow VL - 60 IS - 2 PY - 1990/// N2 - Survey data are used to examine the relationship between religiosity and psychosocial distress among persons in Christian, charismatic (n = 83), "New Age,""metaphysical" healing groups (n = 93), and a comparison group of medical patients (n = 137). Data partially support the hypothesis that religiosity is an independent predictor of positive mental health. However, the relationships vary by type of healing group, by psychosocial distress indicator used, and by type of religious belief. These findings are discussed within the context of self selection into healing groups, the social causes of distress, and the magico-religious nature of healing groups. SP - 158 EP - 176 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1990.tb00136.x ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7243 T1 - The Efficacy of Traditional Medicine: Current Theoretical and Methodological Issues T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Waldram,James B. VL - 14 IS - 4 PY - 2000/12// N2 - The efficacy of traditional medicine is an issue that continues to vex medical anthropology. This article critically examines how the efficacy of traditional medicine has been conceived, operationalized, and studied and argues that a consensus remains elusive. Efficacy must be seen as fluid and shifting, the product of a negotiated, but not necessarily shared, understanding by those involved in the sickness episode, including physicians/healers, patients, and members of the community. Medical anthropology needs to return to the field to gather more data on indigenous understandings of efficacy to counteract the biases inherent in the utilization of biomedical understandings and methods characteristic of much previous work. SP - 603 EP - 625 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/649723 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7856 T1 - Neural and cognitive basis of spiritual experience: biopsychosocial and ethical implications for clinical medicine JF - Explore (New York, N.Y.) JA - Explore (NY) M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2006.02.002 A1 - Giordano,James A1 - Engebretson,Joan VL - 2 IS - 3 PY - 2006/05// N2 - The role of patient spirituality and spiritual/liminal experience(s; SE) in the clinical setting has generated considerable equivocality within the medical community. Spiritual experience(s), characterized by circumstance, manifestation, and interpretation, reflect patients' explanatory models. We seek to demonstrate the importance of SE to clinical medicine by illustrating biological, cognitive, and psychosocial domains of effect. Specifically, we address where in the brain these events are processed and what types of neural events may be occurring. We posit that existing evidence suggests that SE can induce both intermediate level processing (ILP) to generate attentional awareness (ie, "consciousness of") effects and perhaps nonintermediate level processing to generate nonattentive, subliminal (ie, "state of") consciousness effects. Recognition of neural and cognitive mechanisms is important to clinicians' understanding of the biological basis of noetic, salutogenic, and putative physiologic effects. We posit that neurocognitive mechanisms, fortified by anthropologic and social contexts, led to the incorporation of SE-evoked behaviors into health-based ritual(s) and religious practice(s). Thus, these experiences not only exert biological effects but may provide important means for enhancing patients' locus of control. By recognizing these variables, we advocate clinicians to act within an ethical scope of practice as therapeutic and moral agents to afford patients resources to accommodate their specific desire(s) and/or need(s) for spiritual experiences, in acknowledgement of the underlying mechanisms and potential outcomes that may be health promotional. KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Attitude to Health KW - Clinical Medicine KW - Cognition KW - Ethics, Clinical KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Needs Assessment KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Physician's Role KW - Spirituality SP - 216 EP - 225 SN - 1550-8307 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16781644 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8256 T1 - Inculturation and African religion : indigenous and Western approaches to medical practice CY - New York A1 - Owoahene-Acheampong,Stephen PB - Peter Lang PY - 1998/// SN - 9780820431291 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8671 T1 - Blind Faith: The Unholy Alliance of Religion and Medicine A1 - Sloan,Richard PB - St. Martin's Press PY - 2006/10/31/ SN - 978-0312348816 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7996 T1 - Should clinicians incorporate positive spirituality into their practices? What does the evidence say? JF - Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine JA - Ann Behav Med A1 - Larimore,Walter L A1 - Parker,Michael A1 - Crowther,Martha VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 2002/// N2 - Most of the rhetoric decrying the incorporation of basic and positive spiritual care into clinical practice is not based on reliable evidence. We briefly review the current evidence, which demonstrates that (a) there is frequently a positive association between positive spirituality and mental and physical health and well being, (b) most patients desire to be offered basic spiritual care by their clinicians, (c) most patients censure our professions for ignoring their spiritual needs, (d) most clinicians believe that spiritual interventions would help their patients but have little training in providing basic spiritual assessment or care, (e) professional associations and educational institutions are beginning to provide learners and clinicians information on how to incorporate spirituality and practice, and (j) anecdotal evidence indicates that clinicians having received such training find it immediately helpful and do apply it to their practice. We point out the reasons that much more research is needed, especially outcome-based, clinical research on the effects of these spiritual interventions by clinicians. We conclude that the evidence to date demonstrates trained or experienced clinicians should encourage positive spirituality with their patients and that there is no evidence that such therapy is, in general, harmful. Further, unless or until there is evidence of harm from a clinician's provision of either basic spiritual care or a spiritually sensitive practice, interested clinicians and systems should learn to assess their patients' spiritual health and to provide indicated and desired spiritual intervention. Clinicians and health care systems should not, without compelling data to the contrary, deprive their patients of the spiritual support and comfort on which their hope, health, and well-being may hinge. KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Education, Medical, Continuing KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Physician's Practice Patterns KW - Religion and Medicine KW - social support SP - 69 EP - 73 SN - 0883-6612 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12008796 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7337 T1 - Effects of external qi of qigong with opposing intentions on proliferation of Escherichia coli JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2008.0408 A1 - Shao,Linxiang A1 - Zhang,Junping A1 - Chen,Le A1 - Zhang,Xiaofeng A1 - Chen,Kevin W VL - 15 IS - 5 PY - 2009/05// N2 - BACKGROUND: The existence and characteristics of external qi (EQ) in qigong therapy has long been subject to scientific debate and rigorous examination. The therapist's intent has played an important role in many studies. This study investigates the effect of EQ with opposing intentions on the proliferation of Escherichia coli. METHODS: We performed two studies with the same design. In study 1, 75 5-mL tubes containing test samples (3 mL each) were randomly divided into three groups: control, promoted, and inhibited group (25 each). In study 2, three 96-well plates with test samples (200 microL each) were randomly designated as control, promoted, or inhibited. Test samples were placed 60 cm apart on a bench with control in the middle. A qigong therapist performed EQ with either promoting or killing intent for 15 minutes each on the treatment groups. After incubation for 24 hours, optical density of the E. coli samples was measured at 600 nm (OD(600)). RESULTS: In the initial experiment of both studies, the OD(600) value of the promoted group was significantly higher than that of control (p < 0.05), while the OD(600) value of the inhibited group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.01), suggesting that the healer's intent played a critical role in the effects of EQ on E.coli proliferation. However, subsequent experiments did not replicate the initial finding in either study and showed a pattern of declining effect. CONCLUSION: A healer's intent may affect the proliferation of microbes with specificity and directivity, so future studies of bioenergy healing should take the role of intention into consideration. The circumstances surrounding replication of the results in such biofield studies need further exploration. KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Escherichia coli KW - Escherichia coli Infections KW - Humans KW - Intention KW - Qi KW - Random Allocation SP - 567 EP - 571 SN - 1557-7708 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19425820 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7498 T1 - Spirituality and religion in patients with HIV/AIDS JF - Journal of General Internal Medicine JA - J Gen Intern Med M3 - 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00642.x A1 - Cotton,Sian A1 - Puchalski,Christina M A1 - Sherman,Susan N A1 - Mrus,Joseph M A1 - Peterman,Amy H A1 - Feinberg,Judith A1 - Pargament,Kenneth I A1 - Justice,Amy C A1 - Leonard,Anthony C A1 - Tsevat,Joel VL - 21 Suppl 5 PY - 2006/12// N2 - BACKGROUND: Spirituality and religion are often central issues for patients dealing with chronic illness. The purpose of this study is to characterize spirituality/religion in a large and diverse sample of patients with HIV/AIDS by using several measures of spirituality/religion, to examine associations between spirituality/religion and a number of demographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables, and to assess changes in levels of spirituality over 12 to 18 months. METHODS: We interviewed 450 patients from 4 clinical sites. Spirituality/religion was assessed by using 8 measures: the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spirituality-Expanded scale (meaning/peace, faith, and overall spirituality); the Duke Religion Index (organized and nonorganized religious activities, and intrinsic religiosity); and the Brief RCOPE scale (positive and negative religious coping). Covariates included demographics and clinical characteristics, HIV symptoms, health status, social support, self-esteem, optimism, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The patients' mean (SD) age was 43.3 (8.4) years; 387 (86%) were male; 246 (55%) were minorities; and 358 (80%) indicated a specific religious preference. Ninety-five (23%) participants attended religious services weekly, and 143 (32%) engaged in prayer or meditation at least daily. Three hundred thirty-nine (75%) patients said that their illness had strengthened their faith at least a little, and patients used positive religious coping strategies (e.g., sought God's love and care) more often than negative ones (e.g., wondered whether God has abandoned me; P<.0001). In 8 multivariable models, factors associated with most facets of spirituality/religion included ethnic and racial minority status, greater optimism, less alcohol use, having a religion, greater self-esteem, greater life satisfaction, and lower overall functioning (R2=.16 to .74). Mean levels of spirituality did not change significantly over 12 to 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with HIV/AIDS belonged to an organized religion and use their religion to cope with their illness. Patients with greater optimism, greater self-esteem, greater life satisfaction, minorities, and patients who drink less alcohol tend to be both more spiritual and religious. Spirituality levels remain stable over 12 to 18 months. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Alcohol Drinking KW - Ethnic Groups KW - Female KW - Follow-Up Studies KW - HIV Infections KW - Humans KW - Logistic Models KW - Male KW - Multivariate Analysis KW - Personal Satisfaction KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Residence Characteristics KW - Self Concept KW - social support KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - S5-13 EP - S5-13 SN - 1525-1497 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17083501 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7568 T1 - Exercise intervention in brain injury: a pilot randomized study of Tai Chi Qigong JF - Clinical Rehabilitation JA - Clin Rehabil M3 - 10.1177/0269215508101736 A1 - Blake,H A1 - Batson,M VL - 23 IS - 7 PY - 2009/07// N2 - OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a brief Tai Chi Chuan Qigong ('Qigong') exercise intervention on individuals with traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: A single-centre randomized controlled trial pilot study. SETTING: A registered charity day centre in the community. SUBJECTS: Twenty individuals with traumatic brain injury. INTERVENTION: Intervention participants attended a Qigong exercise session for one hour per week over eight weeks. Control participants engaged in non-exercise-based social and leisure activities for the same intervention period. MEASURES: Outcome was assessed at baseline and post intervention using the General Health Questionnaire-12, the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire and the Social Support for Exercise Habits Scale, to measure perceived mood, self-esteem, flexibility, coordination, physical activity and social support. RESULTS: Groups were comparable at baseline. After the intervention, mood was improved in the exercise group when compared with controls (U = 22.0, P =0.02). Improvements in self-esteem (Z = 2.397, P =0.01) and mood (Z = -2.032, P =0.04) across the study period were also evident in the exercise group only. There were no significant differences in physical functioning between groups. In view of the sample size, these findings are inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that a brief Qigong exercise intervention programme may improve mood and self-esteem for individuals with traumatic brain injury. This needs to be tested in a large-scale randomized trial. SP - 589 EP - 598 SN - 1477-0873 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19237436 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6148 T1 - Traditional Medicine in Africa CY - Nairobi A2 - Chacha,Chacha Nyaigotti A2 - Kanunah,Mary Peter ED - Sindiga,Isaac PB - East African Educational Publishers PY - 1995/// KW - Africa KW - Social life and customs KW - Traditional medicine SN - 9966465480 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6149 T1 - Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwan's Treatise, "On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt" CY - Berkeley A1 - ibn Ridwan,Ali A1 - Jamal,Adil Sulayman A2 - Dols,Michael W PB - University of California Press PY - 1984/// KW - ‘Al¯i ibn Ridw¯an KW - Medicine, Arab KW - Ris¯alah f¯i daf‘ mad¯arr al-abd¯an bi-ard Misr SN - 0520048369 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8077 T1 - Addressing the spiritual & religious needs of persons with profound memory loss JF - Home Healthcare Nurse JA - Home Healthc Nurse A1 - Buckwalter,Georgine L VL - 21 IS - 1 PY - 2003/01// KW - Audiovisual Aids KW - Communication KW - Cues KW - Grief KW - Health Facility Environment KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Memory Disorders KW - Needs Assessment KW - Pastoral Care KW - Professional-Patient Relations KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - Terminal Care SP - 20 EP - 24 SN - 0884-741X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12544458 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6150 T1 - The Psychological Health of Shamans: A Reevaluation JF - Journal of the American Academy of Religion A1 - Walsh,Roger VL - 65 IS - 1 PY - 1997///Spring SP - 101 EP - 124 SN - 00027189 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1465820 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6151 T1 - African Traditional Beliefs: Concepts of Health and Medical Practice CY - Ibadan A1 - Lambo,Thomas A A1 - University of Ibadan PB - Ibadan University Press PY - 1963/// KW - Africa KW - Medicine KW - Traditional medicine ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7909 T1 - Depth of near-death experiences and confounding factors JF - Perceptual and Motor Skills JA - Percept Mot Skills A1 - Lester,David VL - 96 IS - 1 PY - 2003/02// N2 - In a sample of 51 near-death experiences, the depth of the reported experience was not related to the years since the experience. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Age Factors KW - Death KW - Female KW - Follow-Up Studies KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mental Recall KW - Middle Aged KW - Perceptual Distortion KW - Sex Factors SP - 18 EP - 18 SN - 0031-5125 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12705503 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7792 T1 - Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America JA - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A M3 - 10.1073/pnas.0904031106 A1 - Tang,Yi-Yuan A1 - Ma,Yinghua A1 - Fan,Yaxin A1 - Feng,Hongbo A1 - Wang,Junhong A1 - Feng,Shigang A1 - Lu,Qilin A1 - Hu,Bing A1 - Lin,Yao A1 - Li,Jian A1 - Zhang,Ye A1 - Wang,Yan A1 - Zhou,Li A1 - Fan,Ming VL - 106 IS - 22 PY - 2009/06/02/ N2 - Five days of integrative body-mind training (IBMT) improves attention and self-regulation in comparison with the same amount of relaxation training. This paper explores the underlying mechanisms of this finding. We measured the physiological and brain changes at rest before, during, and after 5 days of IBMT and relaxation training. During and after training, the IBMT group showed significantly better physiological reactions in heart rate, respiratory amplitude and rate, and skin conductance response (SCR) than the relaxation control. Differences in heart rate variability (HRV) and EEG power suggested greater involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the IBMT group during and after training. Imaging data demonstrated stronger subgenual and adjacent ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity in the IBMT group. Frontal midline ACC theta was correlated with high-frequency HRV, suggesting control by the ACC over parasympathetic activity. These results indicate that after 5 days of training, the IBMT group shows better regulation of the ANS by a ventral midfrontal brain system than does the relaxation group. This changed state probably reflects training in the coordination of body and mind given in the IBMT but not in the control group. These results could be useful in the design of further specific interventions. KW - Autonomic Nervous System KW - Brain KW - Brain Mapping KW - Exercise KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Relaxation KW - Skin Physiological Phenomena KW - Young Adult SP - 8865 EP - 8870 SN - 1091-6490 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19451642 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8157 T1 - Teaching on the spiritual dimension in care to undergraduate nursing students: the content and teaching methods JF - Nurse Education Today JA - Nurse Educ Today M3 - 10.1016/j.nedt.2007.09.003 A1 - Baldacchino,Donia R VL - 28 IS - 5 PY - 2008/07// N2 - The study unit on 'The spiritual dimension in care'had a Judeo-Christian orientation. It was introduced to the Diploma nursing curriculum at the University of Malta in the academic year 2002-2003. The aim was to increase students' awareness about the essence of spirituality in care so as to enable them to implement holistic care. Spirituality may or may not incorporate religiosity. Thus, believers may have spiritual needs which may include religious needs whilst the atheists and agnostics may still have spiritual needs. While considering secularisation, the Christian culture of Malta was addressed in this study unit. This article describes the content structure of the study unit based on the ASSET model (Narayanasamy, A., 1999. ASSET: a model for actioning spirituality and spiritual care education and training in nursing. Nurse Education Today 19, 274-285) and outlines the various teaching methods used. Following feedback from the first and second cohort groups in 2003 and 2004, respectively, the reviewed study unit was delivered to the third cohort group of students (n=65) in Semester 2 in the academic year 2004-2005. Apart from the use of traditional teaching methods, such as lessons and a seminar, other methods were used constantly throughout the study unit, for example, self-reflection exercises, case-studies and small group discussions to enhance learning. Recommendations are proposed to review the content of this study unit and to introduce other teaching methods for effective learning. KW - Adult KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Curriculum KW - Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate KW - Educational Measurement KW - Female KW - Health Services Needs and Demand KW - Holistic Health KW - Humanism KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Malta KW - Models, Educational KW - Models, Nursing KW - Nurse's Role KW - Nursing Assessment KW - Nursing Education Research KW - Nursing Methodology Research KW - Organizational Objectives KW - Philosophy, Nursing KW - Program Evaluation KW - Psychology, Educational KW - Spirituality KW - Students, Nursing KW - Teaching SP - 550 EP - 562 SN - 0260-6917 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950959 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7647 T1 - Feasibility and short-term outcomes of a shamanic treatment for temporomandibular joint disorders JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine JA - Altern Ther Health Med A1 - Vuckovic,Nancy H A1 - Gullion,Christina M A1 - Williams,Louise A A1 - Ramirez,Michelle A1 - Schneider,Jennifer VL - 13 IS - 6 PY - 2007/12//Nov-undefined N2 - CONTEXT: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are chronic, recurrent, non-progressive pain conditions affecting the jaw and face. Patients least likely to respond to allopathic treatment are those with the most marked biological responsiveness to external stressors and concomitant emotional and psychosocial difficulties. These characteristics describe individuals who are "dispirited" and may benefit from shamanic healing, an ancient form of spiritual healing. OBJECTIVE: This phase 1 study tested feasibility and safety of shamanic healing for TMDs. DESIGN: Participants were randomized to 1 of 4 shamanic practitioners and attended 5 shamanic healing sessions. Self-reported pain and disability were recorded at baseline and each treatment visit and at 1, 3, 6, and 9-month follow-ups. Participants also were clinically evaluated at baseline and end of treatment. In-depth interviews, part of our mixed methods design, were conducted at baseline and end of treatment to evaluate acceptability and nonclinical changes associated with treatment. SETTING: Portland, Oregon. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three women with diagnosed TMDs. INTERVENTION: Shamanic treatment carried out during 5 treatment visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change from baseline to posttreatment in diagnosis of TMDs by Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) exam and participant self-ratings on the "usual" pain, "worst" pain, and functional impact of TMDs subscales of the RDC Axis II Pain Related Disability and Psychological Status Scale. This paper reports on outcomes at end of treatment. RESULTS: This study demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of clinical trials of shamanic healing. The mean of usual pain went from 4.96 to 2.70, P<.0001; worst pain from 7.48 to 3.60, P<.0001, and functional impact of TMDs from 3.74 to 1.15, P<.0052. Only 4 women were clinically diagnosed with TMDs at the end of treatment. KW - Adult KW - Facial Pain KW - Feasibility Studies KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Oregon KW - Pain Measurement KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Shamanism KW - Spirituality KW - Temporomandibular Joint Disorders KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 18 EP - 29 SN - 1078-6791 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17985808 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7545 T1 - The impact of religion on men's blood pressure JF - Journal of Religion and Health M3 - 10.1007/BF00986065 A1 - Larson,David B. A1 - Koenig,Harold G. A1 - Kaplan,Berton H. A1 - Greenberg,Raymond S. A1 - Logue,Everett A1 - Tyroler,Herman A. VL - 28 IS - 4 PY - 1989/12/01/ N2 - Most clinical studies examining the relation between religion and blood pressure status have focused on church attendance, finding lower pressures among frequent attenders. The present study examines the effect on blood pressure status of a religious meaning variable, importance of religion, both by itself and together with frequency of church attendance. The relation between blood pressure, self-perceived importance of religion, and frequency of church attendance was examined among a rural sample of 407 white men free from hypertension or cardiovascular disease. The data confirmed an interaction between the effects of both religious variables on blood pressure status, with importance of religion having an even greater association with lower pressures than church attendance. Diastolic blood pressures of persons with high church attendance and high religious importance were significantly lower than those in the low attendance, low importance group. These differences persisted after adjusting the analyses for age, socioeconomic status, smoking, and weight-height ratio (Quetelet Index). The difference in mean diastolic pressures based on response to the religious importance variable alone was statistically and clinically significant, particularly among men aged 55 and over (6 mm) and among smokers (5 mm). These findings suggest that both religious attitudes and involvement may interact favorably in their effects on cardiovascular hemodynamics. SP - 265 EP - 278 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986065 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6152 T1 - Shamanism in Contemporary Society JF - Anthropology Today A1 - Woodman,Justin VL - 14 IS - 6 PY - 1998/12// SP - 23 EP - 24 SN - 0268540X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2783241 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7056 T1 - Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra T3 - SUNY series in religious studies CY - Albany A1 - Fields,Gregory P PB - State University of New York PY - 2001/// KW - Human body KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Religious aspects KW - Tantrism KW - Yoga SN - 0791449157 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7687 T1 - Religion, spirituality, and depression in adolescent psychiatric outpatients JF - The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease JA - J. Nerv. Ment. Dis M3 - 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181663002 A1 - Dew,Rachel E A1 - Daniel,Stephanie S A1 - Goldston,David B A1 - Koenig,Harold G VL - 196 IS - 3 PY - 2008/03// N2 - This study examines in a preliminary manner the relationship between multiple facets of religion/spirituality and depression in treatment-seeking adolescents. One hundred seventeen psychiatric outpatients aged 12 to 18 completed the brief multidimensional measure of religiousness/spirituality, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a substance abuse inventory. Controlling for substance abuse and demographic variables, depression was related to feeling abandoned or punished by God (p < 0.0001), feeling unsupported by one's religious community (p = 0.0158), and lack of forgiveness (p < 0.001). These preliminary results suggest that clinicians should assess religious beliefs and perceptions of support from the religious community as factors intertwined with the experience of depression, and consider the most appropriate ways of addressing these factors that are sensitive to adolescents' and families' religious values and beliefs. KW - Adolescent KW - Ambulatory Care KW - Child KW - Depressive Disorder, Major KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Patient Acceptance of Health Care KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion KW - Sex Factors KW - Spirituality KW - Substance-Related Disorders SP - 247 EP - 251 SN - 1539-736X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18340262 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6153 T1 - The perceived role of Islam in immigrant Muslim medical practice within the USA: an exploratory qualitative study JF - Journal of Medical Ethics JA - J Med Ethics M3 - 10.1136/jme.2007.021345 A1 - Padela,A I A1 - Shanawani,H A1 - Greenlaw,J A1 - Hamid,H A1 - Aktas,M A1 - Chin,N VL - 34 IS - 5 PY - 2008/05// N2 - BACKGROUND: Islam and Muslims are underrepresented in the medical literature and the influence of physician's cultural beliefs and religious values upon the clinical encounter has been understudied. OBJECTIVE: To elicit the perceived influence of Islam upon the practice patterns of immigrant Muslim physicians in the USA. DESIGN: Ten face-to-face, in-depth, semistructured interviews with Muslim physicians from various backgrounds and specialties trained outside the USA and practising within the the country. Data were analysed according to the conventions of qualitative research using a modified grounded-theory approach. RESULTS: There were a variety of views on the role of Islam in medical practice. Several themes emerged from our interviews: (1) a trend to view Islam as enhancing virtuous professional behaviour; (2) the perception of Islam as influencing the scope of medical practice through setting boundaries on career choices, defining acceptable medical procedures and shaping social interactions with physician peers; (3) a perceived need for Islamic religious experts within Islamic medical ethical deliberation. Limitations: This is a pilot study intended to yield themes and hypotheses for further investigation and is not meant to fully characterise Muslim physicians at large. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrant Muslim physicians practising within the USA perceive Islam to play a variable role within their clinical practice, from influencing interpersonal relations and character development to affecting specialty choice and procedures performed. Areas of ethical challenges identified include catering to populations with lifestyles at odds with Islamic teachings, end-of-life care and maintaining a faith identity within the culture of medicine. Further study of the interplay between Islam and Muslim medical practice and the manner and degree to which Islamic values and law inform ethical decision-making is needed. KW - Adult KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Emigrants and Immigrants KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Physicians KW - Pilot Projects KW - Professional Practice KW - Qualitative Research KW - Religion and Medicine KW - United States SP - 365 EP - 369 SN - 1473-4257 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18448718 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7626 T1 - Qigong for cancer treatment: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials JF - Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) JA - Acta Oncol M3 - 10.1080/02841860701261584 A1 - Lee,Myeong Soo A1 - Chen,Kevin W A1 - Sancier,Kenneth M A1 - Ernst,Edzard VL - 46 IS - 6 PY - 2007/// N2 - Qigong is a mind-body integrative exercise or intervention from traditional Chinese medicine used to prevent and cure ailments, to improve health and energy levels through regular practice. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize and critically evaluate the effectiveness of qigong used as a stand-alone or additional therapy in cancer care. We have searched the literature using the following databases from their respective inceptions through November 2006: MEDLINE, AMED, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 4, four Korean Medical Databases, Qigong and Energy Medicine Database from Qigong Institute and four Chinese Databases. Randomised and non-randomised clinical trials including patients with cancer or past experience of cancer receiving single or combined qigong interventions were included. All clinical endpoints were considered. The methodological quality of the trials was assessed using the Jadad score. Nine studies met our inclusion criteria (four were randomised trials and five were non-randomised studies). Eight of these trials tested internal qigong and one trial did not reported details. The methodological quality of these studies varies greatly and was generally poor. All trials related to palliative/supportive cancer care and none to qigong as a curative treatment. Two trials suggested effectiveness in prolonging life of cancer patients and one failed to do so. We conclude that the effectiveness of qigong in cancer care is not yet supported by the evidence from rigorous clinical trials. KW - Antineoplastic Agents KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Databases as Topic KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Neoplasms KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 717 EP - 722 SN - 0284-186X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17653892 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8015 T1 - Clinical applications of the relaxation response and mind-body interventions JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine JA - J Altern Complement Med A1 - Jacobs,G D VL - 7 Suppl 1 PY - 2001/// N2 - Several hundred peer-reviewed studies in the past 20 years have shown that the relaxation response and mind-body interventions are clinically effective in the treatment of many health problems that are caused or made worse by stress. Recent studies show that mind-body interventions may improve prognosis in coronary heart disease and can enhance immune functioning. It is hypothesized that mind-body interventions reduce sympathetic nervous system activation and increase parasympathetic nervous system activity, and thereby restore homeostasis. Researchers have also concluded that cognitive therapy is as effective, and possibly more effective than antidepressant medication in the treatment of major depression. This report provides an overview of some studies that have shown a beneficial role of the relaxation response and cognitive restructuring in the treatment of headaches, insomnia, and cardiovascular disorders. Studies to date suggest that mind-body interventions are effective and can also provide cost savings in patient treatment. It is also clear, however, that mind-body therapies are not panaceas, and should be used in conjunction with standard medical care. KW - Cardiovascular Diseases KW - Humans KW - Internal-External Control KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Parasympathetic Nervous System KW - Relaxation KW - Relaxation Therapy KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Sympathetic Nervous System SP - 93 EP - 101 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11822640 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7821 T1 - The Exploring of Buddhist Meditation by Using fMRI JF - NeuroImage M3 - 10.1016/S1053-8119(09)71300-X A1 - Hsieh,C.H. A1 - Liou,C.H. A1 - Hsieh,C.W. A1 - Wang,C.H. A1 - Ho,L.K. A1 - Chen,J.H. VL - 47 IS - Supplement 1 PY - 2009/07// N2 - Introduction Although the meditation mechanism underlie remain uncertain for these effects on body and mind for the past decades, many scientists worked on the researches of brain mappings for various meditation styles. Since different meditation methods may activate different regions in brain. Lazar et al. [1] studied a form of meditation with fMRI. We also had a previous study by using fMRI [2]. In this study, we would like to compare positive and negative activation areas of the brain during the meditation with nine-word phrase, and one is just practiced the breath with the phrase that contained nine words. The first word was matched with inhaling and following the next with exhaling alternately during the meditation period. Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) based fMRI were used to examine the brain functions. Methods There are four subjects scanned three times, one is 36-year-old, right-handed female, had practiced meditation for twelve years, and others are 36-year-old, right-handed male, had practiced meditation from fifteen to seventeen years. The paradigm is proceeded as below: two periods of meditation state, each with 3 minutes, and three control states with 3 minutes put before, between and after those two meditation epoch. Total scan time is 15 minutes. Experiments were performed on a Bruker MEDSPEC 3T system (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany). Images were acquired using gradient-echo echo planar image (EPI) with matrix size of 128×128, TE of 35 ms, and TR of 6 sec. The raw data were analyzed with SPM2 [3], and the preprocessing were realignment, coregistration, normalization of Talairach space, smoothness with FWHM of 8 mm, and were applied FFX statistics (FWE corrected, p<0.05). Results The results showed as below: positive activation brain areas of right hemisphere were anterior cingulate cortex of limbic lobe, supramarginal gyrus (BA 40) of parietal lobe, superior temporal (BA 22) of temporal lobe, precuneus (BA 7) of parietal lobe, superior occipital gyrus (BA 19) of occipital lobe, medial frontal gyrus (BA 6) of frontal lobe, culmen and thalamus (fig. 1). In the left cerebellum, the activation areas were precentral gyrus (BA 4) of frontal lobe and paracentral lobule (BA 31) of frontal lobe; Negative ones of right hemisphere: middle frontal gyrus (BA 10) of frontal lobe, tuber of posterior lobe; for left hemisphere, superior temporal gyrus (BA 10) of frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus (BA8) of frontal lobe, middle frontal gyrus (BA 9) of frontal lobe. (fig. 2). Conclusions We found that positive activation areas of the meditation with nine-word phrase were shown mainly on right hemisphere, and negative ones were just appeared mostly on left hemisphere. It displayed that meditation practice induced positive and negative activation areas concerned with various cognitive functions. However, maybe we could screen the same activation regions during different meditation forms, and construct the roles of each area for the mechanism step by step. SP - S133 EP - S133 SN - 1053-8119 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/science/article/B6WNP-4X3PHYG-1MD/2/f27aab0a75417c6b11d63cbb144a748f ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6154 T1 - The Mixe of Oaxaca Religion, Ritual, and Healing CY - Austin A1 - Lipp,Frank J A1 - American Council of Learned Societies PB - University of Texas Press PY - 1998/// KW - Medicine KW - Mexico KW - Mixe Indians KW - Mixe mythology KW - Oaxaca (Mexico : State) KW - Religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism KW - Social life and customs KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0292747055 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7699 T1 - Religious Attendance and Subjective Well-Being among Older Americans: Evidence from the General Social Survey JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Barkan,Steven E. A1 - Greenwood,Susan F. VL - 45 IS - 2 PY - 2003/12// N2 - A growing body of research addresses religion and well-being among older adults. In investigating these significant aspects of older adults' lives, many studies find that religious attendance is positively associated with psychological well-being. However, this conclusion bears further scrutiny for several reasons, including a shortage of national data, the possibility that the effect found in some studies is due to the relationship of religious attendance with physical health, and lack of clarity on the reasons for this effect. This study addresses these gaps in prior research with data from pooled samples of the General Social Survey. Net of controls, we find among other results that religious attendance is positively associated with two measures of subjective well-being among adults age 65 and older. Final remarks address the theoretical implications of the findings and discuss directions for future research. SP - 116 EP - 129 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3512578 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7275 T1 - Native North American Shamanism: An Annotated Bibliography T3 - Bibliographies and indexes in American history CY - Westport, Conn A1 - Osterreich,Shelley Anne PB - Greenwood Press PY - 1998/// KW - Bibliography KW - Indians of North America KW - Medicine KW - North America KW - Religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism SN - 0313301689 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6155 T1 - Big Medicine from Six Nations T3 - The Iroquois and their neighbors CY - Syracuse, N.Y A1 - Williams,Ted C PB - Syracuse University Press PY - 2007/// KW - East (U.S.) KW - Healing KW - History KW - History, 20th Century KW - Indians, North American KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism KW - Traditional medicine KW - Tuscarora Indians SN - 9780815608639 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6156 T1 - Introduction to Garudapurăna with reference to Ayurvĕda JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Subhose,Varanasi A1 - Narayana,Ala A1 - Prasad,P V V A1 - Rao,M Mruthyumjaya VL - 36 IS - 2 PY - 2006/12//Jul-undefined N2 - The Purănas are the encyclopedic works of the ancient and medieval Hindu religion, philosophy, history, politics, ethics, sciences etc. There are 18 (Astădaśa) purănas, which are, considered as mahăpurănas, among which Garudapurăna is popular one. The Garudapurăna is divided into two parts viz., Pŭrvakhanda and Uttarakhanda. The first part, which is also called Acărakhanda consists of 240 chapters. The greater part of the Pŭrvakhanda occupies the descriptions of Vratas (religious observances), sacred places dedicated to the Sŭrya (sun), Lord Siva and Lord Visnu. It also contains treatises on various aspects like astrology, palmistry, politics, Sănkhya, Yŏga, anatomy, precious stones and extensive information on vedic medicine i.e., Ayurveda. The Uttarakhanda consists of two khandas viz. Dharmakhanda and Brahmakhanda, which are divided into 42 and 29 chapters, respectively. The Dharmakhanda is also known as the Prĕtakalpa which contains directions for the performance of obsequies rites. The Prĕtakalpa portion of the Garudapurăna is generally recited during the period of mourning and so its importance is self-evident. It is almost impossible to narrate within such a small framework, the wide range of splendid truths scattered in the pages of this noble purănam. Little information is available from internal evidence to establish its exact period. However, it is supposed to be quite ancient in its origin. KW - Encyclopedias as Topic KW - History, Ancient KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 97 EP - 116 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18175646 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7974 T1 - Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: the report of the Consensus Conference. JF - Journal of Palliative Medicine A1 - Pulchaski,C A1 - Ferrell,B A1 - Virani,R A1 - Otis-Green,S A1 - Baird,P A1 - Bull,J A1 - Chochinov,H A1 - Handzo,G A1 - Nelson-Becker,H A1 - Prince-Paul,M A1 - Pugliese,K A1 - Sulmasy,D VL - 12 IS - 10 PY - 2009/10// N2 - A Consensus Conference sponsored by the Archstone Foundation of Long Beach, California, was held February 17-18, 2009, in Pasadena, California. The Conference was based on the belief that spiritual care is a fundamental component of quality palliative care. This document and the conference recommendations it includes builds upon prior literature, the National Consensus Project Guidelines, and the National Quality Forum Preferred Practices and Conference proceedings. SP - 855 EP - 904 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7735 T1 - Patterns of social, psychological, and spiritual decline toward the end of life in lung cancer and heart failure JF - Journal of Pain and Symptom Management JA - J Pain Symptom Manage M3 - 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.12.009 A1 - Murray,Scott A A1 - Kendall,Marilyn A1 - Grant,Elizabeth A1 - Boyd,Kirsty A1 - Barclay,Stephen A1 - Sheikh,Aziz VL - 34 IS - 4 PY - 2007/10// N2 - Typical trajectories of physical decline have been described for people with end-stage disease. It is possible that social, psychological, and spiritual levels of distress may also follow characteristic patterns. We sought to identify and compare changes in the psychological, social, and spiritual needs of people with end-stage disease during their last year of life by synthesizing data from two longitudinal, qualitative, in-depth interview studies investigating the experiences and needs of people with advanced illnesses. The subjects were 48 patients with advanced lung cancer (n=24) and heart failure (n=24) who gave a total of 112 in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed within individual case studies and then cross-sectionally according to the stage of physical illness. Characteristic social, psychological, and spiritual end-of-life trajectories were discernible. In lung cancer, the social trajectory mirrored physical decline, while psychological and spiritual well-being decreased together at four key transitions: diagnosis, discharge after treatment, disease progression, and the terminal stage. In advanced heart failure, social and psychological decline both tended to track the physical decline, while spiritual distress exhibited background fluctuations. Holistic end-of-life care needs to encompass all these dimensions. An appreciation of common patterns of social, psychological, and spiritual well-being may assist clinicians as they discuss the likely course of events with patients and carers and try to minimize distress as the disease progresses. KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Health KW - Cardiac Output, Low KW - Female KW - Great Britain KW - Humans KW - Interviews as Topic KW - Lung Neoplasms KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Needs Assessment KW - Neoplasms KW - Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - Terminally ill SP - 393 EP - 402 SN - 0885-3924 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17616334 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7134 T1 - Islam, Medicine, and Practitioners in Northern Nigeria T3 - Studies in African health and medicine CY - Lewiston A1 - Abdalla,Ismail Hussein PB - E. Mellen Press PY - 1997/// KW - Hausa (African people) KW - History KW - Islam KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Arab KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Nigeria KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0773486550 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8243 T1 - Bioethics for clinicians: 22. Jewish bioethics JF - CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De l'Association Medicale Canadienne JA - CMAJ A1 - Goldsand,G A1 - Rosenberg,Z R A1 - Gordon,M VL - 164 IS - 2 PY - 2001/01/23/ N2 - Jewish bioethics in the contemporary era emerges from the traditional practice of applying principles of Jewish law (Halacha) to ethical dilemmas. The Bible (written law) and the Talmud (oral law) are the foundational texts on which such deliberations are based. Interpretation of passages in these texts attempts to identify the duties of physicians, patients and families faced with difficult health care decisions. Although Jewish law is an integral consideration of religiously observant Jews, secularized Jewish patients often welcome the wisdom of their tradition when considering treatment options. Jewish bioethics exemplifies how an ethical system based on duties may differ from the secular rights-based model prevalent in North American society. KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Bioethics KW - Euthanasia, Passive KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Judaism KW - Life Support Care KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 219 EP - 222 SN - 0820-3946 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11332319 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7463 T1 - The Clergy as a Source of Mental Health Assistance: What Americans Believe JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Ellison,Christopher G. A1 - Vaaler,Margaret L. A1 - Flannelly,Kevin J. A1 - Weaver,Andrew J. VL - 48 IS - 2 PY - 2006/12// N2 - Although clergy remain a popular source of advice and assistance for persons dealing with mental health issues, there is little solid empirical evidence about this type of help-seeking. Using data from a special mental health module in the 1996 NORC General Social Survey, we examine popular attitudes toward the role of clergy as frontline mental health workers. Among the key findings: (1) Regular church attenders are more likely to approve of this role, as are biblical literalists, while Catholics are less prone to regard clergy as an appropriate source of mental health assistance. (2) Older persons (ages 60 and over) are much more likely to endorse a mental health role for clergy, while the effects of other sociodemographic characteristics are minimal. (3) Clergy are seen as less appropriate sources of help in cases of certain specific problems, e.g., schizophrenia, and for persons who are perceived to pose a danger to others. Implications of these findings and study limitations are discussed, and several important research directions are identified. SP - 190 EP - 211 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/20058132 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7580 T1 - Psychophysiological outcomes of health qigong for chronic conditions: a systematic review JF - Psychophysiology JA - Psychophysiology M3 - 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00763.x A1 - Ng,Bobby H P A1 - Tsang,Hector W H VL - 46 IS - 2 PY - 2009/03// N2 - We aimed to unravel the clinical benefits and the plausible underlying psychophysiological mechanism based on available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Meta-analysis of 26 RCTs shortlisted from electronic databases from 1997 to 2006 shows that qigong had some effects on increasing the numbers of white blood cells and lymphocytes, stroke volume, peak early transmitral filling velocity, peak late transmitral filling velocity, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume, and, conversely, lowering of total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and depressive mood scores. Explanatory pathways may pertain to stress reduction via nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Limitations on methodology are discussed and directions for further studies are suggested. Because of its safety, minimal cost, and clinical benefit, health qigong can be advocated as an adjunctive exercise therapy for older people with chronic conditions. KW - Blood Cell Count KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Databases, Factual KW - Hemodynamics KW - Humans KW - Lipids KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic KW - Respiratory Function Tests KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 257 EP - 269 SN - 0048-5772 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19170945 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7911 T1 - Near-Death Experiences in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic Population JF - Psychiatric Services M3 - 10.1176/appi.ps.54.12.1649 A1 - Greyson,Bruce VL - 54 IS - 12 PY - 2003/12/01/ N2 - Near-death experiences, or mystical experiences during encounters with death, are reported to have beneficial effects despite their phenomenologic similarity to pathological states. This study explored the prevalence of near-death experiences and associated psychological distress by using a cross-sectional survey of 832 psychiatric outpatients. Standardized measures of near-death experiences and psychological distress were administered via questionnaire at clinic intake. A total of 272 patients (33 percent) reported encounters with death, and these patients were found to have greater psychological distress than other patients. Sixty-one of the patients who had been close to death (22 percent) reported having near-death experiences, and these patients were found to have less psychological distress than patients who did not have near-death experiences after brushes with death. SP - 1649 EP - 1651 UR - http://ps.psychiatryonline.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/cgi/content/abstract/54/12/1649 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7517 T1 - Drug users' spiritual beliefs, locus of control and the disease concept in relation to Narcotics Anonymous attendance and six-month outcomes. JF - Drug and Alcohol Dependence A1 - Christo,G A1 - Franey,C VL - 38 IS - 1 PY - 1995/04// N2 - Narcotics Anonymous (NA) is an important support network for drug users emerging from abstinence based treatments. However, the views of NA on 'spirituality' and the 'disease' nature of addiction could be seen as encouraging an external attributional style and have been cited as reasons for non-attendance. After 6 months ninety percent of 101 drug users in treatment were followed up. Narcotics Anonymous attendance was inversely related to drug use for those who had left residential care. We found that spiritual beliefs and disease concept beliefs were not prerequisites for attendance of NA. Spiritual beliefs were not found to cause external attributions for previous drug use or possible future lapse events. It emerged that the most powerful predictors of non-attendance were positive attitudes to the use of alcohol. Treatment implications are discussed. SP - 51 EP - 56 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7783 T1 - Spirituality and prayer research: a select annotated bibliography JF - Plastic Surgical Nursing: Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses JA - Plast Surg Nurs A1 - Silva,M C VL - 19 IS - 1 PY - 1999/// N2 - As the world has become more complex, so too have our ethical conceptualizations about it. In the 1970s, ethical theories and principle-based bioethics dominated. Then clinicians and scholars began to experience the limitations of these two approaches when used alone. In the 1980s, women's voices began to be heard through both feminist ethics and the ethic of care. In addition, virtue ethics and casuistry again gained recognition. During the 1990s and as we are about to enter the 21st century, ethics has expanded to capture the concepts of narrative ethics and spirituality. This select annotated bibliography focuses on spirituality and on prayer research. KW - Ethics, Nursing KW - Feminism KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Pastoral Care KW - Religion SP - 45 EP - 46 SN - 0741-5206 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10478131 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7112 T1 - Chinese medicine and its modernization demands JF - Archives of Medical Research JA - Arch. Med. Res M3 - 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.09.011 A1 - Li,Wei-Feng A1 - Jiang,Jian-Guo A1 - Chen,Jian VL - 39 IS - 2 PY - 2008/02// N2 - As a typical naturally derived drug, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has developed for several thousands of years and accumulated abundant human pharmacological information and experience to form an integrated theory system. However, the problems of lower product quality, substandard codes and standards, and under-enhancement of fundamental research have restricted its further development and acceptance internationally. In this review, we explain the origin and developmental history of TCM, species involved in TCM, and their distributions in biotaxy. According to the status and problems, it is concluded that TCM modernization has become necessary and urgent. Modernization of TCM means the combination of TCM with modern technology, modern academic thoughts, and modern scientific culture, in which the most important point is to elucidate the active component of TCM, especially the material foundation of compound prescriptions and their pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Technology of analytical chemistry (HPLC, HPCE, HSCCC, etc.) and molecular biology (patch clamp, gene clamp, gene chip, fluorescent probe, DNA TUNEL assay, in situ hybridization, etc.) are useful tools to realize the modernization of TCM. Based on those studies and achievements and coupled with computer technology, all TCM products will achieve digitalization and normalization. TCM modernization will provide the world with useful reference information on traditional medicines. KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional SP - 246 EP - 251 SN - 0188-4409 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18164973 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7376 T1 - Life-style and death patterns of the Missouri RLDS church members. JF - American Journal of Public Health A1 - McEnvoy,L A1 - Land,G VL - 71 PY - 1981/// N2 - Members of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (RLDS) are dissuaded from the use of tobacco, alcohol, and hot drinks. A well-balanced diet is also stressed. This study compares the 1972-78 mortality experience of the Missouri RLDS with three other population groups. The findings show Missouri RLDS experiencing age-adjusted death rates which are 22.6 percent lower than rates for Missouri non-RLDs whites; 19.6 per cent lower than the non-RLDS of Independence, Missouri; and 14.4 per cent lower than Utah residents. The RLDS display lower death rates than the two Missouri comparison groups for each of seven selected causes-particularly lung cancer, pneumonia/influenza, and violent deaths. Comparisons between the Missouri RLDS and Utah residents show an inconsistent pattern, with Utah residents having non-significantly lower death rates for lung cancer and ischemic heart disease, but with the Missouri RLDS having significantly lower rates for pneumonia/influenza and violent deaths. These inconsistencies are of interest because 72 per cent of Utah's population belong to the Mormon Church which advocates life-styles similar to the RLDS. If these disparate mortality patterns persist under a more direct comparison between the Missouri RLDS and Utah Mormons, they could provide the opportunity to assess the impact of similar life-styles in separate settings. SP - 1350 EP - 1357 SN - 0090-0036 UR - http://www.ophsource.org/periodicals/ophtha/medline/record/MDLN.7316000 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7323 T1 - Correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality in American adults JF - Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine JA - Ann Behav Med A1 - Shahabi,Leila A1 - Powell,Lynda H A1 - Musick,Marc A A1 - Pargament,Kenneth I A1 - Thoresen,Carl E A1 - Williams,David A1 - Underwood,Lynn A1 - Ory,Marcia A VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 2002/// N2 - To advance knowledge in the study of spirituality and physical health, we examined sociodemographic, behavioral, and attitudinal correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality. Participants were a nationally representative sample of 1,422 adult respondents to the 1998 General Social Survey. They were asked, among other things, to rate themselves on the depth of their spirituality and the depth of their religiousness. Results indicated that, after adjustment for religiousness, self-perceptions of spirituality were positively correlated with being female (r = .07, p < .01), having a higher education (r = .12, p < .001), and having no religion (r = .10, p < .001) and inversely correlated with age (r = -.06, p < .05) and being Catholic (r = -.08, p < .01). After adjustment for these sociodemographic factors, self-perceptions of spirituality were associated with high levels of religious or spiritual activities (range in correlations = .12-.38, all p < .001), low cynical mistrust, and low political conservatism (both r = -.08, p < .01). The population was divided into 4 groups based on their self-perceptions of degree of spirituality and degree of religiousness. The spiritual and religious group had a higherfrequency of attending services, praying, meditating, reading the Bible, and daily spiritual experience than any of the other 3 groups (all differences p < .05) and had less distress and less mistrust than the religious-only group (p < .05 for both). However, they were also more intolerant than either of the nonreligious groups (p < .05 for both) and similar on intolerance to the religious-only group. We conclude that sociodemographicfactors could confound any observed association between spirituality and health and should be controlled. Moreover, individuals who perceive themselves to be both spiritual and religious may be at particularly low risk for morbidity and mortality based on their good psychological status and ongoing restorative activities. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attitude KW - Educational Status KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Self Concept KW - Sex Factors SP - 59 EP - 68 SN - 0883-6612 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12008795 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8227 T1 - AIDS in contemporary Islamic ethical literature JF - Medicine and Law JA - Med Law A1 - Francesca,Ersilia VL - 21 IS - 2 PY - 2002/// N2 - AIDS has been mentioned in Islamic ethical literature since about 1985 as an illness pertaining to European and American homosexuals. Only since about 1990 has the presence of HIV/AIDS in Islamic countries cast light on the fact that the actual sexual behaviour of the population does not always conform to religious norms. The increase in the numbers of people with HIV has compelled religious leaders to take a stand on sexual practices they consider "deviant", from prostitution to homosexuality and extramarital sex. The aim of this paper is to analyse the attitude of Muslim religious authorities towards individual sexual behaviour and AIDS. It is based mainly on contemporary legal responses that largely provide the necessary information on most of Islamic medical ethics. According to Muslim scholars, AIDS is a warning from God not to indulge in illicit conduct. As a remedy against the spread of AIDS, they encourage compliance with traditional family values and the enhancement of faith and devotion and strongly oppose sex education. They oppose promotion of condoms or any form of safe sex outside of marriage, which they perceive as promoting promiscuity and defiance of divine law. All the above-mentioned arguments are not exhaustive of the Islamic attitude towards AIDS. Some religious groups disagree with such a conservative way of conceiving the fight against AIDS as being antithetical to both men's and women's well-being. They support an alternative view of reproductive health and human rights within the Islamic framework and stress the great tolerance of Islam and why it must include people with HIV and AIDS. KW - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome KW - Ethics KW - Homosexuality, Male KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Male KW - Sex Education KW - Sexual Behavior SP - 381 EP - 394 SN - 0723-1393 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12184613 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8228 T1 - Islamic medical ethics: a primer JF - Bioethics JA - Bioethics M3 - 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00540.x A1 - Padela,Aasim I VL - 21 IS - 3 PY - 2007/03// N2 - Modern medical practice is becoming increasingly pluralistic and diverse. Hence, cultural competency and awareness are given more focus in physician training seminars and within medical school curricula. A renewed interest in describing the varied ethical constructs of specific populations has taken place within medical literature. This paper aims to provide an overview of Islamic Medical Ethics. Beginning with a definition of Islamic Medical Ethics, the reader will be introduced to the scope of Islamic Medical Ethics literature, from that aimed at developing moral character to writings grounded in Islamic law. In the latter form, there is an attempt to derive an Islamic perspective on bioethical issues such as abortion, gender relations within the patient-doctor relationship, end-of-life care and euthanasia. It is hoped that the insights gained will aid both clinicians and ethicists to better understand the Islamic paradigm of medical ethics and thereby positively affect patient care. KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Literature KW - Morals KW - Physician's Role SP - 169 EP - 178 SN - 0269-9702 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17845488 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7249 T1 - Cherokee Medicine Man: The Life and Work of a Modern-Day Healer CY - Norman [Okla.] A1 - Conley,Robert J PB - University of Oklahoma Press PY - 2005/// KW - Cherokee Indians KW - Little Bear, John KW - Religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamans SN - 0806136650 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6157 T1 - Rethinking the history of medicine in Asia: Hakim Mohammed Said and the Society for the Promotion of Eastern Medicine JF - The Journal of Asian Studies JA - J Asian Stud A1 - Alter,Joseph S VL - 67 IS - 4 PY - 2008/11// N2 - In 1963 Hakim Mohammed Said took a Pakistani delegation from the Society for the Promotion of Eastern Medicine on a monthlong trip to China to meet with and learn from practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine. This essay focuses on Said's interpretation of the history of medicine in Asia, which was inspired by his trip and informed by a broad, global understanding of how Unani medicine developed from the eighth century to the present. Said's advocacy of Eastern Medicine provides a way to think about the history of medicine and medical revitalization that is not limited by colonial, postcolonial, or nationalist assumptions and priorities. KW - China KW - Colonialism KW - Historiography KW - History of Medicine KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, Ancient KW - History, Medieval KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Medicine, Unani KW - Pakistan SP - 1165 EP - 1186 SN - 0021-9118 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19149016 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8178 T1 - Should physicians prescribe religious activities? JF - The New England Journal of Medicine JA - N. Engl. J. Med A1 - Sloan,R P A1 - Bagiella,E A1 - VandeCreek,L A1 - Hover,M A1 - Casalone,C A1 - Jinpu Hirsch,T A1 - Hasan,Y A1 - Kreger,R A1 - Poulos,P VL - 342 IS - 25 PY - 2000/06/22/ KW - Attitude to Health KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Data Collection KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Physician's Role KW - Professional-Patient Relations KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 1913 EP - 1916 SN - 0028-4793 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10861331 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7547 T1 - Ayurveda and yoga in cardiovascular diseases JF - Cardiology in Review JA - Cardiol Rev A1 - Mamtani,Ravinder A1 - Mamtani,Ronac VL - 13 IS - 3 PY - 2005/06//May-undefined N2 - Ayurveda is derived from 2 Sanskrit words, namely, "Ayus" and "Veda," meaning life and knowledge, respectively. It literally means science of life. Ayurveda, of which yoga is an integral part, is widely practiced in India and is gaining acceptance in many countries around the world. It is a comprehensive and a holistic system, the focus of which is on the body, mind, and consciousness. The Ayurvedic treatment consists of the use herbal preparations, diet, yoga, meditation, and other practices. Based on the review of available studies, the evidence is not convincing that any Ayurvedic herbal treatment is effective in the treatment of heart disease or hypertension. However, the use of certain spices and herbs such as garlic and turmeric in an overall healthy diet is appropriate. Many herbs used by Ayurvedic practitioners show promise and could be appropriate for larger randomized trials. Yoga, an integral part of Ayurveda, has been shown to be useful to patients with heart disease and hypertension. Yoga reduces anxiety, promotes well-being, and improves quality of life. Its safety profile is excellent. Its use as a complementary therapeutic regimen under medical supervision is appropriate and could be worth considering. KW - Cardiovascular Diseases KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Phytotherapy KW - Plant Extracts KW - Prognosis KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic KW - Risk Assessment KW - Sensitivity and Specificity KW - Severity of Illness Index KW - Survival Rate KW - Treatment Outcome KW - Yoga SP - 155 EP - 162 SN - 1061-5377 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15834238 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8038 T1 - Reflections on Spirituality and Health CY - London A1 - Wright,Stephen G PB - Wiley PY - 2005/// KW - Medical care KW - Nursing KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religious aspects KW - Spirituality SN - 1861564686 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8216 T1 - Caring for patients of diverse religious traditions: Islam, a way of life for Muslims JF - Home Healthcare Nurse JA - Home Healthc Nurse M3 - 10.1097/01.NHH.0000277692.11916.f3 A1 - Miklancie,Margaret A VL - 25 IS - 6 PY - 2007/06// N2 - You have been a nurse for many years, yet you have never cared for a patient who practices Islam until now. You are assigned to a Muslim family for a home visit. What aspects about Muslim beliefs and way of life might be helpful to know before your visit? KW - Arabs KW - Attitude to Death KW - Attitude to Health KW - Community Health Nursing KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Empathy KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Home Care Services KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Social Values KW - Transcultural Nursing SP - 413 EP - 417 SN - 0884-741X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17556925 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7435 T1 - The association of public and private religious involvement with severity of depression and hopelessness in older adults treated for major depression JF - The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry JA - Am J Geriatr Psychiatry M3 - 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819d37a9 A1 - Cruz,Mario A1 - Schulz,Richard A1 - Pincus,Harold A A1 - Houck,Patricia R A1 - Bensasi,Salem A1 - Reynolds,Charles F VL - 17 IS - 6 PY - 2009/06// N2 - OBJECTIVE: The authors assessed the association between public and private religious participation and depression as well as hopelessness in older depressed, adults treated in mental health settings. METHODS: Data from 130 participants from a posttreatment longitudinal follow-up study of late-life depression were analyzed. Multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the association between public (frequency of church attendance) and private (frequency of prayer/meditation) forms of religious participation and depression as well as hopelessness severity when demographic and health indicators were controlled. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses found significant negative associations between frequency of prayer/meditation and depression (OR = 0.56 [0.36-0.89], Wald chi2 = 5.93, df = 1) as well as hopelessness (OR = 0.58 [0.36-0.94], Wald chi2 = 4.97, df = 1) severity. CONCLUSION: This study supports significant, direct relationships between prayer/meditation and depression as well as hopelessness severity in older adults treated for depression in mental health settings. Prospective studies are needed to further illuminate these relationships. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Depression KW - Depressive Disorder KW - Female KW - Follow-Up Studies KW - Humans KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Multivariate Analysis KW - Personality Inventory KW - Regression Analysis KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Severity of Illness Index SP - 503 EP - 507 SN - 1545-7214 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19461258 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6158 T1 - On the Origin of Humoral Medicine in Latin America T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Foster,George M. VL - 1 IS - 4 PY - 1987/12// N2 - For the past half-century humoral medicine has been recognized by anthropologists to be the most important and widespread ethnomedical system in Latin America. While most scholars believe this system is largely a simplified folk variant of classical Greek and Persian humoral pathology, a small minority--particularly Audrey Butt Colson and Alfredo López Austin--argues for a New World origin. In this paper the author supports the former hypothesis by tracing the well-documented history of classical medicine from Greece and Persia to Latin America, where it was disseminated via formal medical education, hospitals and missionary orders, home medical guides and pharmacies. The fallacies in the arguments of Colson and López Austin are also pointed out. SP - 355 EP - 393 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/648542 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7704 T1 - Religiosity, Well-Being, and Weltanschauung Among the Elderly. JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion M3 - Article A1 - Steinitz,Lucy Y. VL - 19 IS - 1 PY - 1980/03// N2 - Four measures of religiosity drawn from the NORC General Social Survey, 1972-1977 (N = 1493 @ 65+) were examined to determine how well they predicted thirteen self-report questions on personal well-being, life satisfaction, and world-view of elderly persons Only the measure of FREQUENCY OF CHURCH ATTENDANCE--which may be more closely tied to physical health than to religious feeling--resulted in consistent associations with well-being, especially among older women and whites. By contrast, BELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATH was shown to be a much stronger and more discriminating predictor of both well-being and Weltanschauung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) KW - BELIEF & doubt KW - Church Attendance KW - OLDER people -- Psychology KW - Religiousness KW - SOCIAL sciences -- Research KW - SOCIAL surveys SP - 60 EP - 60 SN - 00218294 UR - http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=4897684&site=ehost-live&scope=site ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8121 T1 - The impact of empirical studies of spirituality and culture on nurse education JF - Journal of Clinical Nursing JA - J Clin Nurs M3 - 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01616.x A1 - Narayanasamy,Aru VL - 15 IS - 7 PY - 2006/07// N2 - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to share reflectively how my empirical studies on spirituality and culture have had an impact upon nurse education. BACKGROUND: Spirituality and cultural dimensions of care are considered to be integral to holistic care. The healing potentials of spiritual and cultural care are well documented. The commitment to the research programme came due to the concern within early literature on nursing that the provision of spiritual care for patients is inadequate. METHODS: The research programme used action research comprising largely qualitative approaches. As the holistic and multiperspective nature of spirituality and culture requires a multidisciplinary approach and flexibility of methodology, various research techniques were used. RESULTS: The findings from the research programme led to the development of theories, models and conceptual literature on spiritual and cultural care. In particular, two models evolved from the studies: the ASSET for spiritual cares education and training and the ACCESS for transcultural care practice. The critical incident studies provide insights into nurses' roles in spiritual care interventions. The phenomenological study highlights that chronically ill patients use spiritual strategies in coping with their illness. CONCLUSION: Overall, the paper offers a body of evidence that has an impact upon curriculum development in nurse education and nursing practice. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The ASSET model offers a framework for spiritual care education. The ACCESS model offers a framework for transcultural care practice. The critical incident studies map out nurses' roles in spiritual and cultural care with scope for development of care intervention models for the future. The coping mechanisms study highlights how patients use spiritual coping strategies such as prayer and other resources to cope with their chronic illnesses. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Chronic Disease KW - Communication KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Curriculum KW - Education, Nursing KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Models, Educational KW - Models, Nursing KW - Needs Assessment KW - Nurse's Role KW - Nursing Assessment KW - Nursing Education Research KW - Nursing Methodology Research KW - Nursing Process KW - Patient Care Team KW - Philosophy, Nursing KW - Spirituality KW - Transcultural Nursing SP - 840 EP - 851 SN - 0962-1067 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879377 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7884 T1 - Daily spiritual experiences, systolic blood pressure, and hypertension among midlife women in SWAN JF - Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine JA - Ann Behav Med M3 - 10.1007/s12160-009-9110-y A1 - Fitchett,George A1 - Powell,Lynda H VL - 37 IS - 3 PY - 2009/06// N2 - BACKGROUND: There is reasonable evidence that religious beliefs and activities are associated with lower blood pressure and less hypertension. It is not known if daily spiritual experiences have similar effects. PURPOSE: We examined the relationship between an eight-item version of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and hypertension. METHODS: With data from 1,060 Caucasian and 598 African-American midlife women participating in Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, in race-stratified models, we used regression equations, logistic regression, and mixed effects regression to estimate the relationship between DSES group and SBP and hypertensive status. RESULTS: We found little difference across DSES groups in adjusted mean SBP for either Caucasian or African-American women. Nor did DSES protect against 3-year increases in SBP, hypertensive status, or incident hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Daily spiritual experiences do not appear protective for SBP or hypertension in midlife women. Further research should examine factors that condition the religion-BP relationship. SP - 257 EP - 267 SN - 1532-4796 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19662465 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7538 T1 - Spirituality, sense of coherence, and coping responses in women receiving treatment for alcohol and drug addiction JF - Evaluation and Program Planning JA - Eval Program Plann M3 - 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2007.05.009 A1 - Arévalo,Sandra A1 - Prado,Guillermo A1 - Amaro,Hortensia VL - 31 IS - 1 PY - 2008/02// N2 - PURPOSE: To examine the role of spirituality, sense of coherence, and coping responses in relation to stress and trauma symptoms among women in substance abuse treatment. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Data for the present analyses were obtained from baseline interviews of 393 women in an urban area of Massachusetts. Interviews were conducted from April 2003 to September 2006. Participants came from four substance abuse treatment programs (three residential and one outpatient) participating in the Mother's Hope, Mind and Spirit Study, an evaluation of an intervention funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Stress was significantly associated with drug addiction severity and trauma symptoms were significantly related to alcohol addiction severity. Spirituality, sense of coherence, and coping responses did not mediate the relationship between perceived stress, and posttraumatic stress, and alcohol and drug addiction severity. However, negative and significant associations were found between perceived stress and spirituality, sense of coherence and coping responses, and between posttraumatic stress symptomatology and sense of coherence. CONCLUSION: Enhanced substance abuse treatments that increase spirituality, sense of coherence, and coping responses may be beneficial in helping women in substance abuse treatment to manage stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms. However, further research is needed to identify the pathways through which spirituality, sense of coherence and coping responses may mediate the effects of stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms on alcohol and drug addiction severity. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Age Factors KW - Alcoholism KW - Attitude to Health KW - Female KW - Follow-Up Studies KW - Humans KW - Logistic Models KW - Massachusetts KW - Patient Compliance KW - Patient Dropouts KW - Poverty KW - Probability KW - Registries KW - Retrospective Studies KW - risk factors KW - Sick Role KW - social support KW - Spirituality KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Substance Abuse Treatment Centers KW - Substance-Related Disorders KW - Treatment Outcome KW - Urban Population SP - 113 EP - 123 SN - 1873-7870 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17825910 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7063 T1 - Introduction to Garudapurăna with reference to Ayurvĕda JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Subhose,Varanasi A1 - Narayana,Ala A1 - Prasad,P V V A1 - Rao,M Mruthyumjaya VL - 36 IS - 2 PY - 2006/12//Jul-undefined N2 - The Purănas are the encyclopedic works of the ancient and medieval Hindu religion, philosophy, history, politics, ethics, sciences etc. There are 18 (Astădaśa) purănas, which are, considered as mahăpurănas, among which Garudapurăna is popular one. The Garudapurăna is divided into two parts viz., Pŭrvakhanda and Uttarakhanda. The first part, which is also called Acărakhanda consists of 240 chapters. The greater part of the Pŭrvakhanda occupies the descriptions of Vratas (religious observances), sacred places dedicated to the Sŭrya (sun), Lord Siva and Lord Visnu. It also contains treatises on various aspects like astrology, palmistry, politics, Sănkhya, Yŏga, anatomy, precious stones and extensive information on vedic medicine i.e., Ayurveda. The Uttarakhanda consists of two khandas viz. Dharmakhanda and Brahmakhanda, which are divided into 42 and 29 chapters, respectively. The Dharmakhanda is also known as the Prĕtakalpa which contains directions for the performance of obsequies rites. The Prĕtakalpa portion of the Garudapurăna is generally recited during the period of mourning and so its importance is self-evident. It is almost impossible to narrate within such a small framework, the wide range of splendid truths scattered in the pages of this noble purănam. Little information is available from internal evidence to establish its exact period. However, it is supposed to be quite ancient in its origin. KW - Encyclopedias as Topic KW - History, Ancient KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 97 EP - 116 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18175646 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6159 T1 - Other healers : unorthodox medicine in America CY - Baltimore A1 - Gevitz,Norman PB - Johns Hopkins University Press PY - 1988/// SN - 9780801837104 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6160 T1 - Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East: historical development JF - Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Santé De La Méditerranée Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Ṣiḥḥīyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassiṭ JA - East. Mediterr. Health J A1 - Mohit,A VL - 7 IS - 3 PY - 2001/05// N2 - A brief account is given of attitudes towards mental health and the development of psychiatry in the Middle East from an historical perspective. The Middle East is considered as a cultural entity and the influence of the beliefs and practices of ancient times on the collective mind of the people of the Region is discussed. KW - Arab World KW - Attitude to Health KW - Health Services Needs and Demand KW - History, 15th Century KW - History, 16th Century KW - History, 17th Century KW - History, 18th Century KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, 21st Century KW - History, Ancient KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - mental health KW - Mental Health Services KW - Middle East KW - Philosophy KW - Psychiatry KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology SP - 336 EP - 347 SN - 1020-3397 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12690751 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7031 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Complementary Medicine and the Doctor JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Zollman,Catherine A1 - Vickers,Andrew VL - 319 IS - 7224 PY - 1999/12/11/ SP - 1558 EP - 1561 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186616 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7721 T1 - Aging and Religious Participation: Reconsidering the Effects of Health JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion M3 - 10.2307/1387007 A1 - Ainlay,Stephen C. A1 - Singleton,Royce A1 - Swigert,Victoria L. VL - 31 IS - 2 PY - 1992/06// N2 - This study examined the relationship between aging and religious participation, focusing on changes in older people's formal participation in church life, informal or private religious practices, and attitudes towards participation in the church. Survey data from a random sample of older persons in a medium-sized northeastern city included both objective and subjective measures of health. Contrary to earlier studies which relied on subjective health as the sole indicator of health status, multiple regression analyses showed that health, especially as measured by health-related, functional limitations, serves an important mediating role. Older people experience greater functional limitations and, in turn, are less likely to engage in various church activities. These findings have important implications for the activity-disengagement debate within social gerontology and also for the concern in the sociology of religion with the role of religion in older people's lives. SP - 175 EP - 188 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/1387007 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8068 T1 - Spiritual needs of children with complex healthcare needs in hospital JF - Paediatric Nursing JA - Paediatr Nurs A1 - Bull,Alister A1 - Gillies,Marjorie VL - 19 IS - 9 PY - 2007/11// N2 - AIMS: To explore the views of hospitalised school-aged children with complex healthcare needs related to spiritual care. This could help inform national policies and raise awareness of the impact that a stay in an acute paediatric hospital can have on the spiritual needs of some of the children who use the NHS. METHOD: Pictures used in previous (US) studies were used to facilitate story telling, enabling children to talk about concepts that may not have emerged through direct conversation. A convenience sample of five hospitalised children were presented with the pictures one at a time and asked open-ended questions about each picture. Data analysis involved identifying emerging themes from the transcriptions using a grounded theory approach. FINDINGS: The main themes to emerge from the interview data were: the role of the child's relationships with family, friends and healthcare professionals; the impact of the hospital environment on the child; coping with invasive procedures; belief--children's views about their health and belief system. CONCLUSION: There is a need for all healthcare professionals to recognise that children have spiritual needs that can include religious beliefs, and that it is part of their duty of care to attempt to identify and meet such needs. KW - Child KW - Health Services Needs and Demand KW - Hospitalization KW - Humans KW - Scotland KW - Spirituality KW - State Medicine SP - 34 EP - 38 SN - 0962-9513 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18047170 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7953 T1 - Re-conceptualizing the factor structure of the brief multidimensional measure of religiousness/spirituality JF - Journal of Religion and Health JA - J Relig Health M3 - 10.1007/s10943-008-9179-9 A1 - Johnstone,Brick A1 - Yoon,Dong Pil A1 - Franklin,Kelly Lora A1 - Schopp,Laura A1 - Hinkebein,Joseph VL - 48 IS - 2 PY - 2009/06// N2 - RATIONALE: This study attempted to differentiate statistically the spiritual and religious factors of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS), which was developed based on theoretical conceptualizations that have yet to be adequately empirically validated in a population with significant health disorders. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty-four individuals with heterogeneous medical conditions [i.e., brain injury, spinal cord injury (SCI), cancer, stroke, primary care conditions]. METHODS: Participants completed the BMMRS as part of a pilot study on spirituality, religion, and physical and mental health. RESULTS: A principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization identified a six-factor solution (opposed to the expected 8-factor solution) accounting for 60% of the variance in scores, labeled as: (1) Positive Spiritual Experience; (2) Negative Spiritual Experience; (3) Forgiveness; (4) Religious Practices; (5) Positive Congregational Support; and (6) Negative Congregational Support. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the BMMRS assesses distinct positive and negative aspects of religiousness and spirituality that may be best conceptualized in a psychoneuroimmunological context as measuring: (a) Spiritual Experiences (i.e., emotional experience of feeling connected with a higher power/the universe); (b) Religious Practices (i.e., prayer, rituals, service attendance); (c) Congregational Support; and (d) Forgiveness (i.e., a specific coping strategy that can be conceptualized as religious or non-religious in context). KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Health KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Male KW - mental health KW - Middle Aged KW - Pilot Projects KW - Principal Component Analysis KW - Psychometrics KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality KW - Young Adult SP - 146 EP - 163 SN - 1573-6571 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19421866 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7918 T1 - Childhood near-death experiences JF - American Journal of Diseases of Children JA - Am. J. Dis. Child A1 - Morse,M A1 - Castillo,P A1 - Venecia,D A1 - Milstein,J A1 - Tyler,D C VL - 140 IS - 11 PY - 1986/11// N2 - We nonselectively interviewed 11 patients aged 3 through 16 years who had survived critical illnesses, including cardiac arrests and profound comas. Any memory of a time they were unconscious was considered to be a near-death experience (NDE) and was recorded. Seven of these children had memories that included being out of the physical body (six patients), entering darkness (five patients), being in a tunnel (four patients), and deciding to return to the body (three patients). We also interviewed 29 age-matched survivors of illnesses that required intubation, narcotics, benzodiazepines, and admission to an intensive care unit. None of them had any memories of the time they were unconscious. In our study population, NDEs were clearly associated with surviving a critical illness. The elements of NDEs reported are similar to those previously described in adults. No children described elements of depersonalization as part of their NDEs. A core NDE, triggered by the process of dying or resuscitation efforts, may be a natural developmental experience. We present a neurophysiologic hypothesis as to the cause of NDEs. KW - Adolescent KW - Child KW - Child, Preschool KW - Critical Care KW - Death KW - Humans KW - Intensive Care Units KW - Narcotics KW - Parapsychology KW - Prospective Studies KW - Respiration, Artificial KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Synaptic Transmission KW - Temporal Lobe SP - 1110 EP - 1114 SN - 0002-922X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/3020964 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7815 T1 - An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program JF - Journal of Clinical Psychology JA - J Clin Psychol M3 - 10.1002/jclp.20579 A1 - Carmody,James A1 - Baer,Ruth A A1 - L B Lykins,Emily A1 - Olendzki,Nicholas VL - 65 IS - 6 PY - 2009/06// N2 - S. L. Shapiro and colleagues (2006) have described a testable theory of the mechanisms of mindfulness and how it affects positive change. They describe a model in which mindfulness training leads to a fundamental change in relationship to experience (reperceiving), which leads to changes in self-regulation, values clarification, cognitive and behavioral flexibility, and exposure. These four variables, in turn, result in salutogenic outcomes. Analyses of responses from participants in a mindfulness-based stress-reduction program did not support the mediating effect of changes in reperceiving on the relationship of mindfulness with those four variables. However, when mindfulness and reperceiving scores were combined, partial support was found for the mediating effect of the four variables on measures of psychological distress. Issues arising in attempts to test the proposed theory are discussed, including the description of the model variables and the challenges to their assessment. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Attention KW - Awareness KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Psychological KW - Questionnaires KW - Relaxation Therapy KW - Social Control, Informal KW - Social Values KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Young Adult SP - 613 EP - 626 SN - 1097-4679 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19267330 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6161 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Christian Science Tradition: Principle, Practice, and Challenge T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Peel,Robert PB - Crossroad PY - 1988/// KW - Christian Science KW - Doctrines KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0824508955 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7552 T1 - Changes in spirituality and well-being in a retreat program for cardiac patients JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine JA - Altern Ther Health Med A1 - Kennedy,James E A1 - Abbott,R Anne A1 - Rosenberg,Beth S VL - 8 IS - 4 PY - 2002/08//Jul-undefined N2 - CONTEXT: Many epidemiological studies indicate that spirituality or religion are positively correlated with health measures, but research is needed on interventions that change spirituality to verify that it actually affects health and to justify suggestions that changes in spiritual practices or beliefs may have health benefits. However, it is not clear that health interventions can influence spirituality or which techniques are effective. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether participation in a retreat program for cardiac patients and their partners resulted in changes in spirituality and whether changes in spirituality were related to changes in well-being meaning in life, anger, and confidence in handling problems. DESIGN: Participants filled out questionnaires before and after participating in the retreat. SETTING: Retreats were sponsored by the Health Promotion and Wellness Program, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and were held in a remote training center. PARTICIPANTS: Notices were sent to cardiac rehabilitation programs and directly to heart patients, resulting in the enrollment of 72 first-time participants. INTERVENTION: The 2.5-day educational retreats included discussion and opportunities to experience healthy lifestyle options. Exercise, nutrition, stress management techniques, communication skills that enhance social support, and spiritual principles of healing were incorporated. Experiential practices included yoga, meditation, visualization, and prayer. RESULTS: Of the participants, 78% reported increased spirituality after the retreat. Changes in spirituality were positively associated with increased well-being meaning in life, confidence in handling problems, and decreased tendency to become angry. CONCLUSIONS: Programs that explore spirituality in a health context can result in increased spirituality that is associated with increased well-being and related measures. Many patients and their families want to integrate the spiritual and health dimensions of their lives. Further work is needed to develop healthcare settings that can support this integration. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Female KW - Heart Diseases KW - Humans KW - Life Style KW - Male KW - Mental Healing KW - Middle Aged KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Self-Help Groups KW - Spirituality KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Time Factors KW - Treatment Outcome KW - United States SP - 64-66, 68-70, 72-73 EP - 64-66, 68-70, 72-73 SN - 1078-6791 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12126175 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7621 T1 - Impact and outcomes of an iyengar yoga program in a cancer centre JF - Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) JA - Curr Oncol A1 - Duncan,M D A1 - Leis,A A1 - Taylor-Brown,J W VL - 15 Suppl 2 PY - 2008/08// N2 - BACKGROUND: Individuals have increasingly sought complementary therapies to enhance health and well-being during cancer, although little evidence of their effect is available. OBJECTIVES: We investigated how an Iyengar yoga program affects the self-identified worst symptom in a group of participants. whether quality of life, spiritual well-being, and mood disturbance change over the Iyengar yoga program and at 6 weeks after the program. how, from a participant's perspective, the Iyengar yoga program complements conventional cancer treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This pre-post instrumental collective case study used a mixed methods design and was conducted at a private Iyengar yoga studio. The sample consisted of 24 volunteers (23 women, 1 man; 88% Caucasian; mean age: 49 years) who were currently on treatment or who had been treated for cancer within the previous 6 months, and who participated in ten 90-minute weekly Iyengar yoga classes. The main outcome measures were most-bothersome symptom (Measure Your Medical Outcome Profile 2 instrument), quality of life and spiritual well-being (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-General subscale and Spiritual subscale), and mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States-Short Form). Participant perspectives were obtained in qualitative interviews. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements were reported in most-bothersome symptom (t((23)) = 5.242; p < 0.001), quality of life (F((2,46)) = 14.5; p < 0.001), spiritual well-being (F((2,46)) = 14.4; p < 0.001), and mood disturbance (F((2,46)) = 10.8; p < 0.001) during the program. At follow-up, quality of life (t((21)) = -3.7; p = 0.001) and mood disturbance (t((21)) = 2.4; p = 0.025) significantly improved over time. Categorical aggregation of the interview data showed that participants felt the program provided them with various benefits not included on the outcomes questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: Over the course of the Iyengar Yoga for Cancer program, participants reported an improvement in overall well-being. The program was also found to present participants with a holistic approach to care and to provide tools to effectively manage the demands of living with cancer and its treatment. SP - s109.es72-78 EP - s109.es72-78 SN - 1198-0052 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18769575 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7476 T1 - The meaning of spirituality for individuals with disabilities JF - Disability and Rehabilitation JA - Disabil Rehabil M3 - 10.1080/09638280500076319 A1 - Schulz,Emily K VL - 27 IS - 21 PY - 2005/11/15/ N2 - PURPOSE: To examine the experiences of people with disabilities regarding their spirituality and its meaning for them. This study asked: What are the differences in the meaning of spirituality in the lives of individuals with childhood onset disabilities when compared to those with adult onset disabilities? METHOD: This qualitative study involved semi-structured individual interviews of 12 adults, six with childhood onset and six with adult onset disabilities. Member checking of both transcribed data and open coding was done to ensure trustworthiness. Data was analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. RESULTS: Findings suggested that the two groups held different perceptions about the meaning of spirituality. For childhood onset participants, two categories of 'connecting and expressing for purpose and meaning in life', and 'disability as a vehicle to discover god's purpose' were generated. For adult onset participants, two categories of 'connecting and expressing through feelings and actions', and 'disability as a catalyst for spiritual awakening' were derived from the data. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with childhood and adult onset disabilities perceive and experience spirituality differently. Therefore, different approaches to using spirituality in practice need to be employed for the two groups. Suggestions are provided for incorporating spirituality into occupational therapy practice. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Age of Onset KW - Attitude to Health KW - Disabled Persons KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Interviews as Topic KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Spirituality SP - 1283 EP - 1295 SN - 0963-8288 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16298931 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6162 T1 - Latina/o Healing Practices: Mestizo and Indigenous Perspectives CY - New York ED - McNeill,Brian ED - Cervantes,Joseph Michael PB - Routledge PY - 2008/// KW - Hispanic Americans KW - Latin America KW - Latin Americans KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Religion KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality KW - Traditional medicine KW - United States SN - 9780415954204 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7254 T1 - American Indian Medicine A1 - Vogel,Virgil J. PB - University of Oklahoma Press PY - 1990/09// SN - 0806122935 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7054 T1 - An Introduction to Yoga JF - The American Journal of Nursing A1 - Wilson,Robin L. VL - 76 IS - 2 PY - 1976/02// SP - 261 EP - 263 SN - 0002936X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3423818 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7678 T1 - Spirituality in well and ill adolescents and their parents: the use of two assessment scales JF - Pediatric Nursing JA - Pediatr Nurs A1 - Rubin,Daniel A1 - Dodd,Melissa A1 - Desai,Neelam A1 - Pollock,Bradley A1 - Graham-Pole,John VL - 35 IS - 1 PY - 2009/02//Jan-undefined N2 - The literature supporting a relationship between religion/spirituality and physical/mental health has led to recommendations that health professionals attend to these issues in patient assessment and intervention. Many studies indicate that spiritual issues are important to adolescents, especially those with physical and/or psychological health concerns. Although several instruments have been developed to measure religion/spirituality in adults, no validated instrument currently exists for assessing this concept in children or adolescents. The applicability of two adult scales, the SIBS and the SWBS, were assessed to explore the spiritual well-being of adolescents by comparing spirituality scores of 38 chronically ill and 38 healthy adolescents and their parents. No significant difference was found between ill and well adolescents on either scale. Parents scored significantly higher than adolescents on both scales. Although this could indicate that parents have greater spiritual well-being than their children, these two findings taken together suggest these measures may be insufficiently sensitive measures of spirituality in childhood. This is supported by the finding that most adolescents and their parents felt both scales to be ineffective measures of adolescent spirituality. The authors concluded that a more specific scale should be developed for measuring spirituality in the young, especially those with chronic illness. Such an instrument might best be developed through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Case-Control Studies KW - Child KW - Chronic Disease KW - Humans KW - Parents KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Spirituality SP - 37 EP - 42 SN - 0097-9805 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19378572 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7198 T1 - The five generations of American medical revolutions JF - The Journal of Family Practice JA - J Fam Pract A1 - Garrison,R L VL - 40 IS - 3 PY - 1995/03// N2 - Current medical authors frequently use the term "revolution," yet American medicine is resisting change rather than embracing it. The last completed American medical revolutionary movement was the specialist-technologist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This paper describes a five-generational model of revolution. First-generation persons foment revolution; second-generation persons shape it into workable form and precipitate conflict; third-generation persons join the fight only when it appears to be all but won; fourth-generation persons enjoy the fruits of revolution; and fifth-generation persons, having risen to domination in the mature system, resist all attempts at reform by the next round of revolutionaries. In political revolutions, severe reactionary activity by the ruling party is often an indicator of an imminent overthrow by revolution. In scientific revolutions, the opposition of an established (specialist-technologist) paradigm to an emerging alternative (generalist) paradigm increases in intensity as the old order declines in strength; the opposition becomes most fierce just before the collapse of the old order. American specialist-technologist medicine, declining into its senescent fifth generation, will resist all but incremental change whenever possible, and accept major change only by force. KW - Family Practice KW - Health Care Reform KW - History, 18th Century KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, 20th Century KW - Specialties, Medical KW - Technology, Medical KW - United States SP - 281 EP - 287 SN - 0094-3509 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/7876786 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7997 T1 - Reinventing medicine : beyond mind-body to a new era of healing CY - San Francisco A1 - Dossey,Larry PB - HarperSanFrancisco PY - 1999/// SN - 9780062516220 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7199 T1 - Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America CY - Oxford A1 - Whorton,James C PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2002/// KW - 20th century KW - Alternative medicine KW - History KW - United States SN - 0195140710 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7374 T1 - Religious Attendance and Subjective Health JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - Levin,Jeffrey S. A1 - Markides,Kyriakos S. VL - 25 IS - 1 PY - 1986/03// N1 -Culturally specific, causal link, or geriatrics?
N2 - Epidemiologists often correlate religious attendance with a variety of health outcomes and claim that religion represents a protective factor with respect to health. However, these analyses are typically zero-order (i.e., uncontrolled) and thus fail to address the possibility that partialling out the effects of potential explanatory variables might reduce such associations to insignificance. Using a three-generations sample of Mexican American Catholics, the authors regress subjective health onto religious attendance, alternatively controlling for four such variables: social support, physical capacity, social class, and subjective religiosity. Among both older and younger women, significant zero-order associations are explained away by removing the effects of physical capacity. These findings lend empirical support to theoretical work in social gerontology which suggests that religious attendance may represent a proxy for functional health, especially in older people. SP - 31 EP - 40 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1386061 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8130 T1 - Three philosophical approaches to the study of spirituality JF - ANS. Advances in Nursing Science JA - ANS Adv Nurs Sci A1 - Tinley,Susan T A1 - Kinney,Anita Y VL - 30 IS - 1 PY - 2007/03//Jan-undefined N2 - Since the turn of the century, there has been an expanded interest in the place that spirituality has in nursing practice, education, and research. The purpose of this article is to examine the study of spirituality from the perspective of 3 philosophical paradigms: empiricism, interpretivism, and poststructuralism. The strengths and weaknesses of the paradigms are identified through a review of an exemplar article for each. Each paradigm provides a unique approach to the development of knowledge, and thus makes its own contribution to the understanding of spirituality. It is the researcher's responsibility to identify the appropriate paradigm for the question. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Empiricism KW - Female KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, 21st Century KW - Humans KW - Male KW - mental health KW - Philosophy, Nursing KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Sick Role KW - Spirituality SP - 71 EP - 80 SN - 1550-5014 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17299286 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7879 T1 - A Typology of Religious Experience JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - Margolis,Robert D. A1 - Elifson,Kirk W. VL - 18 IS - 1 PY - 1979/03// SP - 61 EP - 67 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/1385379 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8034 T1 - Spirituality and religion in the care of surgical oncology patients with life-threatening or advanced illnesses JF - Annals of Surgical Oncology JA - Ann. Surg. Oncol M3 - 10.1245/s10434-008-0130-9 A1 - Woll,Monica L A1 - Hinshaw,Daniel B A1 - Pawlik,Timothy M VL - 15 IS - 11 PY - 2008/11// N2 - Spiritual and religious concerns often become of central importance in the care of surgical oncology patients confronted with their mortality. Unfortunately, surgeons are often ill prepared or reluctant to address the spiritual and religious needs of their patients. In this article, working definitions of spirituality versus religiosity will be developed in the context of the three largest monotheistic religions in America: Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Disease, dying, and death will be explored with respect to these faiths and examples of how to address religious beliefs in practical clinical settings will be given. Finally, specific suggestions will be made for surgeons to better understand, empathize with, and address the needs of their seriously ill patients in a holistic manner. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Attitude to Death KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Neoplasms KW - Patients KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality KW - Terminal Care SP - 3048 EP - 3057 SN - 1534-4681 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18773242 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8064 T1 - Principles to make a spiritual assessment work in your practice JF - The Journal of Family Practice JA - J Fam Pract A1 - Lawrence,Robert T A1 - Smith,Dwight W VL - 53 IS - 8 PY - 2004/08// KW - Adult KW - Culture KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Family Practice KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Theoretical KW - Pastoral Care KW - Quality of Health Care KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality KW - Time Factors SP - 625 EP - 631 SN - 0094-3509 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15298832 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7652 T1 - The effects of deep breathing training on pain management in the emergency department JF - Southern Medical Journal JA - South. Med. J M3 - 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181a93fc5 A1 - Downey,La Vonne A A1 - Zun,Leslie S VL - 102 IS - 7 PY - 2009/07// N2 - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of deep breathing exercises on the pain levels in patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with pain as their chief complaint. A secondary purpose was to measure the impact of deep breathing teaching on indicators of patient satisfaction. METHODS: This was an observational study of patients who presented to the ED with pain as their chief complaint to an urban level one Emergency Department. Patients were randomized into a control group and an experimental group. The control group received the usual treatment for pain. The experimental group received the usual treatment for pain, but also received deep breathing exercises. For the measurement of pain prior to treatment, the brief pain inventory (BPI) was used. The visual analogy system (VAS) was used to measure pain prior to and after treatment and deep breathing were administered. For the measurement of patient satisfaction, the medical interview satisfaction scale (MISS) was used. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between those who received the deep breathing education and those that did not with regards to postmedication pain levels. There was however, a significant difference in customer service satisfaction within the area of doctor/patient rapport and intention to follow treatment. CONCLUSION: The usefulness of deep breathing exercises was shown to be ineffective in reducing pain levels; however, the majority of those who received deep breathing education felt it was useful. The exercise was effective in increasing patient's feelings of rapport and intentions to follow their doctor's directives. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Emergency Service, Hospital KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Pain KW - Pain Measurement KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Young Adult SP - 688 EP - 692 SN - 1541-8243 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19487995 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8131 T1 - Meaning of spirituality: implications for nursing practice JF - Journal of Clinical Nursing JA - J Clin Nurs M3 - 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.01006.x A1 - McSherry,Wilfred A1 - Cash,Keith A1 - Ross,Linda VL - 13 IS - 8 PY - 2004/11// N2 - BACKGROUND: This research outlines some preliminary findings emerging from a grounded theory investigation into the 'meaning of spirituality'. These initial results raise some important questions about the terminology and language that nurses use regarding the term spirituality. It seems that many of the policy directives and statutory guidelines make two major assumptions regarding 'spirituality'. Firstly, patients and nurses are aware and understand the concept, and secondly, patients may require their spiritual needs to be met. These preliminary findings suggest that a dichotomy is emerging between professional assumption and patient expectation regarding the meaning of spirituality. AIM: The study had one broad research aim, to gain a deeper insight into how patients, nurses, and people from the major world religions understand the concept of 'spirituality'. DESIGN: A qualitative research design was used involving a grounded theory method of inquiry. It was felt that this qualitative method would aid the investigation of this subjective dimension of peoples' existence, enabling existing theoretical constructs and arguments to be tested. METHODS: The constant comparative method was used throughout the data collection and analysis. Analysis was undertaken at two levels, 'overview analysis' and 'line-by-line analysis'. This enabled the creation of categories and central themes. RESULTS: Constant comparative analysis resulted in the formation of several categories and central themes. Two categories presented and discussed in detail are 'definitions of spirituality', and 'diverse perceptions of spirituality'. CONCLUSION: It would seem that there is now an urgent need for nursing to evaluate and perhaps adjust its vision regarding what constitutes spirituality. Such an approach may serve to reduce the gap between policy and public expectation. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It seems that there may be no 'precise' terminology associated with the language used to define spirituality, raising possible implications for nursing practice and nurse education. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Comprehension KW - Female KW - Great Britain KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Needs Assessment KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Nurses KW - Spirituality SP - 934 EP - 941 SN - 0962-1067 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15533099 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7655 T1 - Soldier and family wellness across the life course: a developmental model of successful aging, spirituality, and health promotion, Part II JF - Military Medicine JA - Mil Med A1 - Parker,M W A1 - Fuller,G F A1 - Koenig,H G A1 - Bellis,J M A1 - Vaitkus,M A A1 - Barko,W F A1 - Eitzen,J VL - 166 IS - 7 PY - 2001/07// N2 - As an alternative to the current Department of Defense approach to health promotion and related research, which is critiqued in Part I of this article, the authors present a new, integrative health promotion and wellness model. This age-graded model incorporates successful aging, targeted health promotion, and spirituality in the context of the developmental perspective provided by life course constructs. By using an age-graded, multidisciplinary system of assessment, intervention, and follow-up in the context of preparing military personnel and families for the next season of life, this model advocates the prevention of disease and disability, active engagement with life, the maximization of high cognitive and physical functioning, and positive spirituality. Preliminary, selected illustrations from a variation of this model at the U.S. Army War College are provided. Progressive extrapolation of the model to other military leadership schools is proposed as a more efficacious health promotion strategy for the Department of Defense. KW - Aging KW - Algorithms KW - Body Weight KW - Family KW - Health promotion KW - Human Development KW - Humans KW - Life Change Events KW - Military Personnel KW - Program Evaluation KW - Religion KW - Smoking KW - Stress, Psychological KW - United States SP - 561 EP - 570 SN - 0026-4075 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11469025 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8145 T1 - Nursing with dignity. Part 9: Jehovah's Witnesses JF - Nursing Times JA - Nurs Times A1 - Simpson,June VL - 98 IS - 17 PY - 2002/04/23/29 N2 - This article describes the main teachings and customs of Jehovah's Witnesses. It offers some guidelines to enable nurses to provide sensitive and appropriate care to patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses. KW - Attitude to Health KW - Blood Transfusion KW - Christianity KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Humans KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Transcultural Nursing KW - Treatment Refusal SP - 36 EP - 37 SN - 0954-7762 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12008260 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6163 T1 - Integrated approach to yoga JF - The Nursing Journal of India JA - Nurs J India A1 - Bhobe,S VL - 91 IS - 2 PY - 2000/02// N2 - Yoga is a science of Holistic living and not merely a set of Asanas and Pranayama. It is a psycho physical and spiritual science, which aims at the harmonious development of the human body, mind and soul. Yoga is the conscious art of self-discovery. It is a process by which animal man ascends through the stages from normal man to super man and then the divine man. It is an expansion of the narrow constricted egoistic personality to an all-pervasive eternal and blissful state of reality. Yoga is an all round development of personality at physical, mental intellectual, emotional and spiritual level. KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Spirituality KW - Yoga SP - 33, 42 EP - 33, 42 SN - 0029-6503 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15326755 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7799 T1 - Age effects on attentional blink performance in meditation JF - Consciousness and Cognition JA - Conscious Cogn M3 - 10.1016/j.concog.2009.05.001 A1 - van Leeuwen,Sara A1 - Müller,Notger G A1 - Melloni,Lucia VL - 18 IS - 3 PY - 2009/09// N2 - Here we explore whether mental training in the form of meditation can help to overcome age-related attentional decline. We compared performance on the attentional blink task between three populations: A group of long-term meditation practitioners within an older population, a control group of age-matched participants and a control group of young participants. Members of both control groups had never practiced meditation. Our results show that long-term meditation practice leads to a reduction of the attentional blink. Meditation practitioners taken from an older population showed a reduction in blink as compared to a control group taken from a younger population, whereas, the control group age-matched to the meditators' group revealed a blink that was comparatively larger and broader. Our results support the hypothesis that meditation practice can: (i) alter the efficiency with which attentional resources are distributed and (ii) help to overcome age-related attentional deficits in the temporal domain. SP - 593 EP - 599 SN - 1090-2376 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19515578 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8230 T1 - Islamic bioethics : problems and perspectives T3 - International library of ethics, law, and the new medicine CY - New York A1 - Atighetchi,Dariusch PB - Springer PY - 2007/// SN - 9781402049613 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8241 T1 - AIDS and Islam in America JF - Journal of the Association for Academic Minority Physicians: The Official Publication of the Association for Academic Minority Physicians JA - J Assoc Acad Minor Phys A1 - Ghalib,Kareem A1 - Peralta,Ligia VL - 13 IS - 2 PY - 2002/04// N2 - Islam is the fastest growing religion in the United States. African Americans make up the largest part of the Muslim community in America, and they are also the individuals at greatest risk for contracting HIV. With the objective of understanding the impact of religious and cultural beliefs on HIV risk behaviors, this article reviews the literature on HIV and AIDS in Muslim communities in America. While no specific data exists regarding HIV seroprevalence or the risk factors for transmission of HIV in specifically American Muslim communities, the available information is presented describing American Muslims' attitudes and beliefs regarding HIV. Furthermore, in order to help clinicians improve the delivery of HIV preventive services to members of these communities, Islamic doctrine is described in relation to the three main risk factors for acquiring HIV: sexual activity, drug use and perinatal transmission. American Muslims make up a diverse population which have unique needs regarding prevention of HIV and AIDS. These needs must be more fully investigated and understood in order to minimize rates of HIV transmission in these rapidly growing communities. KW - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome KW - African Americans KW - HIV Infections KW - HIV Seroprevalence KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Sexual Behavior KW - United States SP - 48 EP - 52 SN - 1048-9886 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12362567 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7662 T1 - Eastern Approaches for Enhancing Women's Sexuality: Mindfulness, Acupuncture, and Yoga (CME) JF - Journal of Sexual Medicine M3 - 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01071.x A1 - Brotto,Lori A. A1 - Krychman,Michael A1 - Jacobson,Pamela VL - 5 IS - 12 PY - 2008/// N2 - Introduction. A significant proportion of women report unsatisfying sexual experiences despite no obvious difficulties in the traditional components of sexual response (desire, arousal, and orgasm). Some suggest that nongoal-oriented spiritual elements to sexuality might fill the gap that more contemporary forms of treatment are not addressing.Aim. Eastern techniques including mindfulness, acupuncture, and yoga, are Eastern techniques, which have been applied to women's sexuality. Here, we review the literature on their efficacy.Methods. Our search revealed two empirical studies of mindfulness, two of acupuncture, and one of yoga in the treatment of sexual dysfunction.Main Outcome Measure. Literature review of empirical sources.Results. Mindfulness significantly improves several aspects of sexual response and reduces sexual distress in women with sexual desire and arousal disorders. In women with provoked vestibulodynia, acupuncture significantly reduces pain and improves quality of life. There is also a case series of acupuncture significantly improving desire among women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Although yoga has only been empirically examined and found to be effective for treating sexual dysfunction (premature ejaculation) in men, numerous historical books cite benefits of yoga for women's sexuality.Conclusions. The empirical literature supporting Eastern techniques, such as mindfulness, acupuncture, and yoga, for women's sexual complaints and loss of satisfaction is sparse but promising. Future research should aim to empirically support Eastern techniques in women's sexuality. Brotto LA, Krychman M, and Jacobson P. Eastern approaches for enhancing women's sexuality: Mindfulness, acupuncture, and yoga. J Sex Med 2008;5:274120132748. SP - 2741 EP - 2748 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01071.x ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8136 T1 - The construct validity of a rating scale designed to assess spirituality and spiritual care JF - International Journal of Nursing Studies JA - Int J Nurs Stud A1 - McSherry,Wilfred A1 - Draper,Peter A1 - Kendrick,Don VL - 39 IS - 7 PY - 2002/09// N2 - A postal survey, containing a questionnaire and covering letter, was distributed to 1029 ward-based nurses, of all grades, in a Large NHS Trust in an attempt to establish how nurses perceived spirituality and spiritual care. A response rate of 55.3% (n = 549) was obtained. Part of the questionnaire contained "The Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale" (SSCRS) a newly constructed instrument to aid the investigation and measurement of Spirituality and Spiritual Care. Factor Analysis was performed in an attempt to establish construct validity and to identify any underlying associations between items in the scale. It suggested a 17-item instrument with four factor-based subscales: Spirituality, Spiritual Care, Religiosity and Personalised Care. The 17-item SSCRS demonstrated a reasonable level of internal consistency reliability, having a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.64. Confirmatory Factor Analysis is recommended in order to cross-validate and refine this new Rating Scale. KW - Adult KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - England KW - Factor Analysis, Statistical KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Nursing KW - Questionnaires KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality SP - 723 EP - 734 SN - 0020-7489 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12231029 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6164 T1 - Yoga in modern India : the body between science and philosophy CY - Princeton N.J. A1 - Alter,Joseph PB - Princeton University Press PY - 2004/// SN - 9780691118734 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7640 T1 - The effect of Qigong on fibromyalgia (FMS): a controlled randomized study JF - Disability and Rehabilitation JA - Disabil Rehabil M3 - 10.1080/09638280701400540 A1 - Haak,Thomas A1 - Scott,Berit VL - 30 IS - 8 PY - 2008/// N2 - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a 7-week Qigong intervention on subjects with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). METHODS: The study was a controlled randomized study with repeated measures. Fifty-seven FMS female subjects were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 29) or a waiting-list control group (n = 28). After completion of the experimental part, the control group received the same intervention. Collection of data was made at pre- and post-treatment and at 4-month follow-up for both groups. RESULTS: During the experimental part of the study, significant improvements were found for the intervention group, at posttreatment, regarding different aspects of pain and psychological health and distress. Almost identical results were found for the combined group. At 4-month follow-up, the majority of these results were either maintained or improved. CONCLUSION: The overall results show that Qigong has positive and reliable effects regarding FMS. A high degree of completion, 93%, and contentment with the intervention further support the potential of the treatment. The results of the study are encouraging and suggest that Qigong intervention could be a useful complement to medical treatment for subjects with FMS. KW - Adult KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Female KW - Fibromyalgia KW - Humans KW - Middle Aged KW - Pain KW - Quality of Life KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 625 EP - 633 SN - 0963-8288 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17852292 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6165 T1 - Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems JF - American Anthropologist A1 - Foster,George M. VL - 78 IS - 4 PY - 1976/12// N2 - This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non-Western medical systems. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and magic are inseparable; the most powerful curers have supernatural and magical powers, and their primary role is diagnostic. Correlated with naturalistic etiologies are the belief that disease causality has nothing to do with other misfortunes; religion and magic are largely unrelated to illness; the principal curers lack supernatural or magical powers, and their primary role is therapeutic. SP - 773 EP - 782 SN - 00027294 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/675143 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7135 T1 - Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy JF - Psychology and Psychotherapy JA - Psychol Psychother M3 - 10.1348/147608309X467807 A1 - Weatherhead,Stephen A1 - Daiches,Anna PY - 2009/09/04/ N2 - Objectives The aim of this research was to explore with a heterogeneous Muslim population their understanding of the concept of mental health and how any mental distress experienced by an individual can best be addressed. Design A qualitative approach was taken. Participants were interviewed, and data analysed thematically. Methods A sample of 14 Muslims was interviewed according to a semi-structured interview schedule. Participants were recruited via electronic mailing lists, and communications with local Muslim organizations. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Thematic analysis identified seven operationalizing themes that were given the labels 'causes', 'problem management', 'relevance of services', 'barriers', 'service delivery', 'therapy content', and 'therapist characteristics'. Conclusions The results highlight the interweaving of religious and secular perspectives on mental distress and responses to it. Potential barriers are discussed, as are the important characteristics of therapy, therapists, and service provision. Clinical implications are presented along with the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research. SN - 1476-0835 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19735608 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8049 T1 - What do family physicians think about spirituality in clinical practice? JF - The Journal of Family Practice JA - J Fam Pract A1 - Ellis,Mark R A1 - Campbell,James D A1 - Detwiler-Breidenbach,Ann A1 - Hubbard,Dena K VL - 51 IS - 3 PY - 2002/03// N2 - OBJECTIVES: To describe the context in which physicians address patients' spiritual concerns, including their attitudes toward this task, cues to discussion, practice patterns, and barriers and facilitators. STUDY DESIGN: This was a qualitative study using semistructured interviews of 13 family physicians. POPULATION: We selected board-certified Missouri family physicians in a nonrandom fashion to represent a range of demographic factors (age, sex, religious background), practice types (academic/community practice; urban/rural), and opinions and practice regarding physicians' roles in addressing patients' spiritual issues. OUTCOMES MEASURED: We coded and evaluated transcribed interviews for themes. RESULTS: Physicians who reported regularly addressing spiritual issues do so because of the primacy of spirituality in their lives and because of the scientific evidence associating spirituality with health. Respondents noted that patients' spiritual questions arise from their unique responses to chronic illness, terminal illness, and life stressors. Physicians reported varying approaches to spiritual assessment; affirmed that spiritual discussions should be approached with sensitivity and integrity; and reported physician, patient, mutual physician-patient, and situational barriers. Facilitators of spiritual discussions included physicians' modeling a life that includes a spiritual focus. CONCLUSIONS: These physicians differ in their comfort and practice of addressing spiritual issues with patients but affirm a role for family physicians in responding to patients' spiritual concerns. Factors that form a context for discussions of spiritual issues with patients include perceived barriers, physicians' role definition, familiarity with factors likely to prompt spiritual questions, and recognition of principles guiding spiritual discussions. KW - Adult KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Family Practice KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Missouri KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Physician's Role KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality SP - 249 EP - 254 SN - 0094-3509 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11978236 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7506 T1 - Spirituality and health: empirically based reflections on recovery JF - Recent Developments in Alcoholism: An Official Publication of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism, the Research Society on Alcoholism, and the National Council on Alcoholism JA - Recent Dev Alcohol A1 - Pearce,Michelle J A1 - Rivinoja,Clark M A1 - Koenig,Harold G VL - 18 PY - 2008/// N2 - In this chapter, we explore the spiritual functioning and well-being of individuals and how this relates to mental health and recovery from alcoholism within the conceptual framework of Alcoholics Anonymous. We raise the question of whether the spiritually oriented focus of AA is a critical factor in achieving recovery. We suggest that examining the findings from a large body of research on religion and mental health may provide further insight into this question. Specifically, we assert that the mechanisms through which the spiritual focus of AA may influence recovery from alcoholism may be similar to the mechanisms through which spirituality may influence mental health. These potential explanatory mechanisms include the provision of a community, a narrative framework for meaning-making, a means of coping through submission and redemption, and prescribed lifestyle behaviors. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Affect KW - Alcoholics Anonymous KW - Alcoholism KW - Anxiety KW - Convalescence KW - Depression KW - Empirical Research KW - Guilt KW - Health Behavior KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Life Style KW - Spirituality KW - Suicide SP - 187 EP - 208 SN - 0738-422X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19115770 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7939 T1 - Near death experiences in cardiac arrest: visions of a dying brain or visions of a new science of consciousness JF - Resuscitation JA - Resuscitation M3 - 10.1016/S0300-9572(01)00469-5 A1 - Parnia,Sam A1 - Fenwick,Peter VL - 52 IS - 1 PY - 2002/01// N2 - Very little is known about the dying process and in particular the state of the human mind at the end of life. Cardiac arrest is the final step in the dying process irrespective of cause, and is also the closest physiological model of the dying process. Recent studies in cardiac arrest survivors have indicated that although the majority of cardiac arrest survivors have no memory recall from the event, nevertheless approximately 10% develop memories that are consistent with typical near death experiences. These include an ability to 'see' and recall specific detailed descriptions of the resuscitation, as verified by resuscitation staff. Many studies in humans and animals have indicated that brain function ceases during cardiac arrest, thus raising the question of how such lucid, well-structured thought processes with reasoning and memory formation can occur at such a time. This has led to much interest as regards the potential implications for the study of consciousness and its relationship with the brain, which still remains an enigma. In this article, we will review published research examining brain physiology and function during cardiac arrest as well as its potential relationship with near death experiences during this time. Finally, we will explore the contribution that near death experiences during cardiac arrest may make to the wider understanding of human consciousness. KW - Attitude to Death KW - Brain KW - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation KW - Consciousness KW - Fantasy KW - Female KW - Heart Arrest KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mental Recall KW - Parapsychology KW - Vision, Ocular SP - 5 EP - 11 SN - 0300-9572 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11801343 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7898 T1 - Reconsidering Aesthetic and Religious Experience: A Companion View JF - Journal of Aesthetic Education A1 - Richmond,John W. VL - 33 IS - 4 PY - 1999///Winter SP - 29 EP - 49 SN - 00218510 UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/3333720 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8282 T1 - The role of spirituality in patient care: incorporating spirituality training into medical school curriculum JF - Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges JA - Acad Med A1 - Graves,Darci L A1 - Shue,Carolyn K A1 - Arnold,Louise VL - 77 IS - 11 PY - 2002/11// N2 - OBJECTIVE: To answer the call for the implementation of spirituality into medical school curriculum,(1) UMKC-School of Medicine has incorporated experiential spirituality instruction into the third year of a six-year combined BA-MD degree program. The multifaceted objective of the program is to (1) expand students' conceptualization of the patient as person to include dimensions of spiritual beliefs and needs, (2) develop an understanding of how patients' spiritual belief systems impact their health, (3) recognize how the student's spiritual beliefs impact his or her practice of medicine, and (4) highlight the value of the chaplain as a member of the health care team. With increased understanding of the role spirituality plays in healing as well as the spiritual services available to patients, students will be able to serve the needs of their patients. DESCRIPTION: To accomplish this objective, students participate in lectures on spirituality, small-group activities focusing on skills such as taking/crafting spiritual histories, and an on-call experience with a hospital chaplain. During the oncall experience, students shadow a chaplain for approximately six hours. The experience includes discussing philosophies of spirituality and medicine with the chaplain, rounding with the chaplain, visiting and praying with patients when requested, comforting family members, and assisting with advance directive discussions and paperwork. After completing the experience, the students are required to write a reflective essay examining the following components: (1) the interaction between the chaplain and other members of the health care team, (2) the utilization of alternative interview and history taking methods, (3) the connection between spirituality and illness as illustrated through patient encounters, and (4) the insights gained from the experience that can be applied to the practice of medicine. DISCUSSION: The writing of one's spiritual history and the on-call experience were integrated into a new portion of the curriculum. The components were initially met with some reticence. In the beginning, students had difficulty distinguishing spirituality from religion and were concerned that the curriculum would take away from their study of "real medicine." To ease concerns regarding the spiritual history, the course director modeled the objectives by sharing her own spiritual journey. Participation in the on-call experience substantially changed students' negative attitudes toward the curriculum. Essays revealed that the on-call experience had greatly impacted their view of the chaplain as well as their practice of medicine. Specifically, students demonstrated an understanding of the role of spirituality in healing, identified key components of the chaplain role in the hospital setting, shared ways in which they would utilize chaplains in the future, and discovered personal struggles. Crafting one's spiritual history, the on-call experience, and essays will continue to be a required part of the third-year curriculum. Modifications include adding the option of constructing one's own advance directive and striving for increased diversity of spiritual perspectives. The data provided in the essays and course evaluations will be utilized in several ways to determine the success of the curriculum and to answer critical research questions in the areas of spirituality and medical education. KW - Curriculum KW - Education, Medical, Undergraduate KW - Humans KW - Spirituality SP - 1167 EP - 1167 SN - 1040-2446 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12431947 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8268 T1 - American Acupuncture and Efficacy: Meanings and Their Points of Insertion JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly M3 - 10.1525/maq.2005.19.3.239 A1 - Barnes,Linda L. VL - 19 IS - 3 PY - 2005/// N2 - By its very definition, efficacy's meanings remain fluid, their particularities contingent on context. The change seen as significant may occur on a symbolic level or through the removal of physical symptoms. It may address conditions of a social body. Some discussions differentiate between "healing" and "curing." Many of these meanings surface when examining what efficacy means in the practice of acupuncture in the United States. This complex phenomenon is possible largely because acupuncture draws on the qi paradigm on the one hand, allowing for the most ephemeral dimensions of experience to be included in considerations of efficacy. On the other hand, in the most material sense, acupuncture is also susceptible to being conceptualized as a device, independent of that same paradigm, allowing for the insertion of biomedical models and criteria. Pluralism within acupuncture itself intersects with, and even embodies, the medical pluralism of U.S. culture. SP - 239 EP - 266 UR - http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/10.1525/maq.2005.19.3.239 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8031 T1 - Complementary and alternative medicine use by psychiatric inpatients JF - Psychological Reports JA - Psychol Rep A1 - Elkins,Gary A1 - Rajab,M Hasan A1 - Marcus,Joel VL - 96 IS - 1 PY - 2005/02// N2 - 82 psychiatric inpatients hospitalized for acute care were interviewed about their use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities. The clinical diagnoses of respondents included Depressive Disorder (61%), Substance Abuse (26%), Schizophrenia (9%), and Anxiety Disorders (5%). Analysis indicated that 63% used at least one CAM modality within the previous 12 mo. The most frequently used modality was herbal therapies (44%), followed by mind-body therapies such as relaxation or mental imagery, hypnosis, meditation, biofeedback (30%), and spiritual healing by another (30%). Physical modalities such as massage, chiropractic treatment, acupuncture, and yoga were used by 21% of respondents. CAM therapies were used for a variety of reasons ranging from treatment of anxiety and depression to weight loss. However, most respondents indicated they did not discuss such use with their psychiatrist or psychotherapist. KW - Adult KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Female KW - Hospitalization KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mental Disorders KW - Mental Health Services KW - Phytotherapy SP - 163 EP - 166 SN - 0033-2941 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15825920 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8185 T1 - Claims about religious involvement and health outcomes JF - Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine JA - Ann Behav Med A1 - Sloan,Richard P A1 - Bagiella,Emilia VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 2002/// N2 - Claims about religion, spirituality, and health have recently appeared with increasing frequency, in both the popular media and professional journals. These claims have asserted that there are a great many studies in the literature that have examined relations between religious involvement and health outcomes and that the majority of them have shown that religious people are healthier. We examined the validity of these claims in two ways: (a) To determine the percentage of articles in the literature that were potentially relevant to such a claim, we identified all English-language articles with published abstracts identified by a Medline search using the search term religion in the year 2000, and (b) to examine the quality of the data in articles cited as providing supportfor such a claim, we examined all articles in the area of cardiovascular disease and hypertension cited by two comprehensive reviews of the literature. Of the 266 articles published in the year 2000 and identified by the Medline search, only 17% were relevant to claims of health benefits associated with religious involvement. About half of the articles cited in the comprehensive reviews were irrelevant to these claims. Of those that actually were relevant, many either had significant methodological flaws or were misrepresented, leaving only afew articles that could truly be described as demonstrating beneficial effects of religious involvement. We conclude that there is little empirical basis for assertions that religious involvement or activity is associated with beneficial health outcomes. KW - Cardiovascular Diseases KW - Decision Making KW - Humans KW - Hypertension KW - Outcome Assessment (Health Care) KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Research Design SP - 14 EP - 21 SN - 0883-6612 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12008790 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8259 T1 - Contemporary practices in Lakota healthcare JF - Southern Medical Journal JA - South. Med. J M3 - 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318172dd12 A1 - Iron Cloud,Stella A1 - Bucko,Raymond A VL - 101 IS - 6 PY - 2008/06// N2 - OBJECTIVES: This article provides strategies for health care delivery for the Oglala Lakota on the Pine Ridge reservation of South Dakota. METHODS: Both authors relied on their field experience as well as health care literature for constructing this article. Stella Iron Cloud is a member of the Oglala Sioux Tribe. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to attend to the internal heterogeneity of Oglala culture, differences across Native American groups, as well as changes over time. There is a consistent importance in acknowledging the importance of family, creating good relationships built on reciprocity in effective healthcare delivery, and respecting the close interrelationship between spirituality and healing and individual self-determination. One must also address with sensitivity many factors which cause poor health on the reservation. KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - Health Behavior KW - Health promotion KW - Humans KW - Indians, North American KW - Life Style KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Patient Care Team KW - Religion and Medicine KW - South Dakota KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - United States KW - United States Indian Health Service SP - 599 EP - 600 SN - 1541-8243 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18475237 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7204 T1 - Hypnosis and surgery: past, present, and future JF - Anesthesia and Analgesia JA - Anesth. Analg M3 - 10.1213/01.ane.0000260616.49050.6d A1 - Wobst,Albrecht H K VL - 104 IS - 5 PY - 2007/05// N2 - Hypnosis has been defined as the induction of a subjective state in which alterations of perception or memory can be elicited by suggestion. Ever since the first public demonstrations of "animal magnetism" by Mesmer in the 18th century, the use of this psychological tool has fascinated the medical community and public alike. The application of hypnosis to alter pain perception and memory dates back centuries. Yet little progress has been made to fully comprehend or appreciate its potential compared to the pharmacologic advances in anesthesiology. Recently, hypnosis has aroused interest, as hypnosis seems to complement and possibly enhance conscious sedation. Contemporary clinical investigators claim that the combination of analgesia and hypnosis is superior to conventional pharmacologic anesthesia for minor surgical cases, with patients and surgeons responding favorably. Simultaneously, basic research of pain pathways involving the nociceptive flexion reflex and positron emission tomography has yielded objective data regarding the physiologic correlates of hypnosis. In this article I review the history, basic scientific and clinical studies, and modern practical considerations of one of the oldest therapeutical tools: the power of suggestion. KW - Forecasting KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Hypnosis, Anesthetic KW - Surgical Procedures, Operative SP - 1199 EP - 1208 SN - 1526-7598 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17456675 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7773 T1 - Positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit population JF - Southern Medical Journal JA - South. Med. J A1 - Byrd,R C VL - 81 IS - 7 PY - 1988/07// N2 - The therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer (IP) to the Judeo-Christian God, one of the oldest forms of therapy, has had little attention in the medical literature. To evaluate the effects of IP in a coronary care unit (CCU) population, a prospective randomized double-blind protocol was followed. Over ten months, 393 patients admitted to the CCU were randomized, after signing informed consent, to an intercessory prayer group (192 patients) or to a control group (201 patients). While hospitalized, the first group received IP by participating Christians praying outside the hospital; the control group did not. At entry, chi-square and stepwise logistic analysis revealed no statistical difference between the groups. After entry, all patients had follow-up for the remainder of the admission. The IP group subsequently had a significantly lower severity score based on the hospital course after entry (P less than .01). Multivariant analysis separated the groups on the basis of the outcome variables (P less than .0001). The control patients required ventilatory assistance, antibiotics, and diuretics more frequently than patients in the IP group. These data suggest that intercessory prayer to the Judeo-Christian God has a beneficial therapeutic effect in patients admitted to a CCU. KW - Christianity KW - Coronary Care Units KW - Double-Blind Method KW - Female KW - Heart Diseases KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Prospective Studies KW - Random Allocation KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 826 EP - 829 SN - 0038-4348 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3393937 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7932 T1 - Near-death experiences with reports of meeting deceased people JF - Death Studies JA - Death Stud A1 - Kelly,E W VL - 25 IS - 3 PY - 2001/05//Apr-undefined N2 - Few scientists have taken seriously the interpretation of near-death experiences (NDEs) as evidence for survival after death, even though most people having such an experience have become convinced that they will survive death and several features of NDEs are at least suggestive of survival. This article compares survival and some nonsurvival interpretations of NDEs in light of one feature suggestive of survival, that of reports of having seen deceased persons during the NDE. Several features of 74 NDEs involving such reports were compared with those of 200 NDEs not involving such reports. Although some of the findings could support either a survival or a nonsurvival interpretation, several other findings may weaken the primary nonsurvival hypothesis, that of expectation. Additionally, the convergence of several features suggesting survival and the convergence of features that require multiple kinds of alternative explanations, in individual cases as well as in large groups of cases, warrant our considering the survival hypothesis of NDEs more seriously than most scientists currently do. KW - Death KW - Hallucinations KW - Humans KW - Interpersonal Relations KW - Parapsychology KW - Survival SP - 229 EP - 249 SN - 0748-1187 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11785541 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6166 T1 - Values, qualifications, ethics and legal standards in Arabic (Islamic) medicine JF - Saudi Medical Journal JA - Saudi Med J A1 - Ajlouni,Kamel M VL - 24 IS - 8 PY - 2003/08// N2 - Many historians claim that the Western world pioneered in the setting of ethical, legal and professional standards in the practice of medicine. Informed medical consent is proposed by some as an American invention. Others claim that patient rights and legal protection propose have stated in the early decades of the 20th century. This review is an attempt to uncover the facts regarding the way Arabs practiced medicine during the golden era of Islam. Eight hundred to fifteen hundred AD this includes the qualification of physicians according to a well designed curricula covering the science and humanity of medicine. The rules governing the quality control of health care delivery system and to some degree the principles of informed medical consent and to a lesser degree the principles of litigation are discussed. We hope that this paper will be a call to all humanity loving persons to end prejudices against other people and to stop stereotyping. KW - Arab World KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Female KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, Ancient KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Liability, Legal KW - Male KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Moral Obligations KW - Quality of Health Care KW - Social Values SP - 820 EP - 826 SN - 0379-5284 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12939664 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7873 T1 - A pathway to spirituality JF - Psychiatry JA - Psychiatry A1 - Shaw,Jon A VL - 68 IS - 4 PY - 2005/// N2 - The phenomenology of mystical experiences has been described throughout all the ages and in all religions. All mystical traditions identify some sense of union with the absolute as the ultimate spiritual goal. I assume that the pathway to both theistic and secular spirituality and our readiness to seek a solution in a psychological merger with something beyond the self evolves out of our human experience. Spirituality is one of man's strategies for dealing with the limitations of the life cycle, separation and loss, biological fragility, transience, and non-existence. Spirituality may serve as the affective component to a belief system or myth that is not rooted in scientific evidence but is lived as if it is true. Spirituality may take many forms, but I will suggest that in some instances it may serve as a reparative process in which one creates in the external world, through symbolic form, a nuance or facet of an internalized mental representation which has become lost or is no longer available to the self; or it may represent the continuity of the self-representation after death through a self-object merger. Lastly I will illustrate from the writings of two of our greatest poets, Dante Alighieri and William Wordsworth, how their poetry became interwoven with a profound spirituality. In Dante we will see the elaboration of a religious spirituality, while in the writings of Wordsworth a secular spirituality emerges interwoven with nature and belatedly his identification with "tragic man" as his mythos. KW - Attitude KW - Humans KW - Literature KW - Social Identification KW - Spirituality SP - 350 EP - 362 SN - 0033-2747 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16599401 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7126 T1 - The perceived role of Islam in immigrant Muslim medical practice within the USA: an exploratory qualitative study JF - Journal of Medical Ethics JA - J Med Ethics M3 - 10.1136/jme.2007.021345 A1 - Padela,A I A1 - Shanawani,H A1 - Greenlaw,J A1 - Hamid,H A1 - Aktas,M A1 - Chin,N VL - 34 IS - 5 PY - 2008/05// N2 - BACKGROUND: Islam and Muslims are underrepresented in the medical literature and the influence of physician's cultural beliefs and religious values upon the clinical encounter has been understudied. OBJECTIVE: To elicit the perceived influence of Islam upon the practice patterns of immigrant Muslim physicians in the USA. DESIGN: Ten face-to-face, in-depth, semistructured interviews with Muslim physicians from various backgrounds and specialties trained outside the USA and practising within the the country. Data were analysed according to the conventions of qualitative research using a modified grounded-theory approach. RESULTS: There were a variety of views on the role of Islam in medical practice. Several themes emerged from our interviews: (1) a trend to view Islam as enhancing virtuous professional behaviour; (2) the perception of Islam as influencing the scope of medical practice through setting boundaries on career choices, defining acceptable medical procedures and shaping social interactions with physician peers; (3) a perceived need for Islamic religious experts within Islamic medical ethical deliberation. Limitations: This is a pilot study intended to yield themes and hypotheses for further investigation and is not meant to fully characterise Muslim physicians at large. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrant Muslim physicians practising within the USA perceive Islam to play a variable role within their clinical practice, from influencing interpersonal relations and character development to affecting specialty choice and procedures performed. Areas of ethical challenges identified include catering to populations with lifestyles at odds with Islamic teachings, end-of-life care and maintaining a faith identity within the culture of medicine. Further study of the interplay between Islam and Muslim medical practice and the manner and degree to which Islamic values and law inform ethical decision-making is needed. KW - Adult KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Emigrants and Immigrants KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Physicians KW - Pilot Projects KW - Professional Practice KW - Qualitative Research KW - Religion and Medicine KW - United States SP - 365 EP - 369 SN - 1473-4257 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18448718 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7474 T1 - Religion among disabled and nondisabled persons I: cross-sectional patterns in health practices, social activities, and well-being JF - J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci A1 - Idler,EL A1 - Kasl,SV VL - 52 IS - 6 PY - 1997/11/01/ SP - S294-305 EP - S294-305 UR - http://psychsoc.gerontologyjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/52/6/S294 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7605 T1 - Mindfulness-based stress reduction and cancer: a meta-analysis JF - Psycho-Oncology JA - Psychooncology M3 - 10.1002/pon.1400 A1 - Ledesma,Dianne A1 - Kumano,Hiroaki VL - 18 IS - 6 PY - 2009/06// N2 - OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on the mental and physical health status of various cancer patients. METHODS: Ten studies (randomized-controlled trials and observational studies) were found to be eligible for meta-analysis. Individual study results were categorized into mental and physical variables and Cohen's effect size d was computed for each category. RESULTS: MBSR may indeed be helpful for the mental health of cancer patients (Cohen's effect size d=0.48); however, more research is needed to show convincing evidence of the effect on physical health (Cohen's effect size d=0.18). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that MBSR may improve cancer patients' psychosocial adjustment to their disease. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Aged KW - Arousal KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Middle Aged KW - Neoplasms KW - Prognosis KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic KW - Sick Role KW - Stress, Psychological SP - 571 EP - 579 SN - 1099-1611 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19023879 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7902 T1 - Consistency of near-death experience accounts over two decades: Are reports embellished over time? JF - Resuscitation JA - Resuscitation M3 - 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.10.013 A1 - Greyson,Bruce VL - 73 IS - 3 PY - 2007/06// SP - 407 EP - 411 SN - 03009572 UR - http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(06)00669-1/abstract ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7842 T1 - Neural correlates of religious experience JF - The European Journal of Neuroscience JA - Eur. J. Neurosci A1 - Azari,N P A1 - Nickel,J A1 - Wunderlich,G A1 - Niedeggen,M A1 - Hefter,H A1 - Tellmann,L A1 - Herzog,H A1 - Stoerig,P A1 - Birnbacher,D A1 - Seitz,R J VL - 13 IS - 8 PY - 2001/04// N2 - The commonsense view of religious experience is that it is a preconceptual, immediate affective event. Work in philosophy and psychology, however, suggest that religious experience is an attributional cognitive phenomenon. Here the neural correlates of a religious experience are investigated using functional neuroimaging. During religious recitation, self-identified religious subjects activated a frontal-parietal circuit, composed of the dorsolateral prefrontal, dorsomedial frontal and medial parietal cortex. Prior studies indicate that these areas play a profound role in sustaining reflexive evaluation of thought. Thus, religious experience may be a cognitive process which, nonetheless, feels immediate. KW - Adult KW - Brain KW - Brain Mapping KW - Female KW - Frontal Lobe KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Parietal Lobe KW - Religion KW - Tomography, Emission-Computed SP - 1649 EP - 1652 SN - 0953-816X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11328359 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8002 T1 - Mastery of the mind East and West: excellence in being and doing and everyday happiness JF - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences JA - Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci M3 - 10.1196/annals.1393.018 A1 - Brown,Daniel VL - 1172 PY - 2009/08// N2 - Western psychological research on positive psychology and Buddhism have recently converged in their emphasis on the development of positive states, like states of excellence and everyday happiness. Yet, these traditions differ in their approaches to positive states, with respect to a state-trait and doing-being distinction. Western scientific research on peak performance emphasizes discontinuous, time-limited peak performance states wherein individuals do things extraordinarily well in sports and in the arts. The Eastern spiritual traditions emphasize continuous excellence of being, in the form of traits or character strengths. In both traditions mental imagery is a key ingredient to excellence training. With respect to everyday happiness, Western psychological research has focused on the role of meaning systems in the transformation of flow states into vital engagement in everyday life, while Buddhism stresses the role of meditation training to gain mastery over all levels of mind that leads to everyday happiness. Rorschach and tachistoscopic research on advanced meditators suggests that advance meditators have gained unusual mastery over states of mind not yet documented in the Western psychological research on positive psychology. SP - 231 EP - 251 SN - 1749-6632 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19743557 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7801 T1 - Long-term meditation is associated with increased gray matter density in the brain stem JF - Neuroreport JA - Neuroreport M3 - 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328320012a A1 - Vestergaard-Poulsen,Peter A1 - van Beek,Martijn A1 - Skewes,Joshua A1 - Bjarkam,Carsten R A1 - Stubberup,Michael A1 - Bertelsen,Jes A1 - Roepstorff,Andreas VL - 20 IS - 2 PY - 2009/01/28/ N2 - Extensive practice involving sustained attention can lead to changes in brain structure. Here, we report evidence of structural differences in the lower brainstem of participants engaged in the long-term practice of meditation. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we observed higher gray matter density in lower brain stem regions of experienced meditators compared with age-matched nonmeditators. Our findings show that long-term practitioners of meditation have structural differences in brainstem regions concerned with cardiorespiratory control. This could account for some of the cardiorespiratory parasympathetic effects and traits, as well as the cognitive, emotional, and immunoreactive impact reported in several studies of different meditation practices. KW - Brain Stem KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Linear Models KW - Magnetic Resonance Imaging KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Middle Aged KW - Neuronal Plasticity SP - 170 EP - 174 SN - 1473-558X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19104459 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7950 T1 - Measuring religiousness in health research: review and critique JF - Journal of Religion and Health JA - J Relig Health M3 - 10.1007/s10943-008-9165-2 A1 - Hall,Daniel E A1 - Meador,Keith G A1 - Koenig,Harold G VL - 47 IS - 2 PY - 2008/06// N2 - Although existing measures of religiousness are sophisticated, no single approach has yet emerged as a standard. We review the measures of religiousness most commonly used in the religion and health literature with particular attention to their limitations, suggesting that vigilance is required to avoid over-generalization. After placing the development of these scales in historical context, we discuss measures of religious attendance, private religious practice, and intrinsic/extrinsic religious motivation. We also discuss measures of religious coping, wellbeing, belief, affiliation, maturity, history, and experience. We also address the current trend in favor of multi-dimensional and functional measures of religiousness. We conclude with a critique of the standard, "context-free" approach aimed at measuring "religiousness-in-general", suggesting that future work might more fruitfully focus on developing ways to measure religiousness in specific, theologically relevant contexts. KW - Biomedical Research KW - Humans KW - Philosophy KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality SP - 134 EP - 163 SN - 1573-6571 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105008 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7600 T1 - The Book of Job: a 2,500-year-old current guide to the practice of oncology: the nexus of medicine and spirituality JF - Journal of Cancer Education: The Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Education JA - J Cancer Educ A1 - Patterson,Stephen A1 - Balducci,Lodovico A1 - Meyer,Russell VL - 17 IS - 4 PY - 2002/// N2 - GOALS: To establish the role of ancient literature and religious tradition to the modern practice of oncology; foster awareness of practicing in a historical context resulting from different traditions; and propose a spiritual context for the practice of oncology and explore methods to highlight this perspective in cancer education. METHOD: Contextual and content analysis of a religious text shared by the most common religious traditions of the West (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam). RESULTS: The origin of suffering eludes all logical explanations. All religious traditions affirm that the sufferer should be heard, cared for, and kept part of the human consortium, and under no circumstances blamed for the disease. In terms of oncology practice this means that the treatment should be negotiated with the patient according to his or her need; that physicians' obligations for care continues after the treatment fails, and that patients' lifestyles or poor compliance should not be blamed for poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The Book of Job supports a spiritual perspective in oncology practice, indicating that patient care is a holistic endeavor. This perspective is the key to dealing with common interactive problems, such as adversarial relations between patient and provider in face of death and suffering, and more important, may promote care beyond treatment of the disease. KW - Bible KW - Humans KW - Medical Oncology KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 237 EP - 240 SN - 0885-8195 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12556063 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7864 T1 - Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later JF - Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) JA - J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) M3 - 10.1177/0269881108094300 A1 - Griffiths,Rr A1 - Richards,Wa A1 - Johnson,Mw A1 - McCann,Ud A1 - Jesse,R VL - 22 IS - 6 PY - 2008/08// N2 - Psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes; however, little is known scientifically about its long-term effects. We previously reported the effects of a double-blind study evaluating the psychological effects of a high psilocybin dose. This report presents the 14-month follow-up and examines the relationship of the follow-up results to data obtained at screening and on drug session days. Participants were 36 hallucinogen-naïve adults reporting regular participation in religious/ spiritual activities. Oral psilocybin (30 mg/70 kg) was administered on one of two or three sessions, with methylphenidate (40 mg/70 kg) administered on the other session(s). During sessions, volunteers were encouraged to close their eyes and direct their attention inward. At the 14-month follow-up, 58% and 67%, respectively, of volunteers rated the psilocybin-occasioned experience as being among the five most personally meaningful and among the five most spiritually significant experiences of their lives; 64% indicated that the experience increased well-being or life satisfaction; 58% met criteria for having had a 'complete' mystical experience. Correlation and regression analyses indicated a central role of the mystical experience assessed on the session day in the high ratings of personal meaning and spiritual significance at follow-up. Of the measures of personality, affect, quality of life and spirituality assessed across the study, only a scale measuring mystical experience showed a difference from screening. When administered under supportive conditions, psilocybin occasioned experiences similar to spontaneously occurring mystical experiences that, at 14-month follow-up, were considered by volunteers to be among the most personally meaningful and spiritually significant of their lives. KW - Administration, Oral KW - Adult KW - Affect KW - Female KW - Follow-Up Studies KW - Hallucinogens KW - Humans KW - Knowledge KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Mysticism KW - personality KW - Psilocybine KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion KW - Spirituality KW - Time Factors SP - 621 EP - 632 SN - 0269-8811 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18593735 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7910 T1 - Major dimensions of near-death experiences JF - Psychological Reports JA - Psychol Rep A1 - Lester,D VL - 87 IS - 3 Pt 1 PY - 2000/12// N2 - Data from 71 near-death experiences indicated that there were four independent clusters of elements to the experience and that personal and circumstance-related variables were associated with some of these clusters. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Cluster Analysis KW - Death KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Individuality KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Parapsychology SP - 835 EP - 836 SN - 0033-2941 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11191398 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7026 T1 - Problems of suffering in religions of the world. CY - Cambridge A1 - Bowker,John PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 1970/// SN - 9780521074124 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7689 T1 - Mind-body complementary alternative medicine use and quality of life in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease JF - Inflammatory Bowel Diseases JA - Inflamm. Bowel Dis M3 - 10.1002/ibd.21045 A1 - Cotton,Sian A1 - Humenay Roberts,Yvonne A1 - Tsevat,Joel A1 - Britto,Maria T A1 - Succop,Paul A1 - McGrady,Meghan E A1 - Yi,Michael S PY - 2009/08/24/ N2 - BACKGROUND:: Mind-body complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities (e.g., relaxation or meditation) for symptom management have not been well studied in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The purposes of this study were to: 1) determine the prevalence of 5 types of mind-body CAM use, and consideration of use for symptom management; 2) assess characteristics associated with regular mind-body CAM use; and 3) examine whether regular and/or considered mind-body CAM use are associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS:: Sixty-seven adolescents with IBD ages 12-19 recruited from a children's hospital completed a questionnaire on CAM use and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Logistic regression models were estimated for regular and considered CAM use. RESULTS:: Participants mean (SD) age was 15.5 (2.1) years; 37 (55%) were female; 53 (79%) were white; and 20 (30%) had moderate disease severity. Adolescents used prayer (62%), relaxation (40%), and imagery (21%) once/day to once/week for symptom management. In multivariate analyses, females were more likely to use relaxation (odds ratio [OR] = 4.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25-15.29, c statistic = 0.73). Younger adolescents were more likely to regularly use (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.42-0.95, c statistic = 0.72) or consider using (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.59-1.00, c statistic = 0.64) meditation. Adolescents with more severe disease (OR = 4.17, 95% CI = 1.07-16.29, c statistic = 0.83) were more willing to consider using relaxation in the future. Adolescents with worse HRQOL were more willing to consider using prayer and meditation for future symptom management (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:: Many adolescents with IBD either currently use or would consider using mind-body CAM for symptom management. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009. KW - prepub SN - 1536-4844 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19705417 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7503 T1 - A program of research on spirituality and American Indian alcohol use JF - Southern Medical Journal JA - South. Med. J A1 - Spicer,Paul A1 - Bezdek,Marjorie A1 - Manson,Spero M A1 - Beals,Jan VL - 100 IS - 4 PY - 2007/04// N2 - In this brief report we summarize a pattern of findings that has emerged from our research on American Indian (AI) alcohol use and spirituality. With funds from the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the Fetzer Institute (AA 13 053; P. Spicer, PI) we have used both epidemiologic and ethnographic methods to develop a more complete understanding of the role that spirituality and religion play in changes in drinking behavior among AIs. We begin by first situating the importance of research on spirituality in the more general literature on the AI experience with alcohol before highlighting our published findings in this area. We then close with some speculation about possible next steps in this research program to address what remains one of the most compelling sources of health disparities in the first nations of the United States. KW - Alcohol Drinking KW - Biomedical Research KW - Humans KW - Indians, North American KW - Prevalence KW - Program Evaluation KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 430 EP - 432 SN - 0038-4348 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17458417 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7229 T1 - Traditional Medicine in Modern Zimbabwe CY - Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe A1 - Chavunduka,G. L KW - Social life and customs KW - Traditional medicine KW - Witchcraft KW - Zimbabwe SN - 0908307403 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6167 T1 - Religion, spirituality, health and medicine: Why should Indian physicians care? JF - Journal of Postgraduate Medicine JA - J Postgrad Med M3 - 10.4103/0022-3859.33967 A1 - Chattopadhyay,S VL - 53 IS - 4 PY - 2007/// N2 - Religion, spirituality, health and medicine have common roots in the conceptual framework of relationship amongst human beings, nature and God. Of late, there has been a surge in interest in understanding the interplay of religion, spirituality, health and medicine, both in popular and scientific literature. A number of published empirical studies suggest that religious involvement is associated with better outcomes in physical and mental health. Despite some methodological limitations, these studies do point towards a positive association between religious involvement and better health. When faced with disease, disability and death, many patients would like physicians to address their emotional and spiritual needs, as well. The renewed interest in the interaction of religion and spirituality with health and medicine has significant implications in the Indian context. Although religion is translated as dharma in major Indian languages, dharma and religion are etymologically different and dharma is closer to spirituality than religion as an organized institution. Religion and spirituality play important roles in the lives of millions of Indians and therefore, Indian physicians need to respectfully acknowledge religious issues and address the spiritual needs of their patients. Incorporating religion and spirituality into health and medicine may also go a long way in making the practice of medicine more holistic, ethical and compassionate. It may also offer new opportunities to learn more about Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine and have more enriched understanding and collaborative interaction between different systems of medicine. Indian physicians may also find religion and spirituality significant and fulfilling in their own lives. KW - India SP - 262 EP - 262 SN - 0022-3859 UR - http://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2007/53/4/262/33967 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7414 T1 - Self-transcendence and depression in middle-age adults JF - Western Journal of Nursing Research JA - West J Nurs Res A1 - Ellermann,C R A1 - Reed,P G VL - 23 IS - 7 PY - 2001/11// N2 - Self-transcendence has been found to be an important correlate of mental health in older adults and adults facing the end of life. This study extends current theory by examining the relationship of transcendence and other transcendence variables to depression in middle-age adults (N = 133). Reed's Self-Transcendence Scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and measures of parenting, acceptance and spirituality were administered. Findings indicating significant inverse correlations between self-transcendence and depression, as well as between other measures of transcendence and depression support Reed's (1991b) theory. Multiple regression analysis indicated that acceptance may be another significant correlate of depression. Significant gender differences and age-related patterns of increased levels of self-transcendence were found. Study results illuminate the need to continue research into developmentally based transcendence variables related to various experiences of health and well-being across the life span. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Age Factors KW - Aging KW - Depression KW - Female KW - Human Development KW - Humans KW - Life Change Events KW - Male KW - mental health KW - Middle Aged KW - Parenting KW - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales KW - Psychological Theory KW - Questionnaires KW - Regression Analysis KW - Religion and Psychology KW - risk factors KW - Self Concept KW - Sex Factors KW - Southwestern United States SP - 698 EP - 713 SN - 0193-9459 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11675796 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8220 T1 - East meets West: integrating psychotherapy approaches for Muslim women JF - Holistic Nursing Practice JA - Holist Nurs Pract A1 - Carter,David J A1 - Rashidi,Anahita VL - 18 IS - 3 PY - 2004/06//May-undefined N2 - Psychotherapists' knowledge and understanding of Muslim women's culture is essential for them to effectively treat patients. Muslim women's culture is based on Islam, which permeates their thinking patterns, their interaction with themselves and others, and all activities of their daily lives. Western psychotherapy ineffectively treats Muslim women because its individualistic and fragmented method is contrary to the Muslim population's holistic spiritual approach to life. This article provides a theoretical integration of Eastern and Western therapeutic concepts for Muslim women, to promote a more effective therapeutic approach for this population residing in the United States. KW - Arabs KW - Attitude to Health KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Emigration and Immigration KW - Female KW - Health Services Needs and Demand KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Middle East KW - Nursing Methodology Research KW - Psychotherapeutic Processes KW - United States KW - Women's Health KW - Women's Health Services SP - 152 EP - 159 SN - 0887-9311 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15222603 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6168 T1 - Health and medicine in the Anglican tradition : conscience, community, and compromise CY - New York A1 - Smith,David PB - Crossroad PY - 1986/// SN - 9780824507169 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6169 T1 - Shamanism, history, and the state CY - Ann Arbor A1 - Thomas,Nicholas PB - University of Michigan Press PY - 1994/// SN - 9780472105120 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7886 T1 - People who report religious experiences may also display enhanced temporal-lobe signs JF - Perceptual and Motor Skills JA - Percept Mot Skills A1 - Persinger,M A VL - 58 IS - 3 PY - 1984/06// N2 - Religious and god-related experiences have been hypothesized to be a portion of the continuum of phenomena that are generated by endogenous, transient electrical stimulation within deep structures of the temporal lobe. According to this hypothesis, normal people, without psychiatric history, who report intense religious experiences should also demonstrate a wide range of temporal lobe-related private behaviors. To test this prediction, a self-report inventory that contained 140 temporal-lobe-relevant information, opinion-belief, and sampled MMPI statements was administered to two separate groups (n = 108; n = 41) of male and female first-year university students. In Study I, subjects who had reported religious experiences, particularly those who did not attend church regularly, scored significantly higher on a variety of statement clusters (n = 7 to 14 items) that contained temporal-lobe symptomology relative to groups who did not report religious experiences and did not attend church regularly. In Study II subjects, regardless of church attendance, who reported religious experiences scored significantly higher on the temporal-lobe clusters. People who reported religious experiences were more likely to have kept a dairy and to enjoy poetry reading or writing. However, religious experiments and churchgoers did not score higher (in either experiment) on clusters that contained mundane psychological or proprioceptive statements, descriptions of odd sensations, or modified portions of the Lie scale from the MMPI. KW - Adult KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Parapsychology KW - Proprioception KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Temporal Lobe SP - 963 EP - 975 SN - 0031-5125 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/6473043 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7843 T1 - Where God and Science Meet [Three Volumes]: How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter Our Understanding of Religion A1 - McNamara,Patrick PB - Praeger Publishers PY - 2006/09/30/ SN - 0275987884 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7023 T1 - The Expressiveness of the Body and the Divergence of Greek and Chinese Medicine CY - New York A1 - Kuriyama,Shigehisa PB - Zone Books PY - 1999/// KW - Greek World KW - History KW - Human body KW - Medicine, Chinese KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Medicine, Greek and Roman KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Philosophy KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Social aspects SN - 0942299884 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8677 T1 - Energetic healing : the merging of ancient and modern medical practices CY - New York A1 - Eden,James PB - Insight Books PY - 1993/// SN - 9780030644634 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8099 T1 - The spirituality of dying. Pastoral care's holistic approach is crucial in hospice JF - Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.) JA - Health Prog A1 - Burns,S VL - 72 IS - 7 PY - 1991/09// N2 - Attention to the spiritual dimension of a person is essential in a holistic approach to hospice care. Although other hospice team members may be involved in matters of faith with patients, chaplains are the primary professionals concerned with the transcendent nature of life and the integrative role that spirituality plays in care for the dying. Understanding spirituality in a person's living and dying requires an understanding of religion and theology. Religion is meant to connect us to a caring community and to give us a place on which to stand--a tradition. Theology is a search for meaning. Spirituality is "the life principle that pervades a person's entire being ... and generates a capacity for transcendent values." The body cannot be touched without the spirit's being affected, and vice versa. Efforts to help patients toward wholeness necessitate helping them accept freely their whole lives. The chaplain is not limited to nor bound by religious language. The needs of the patient should determine the use of prayer or God-talk. Listening is one of the greatest spiritual gifts a chaplain can give a suffering patient. Being a companion is often all the chaplain can do. Pastoral care personnel are also sensitive to the needs of the hospice staff. The chaplain does not so much fulfill a role as represent a perspective based on concern and solicitude for the whole person, the whole family unit, the whole staff. KW - Attitude to Death KW - Holistic Health KW - Hospices KW - Humans KW - Interpersonal Relations KW - Pastoral Care KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Terminal Care KW - United States SP - 48-52, 54 EP - 48-52, 54 SN - 0882-1577 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10112958 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7781 T1 - Are prayer experiments legitimate? Twenty criticisms JF - Explore (New York, N.Y.) JA - Explore (NY) M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2004.12.004 A1 - Dossey,Larry A1 - Hufford,David J VL - 1 IS - 2 PY - 2005/03// KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Faith Healing KW - Humans KW - Internal-External Control KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Research Design KW - Spirituality KW - Uncertainty SP - 109 EP - 117 SN - 1550-8307 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16781511 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8262 T1 - Ethical issues in end-of-life geriatric care: the approach of three monotheistic religions-Judaism, Catholicism, and Islam JF - Journal of the American Geriatrics Society JA - J Am Geriatr Soc A1 - Clarfield,A Mark A1 - Gordon,Michael A1 - Markwell,Hazel A1 - Alibhai,Shabbir M H VL - 51 IS - 8 PY - 2003/08// N2 - Ethical dilemmas pervade modern geriatric medicine. What is considered right or wrong will differ depending on, among other things, the patient's religion. The three Abrahamic monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity (its Catholic variant), and Islam all have carefully considered positions on medical ethics. Although much is held in common, there are significant differences. The authors present three clinical cases, each of which presents ethical dilemmas typical of geriatric care, especially at the end of life. On the basis of these scenarios, the normative ethical position of each religion is compared and contrasted. It is hoped that this approach will offer the geriatrician a useful approach to treating patients in an increasingly multicultural society. KW - Aged KW - Catholicism KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Geriatrics KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Judaism KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Terminal Care SP - 1149 EP - 1154 SN - 0002-8614 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12890081 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7177 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Hypnosis and Relaxation Therapies JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Vickers,Andrew A1 - Zollman,Catherine VL - 319 IS - 7221 PY - 1999/11/20/ SP - 1346 EP - 1349 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186398 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7208 T1 - Alternative Medicine and American Religious Life CY - New York A1 - Fuller,Robert C PB - Oxford University Press PY - 1989/// KW - 1960- KW - Alternative medicine KW - Religion KW - United States SN - 0195057759 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7465 T1 - Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: a review JF - Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie JA - Can J Psychiatry A1 - Koenig,Harold G VL - 54 IS - 5 PY - 2009/05// N2 - Religious and spiritual factors are increasingly being examined in psychiatric research. Religious beliefs and practices have long been linked to hysteria, neurosis, and psychotic delusions. However, recent studies have identified another side of religion that may serve as a psychological and social resource for coping with stress. After defining the terms religion and spirituality, this paper reviews research on the relation between religion and (or) spirituality, and mental health, focusing on depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, and substance abuse. The results of an earlier systematic review are discussed, and more recent studies in the United States, Canada, Europe, and other countries are described. While religious beliefs and practices can represent powerful sources of comfort, hope, and meaning, they are often intricately entangled with neurotic and psychotic disorders, sometimes making it difficult to determine whether they are a resource or a liability. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Alcoholism KW - Anxiety Disorders KW - Culture KW - Depressive Disorder KW - Humans KW - Mental Disorders KW - mental health KW - Prognosis KW - Psychotic Disorders KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - Substance-Related Disorders KW - Suicide SP - 283 EP - 291 SN - 0706-7437 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19497160 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7242 T1 - Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America CY - Albuquerque A1 - Langdon,E. Jean Matteson ED - Baer,Gerhard PB - University of New Mexico Press PY - 1992/// KW - Hallucinogenic drugs and religious experience KW - Hallucinogens KW - Indians of South America KW - Indians, South American KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Religion KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism KW - South America KW - Traditional medicine SN - 0826313450 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8274 T1 - The Emergence of an Urban U. S. Chinese Medicine T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Hare,Martha L. VL - 7 IS - 1 PY - 1993/03// N2 - Fieldwork conducted among a diverse sample of non-Asian patients of Chinese medicine in New York City during 1989 and 1990 showed that they are formulating models of health, illness, and healing based mainly upon their own bodily experience with therapy. They view the Chinese medical therapy that they receive as holistic, in contrast to the fragmentary nature of biomedicine. While some practitioners who were interviewed also spoke of personal encounters with the healing mechanisms of this non-Western form of treatment, the models of both Asians and non-Asians in this second category tended to focus upon Confucian or Taoist ideals of order and responsibility. It is hypothesized that, while certainly affected by socioeconomic and political exigencies, an urban U.S. variant of Chinese medicine may be emerging from the ground up; that is, from the consumers and therapists who are most intimately involved with the system. SP - 30 EP - 49 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/649245 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8018 T1 - Spirituality and choice of health care practitioner JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2004.10 .939 A1 - Petry,Judith J A1 - Finkel,Robert VL - 10 IS - 6 PY - 2004/12// N2 - BACKGROUND: Patients who include a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioner in their health care represent a small percentage of the population identified as CAM users. Their choice may be motivated by intangible personality or worldview characteristics. OBJECTIVE: A prospective study was designed to determine if a patient's choice of conventional or alternative health care practitioner was related to total score on an instrument for scaling psychospiritual characteristics. DESIGN: A sequential convenience sample of patients attending five different health care practices in New England. SETTING: A family practitioner (FP) who uses CAM. (1) A FP clearly not identified with CAM. (3) A chiropractor. (4) A naturopath, and (5) A homeopath. OUTCOME MEASURES: Total scores on the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale (SIBS), plus item scores of five separate questions and two factors. RESULTS: With 210 respondents, SIBS scores in Practice 2 were significantly lower than in practice 1 (p = 0.004), 3 (p = 0.001), 4 (p = 0.018), and 5 (p = 0.02). This pattern remained over the five question scores and two factors. CONCLUSION: Patients who chose a physician associated with CAM, or an alternative practitioner (chiropractor, naturopath, or homeopath) for their direct health care scored higher on a psychospiritual testing instrument (SIBS) than those who chose a conventional physician. KW - Adult KW - Choice Behavior KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Family Practice KW - Female KW - Health Behavior KW - Health Care Surveys KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - New England KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Physician's Practice Patterns KW - Prospective Studies KW - Rural Population KW - Spirituality KW - Statistics, Nonparametric SP - 939 EP - 945 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15673987 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6170 T1 - Blessed events : religion and home birth in America CY - Princeton A1 - Klassen,Pamela PB - Princeton University Press PY - 2001/// SN - 9780691087979 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7514 T1 - Religiosity and Substance Use and Abuse Among Adolescents in the National Comorbidity Survey JF - Journal of the American Academy of Child A1 - Miller,Lisa A1 - Davies,Mark A1 - Greenwald,Steven VL - 39 IS - 9 PY - 2000/// N2 - Objective: To replicate previous findings among adults of an inverse association between religiosity and substance use among a nationally representative sample of adolescents., Method: Subjects were 676 (328 female and 348 male) adolescents in the National Comorbidity Survey who were assessed for substance use and abuse with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Religiosity was assessed through affiliation with religious denomination and through response to 7 questions concerning belief and practice., Results: Confirmatory factor analyses replicated in adolescents the 2 religiosity factors of personal devotion and personal conservatism previously identified by Kendler among adults, although the 2 factors were more highly correlated in adolescents than in adults. Personal devotion (a personal relationship with the Divine) and affiliation with more fundamentalist religious denominations were inversely associated with substance use and substance dependence or abuse across a range of substances (alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, or any contraband drug). Personal conservatism (a personal commitment to teaching and living according to creed) was inversely associated with use of alcohol only., Conclusion: Low levels of religiosity may be associated with adolescent onset of substance use and abuse., Copyright 2000 (C) American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry KW - Clinical Medicine, Behavioral & Social Sciences SP - 1190 EP - 1197 SN - 0890-8567 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7534 T1 - Reflections by inner-city drug users on a Buddhist-based spirituality-focused therapy: a qualitative study JF - The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry JA - Am J Orthopsychiatry M3 - 10.1037/0002-9432.77.1.1 A1 - Beitel,Mark A1 - Genova,Marla A1 - Schuman-Olivier,Zev A1 - Arnold,Ruth A1 - Avants,S Kelly A1 - Margolin,Arthur VL - 77 IS - 1 PY - 2007/01// N2 - A manual-guided, spirituality-focused intervention--spiritual self-schema (3-S) therapy--for the treatment of addiction and HIV-risk behavior was developed as part of a Stage I behavioral therapies development project. It is theoretically grounded in cognitive and Buddhist psychologies and may be suitable for individuals of diverse faiths. The therapy development process began with focus groups to assess addicted clients' perceived need for a spirituality-focused intervention. The therapy was then codified in manual format, and a controlled clinical trial was conducted. Here the authors report on inner-city, methadone-maintained clients' personal experiences that were recorded in semistructured interviews following completion of the therapy. Findings from this qualitative study support the value of integrating spirituality-focused interventions into addiction treatment for the purpose of increasing motivation for drug abstinence and HIV prevention. KW - Adult KW - Attitude to Health KW - Buddhism KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Middle Aged KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk-Taking KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality KW - Substance-Related Disorders KW - Treatment Outcome KW - Urban Population SP - 1 EP - 9 SN - 0002-9432 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352579 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6171 T1 - Shamanism and Christianity: Modern-Day Tlingit Elders Look at the Past JF - Ethnohistory A1 - Kan,Sergei VL - 38 IS - 4 PY - 1991///Autumn N2 - Shamanism, a key element of the precontact Tlingit culture, was seen by Christian missionaries as one of the worst manifestations of paganism. A relentless campaign waged against the shamans by the missionaries, with the help of military and civil authorities, succeeded: by the final decades of the nineteenth century, the Tlingit had converted to Christianity, and by the 1930s most of the shamans had disappeared. In their effort to reconcile Christianity and the "traditional culture," modern-day Tlingit elders construct various interpretations of shamanism. The article examines these accounts as indigenous history and as ideological statements that challenge the notion of the inferiority of the aboriginal Tlingit religion to Christianity. SP - 363 EP - 387 SN - 00141801 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/482478 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8128 T1 - Towards clarification of the meaning of spirituality JF - Journal of Advanced Nursing JA - J Adv Nurs A1 - Tanyi,Ruth A VL - 39 IS - 5 PY - 2002/09// N2 - BACKGROUND: Rhetoric about spirituality and nursing has greatly increased, as scientific-based approaches are not fully able to address many human problems, such as persistent pain. Despite the renewed interest and growing literature on spirituality, there is no consensus on a definition of this concept. There is also ambiguity on how this concept is incorporated into nursing practice, research, and education. AIM: This paper aims to contribute toward clarification of the meaning of spirituality in relevance to health and nursing today through a conceptual analysis process. METHODS: Information was obtained through dictionary definitions and electronic database searches of literature on spirituality spanning the past 30 years. The criteria for selection included scholarly articles and books with a definition of spirituality, and research studies that investigated the meaning of spirituality to individuals' health. A total of 76 articles and 19 books were retrieved for this analysis. FINDINGS: Spirituality is an inherent component of being human, and is subjective, intangible, and multidimensional. Spirituality and religion are often used interchangeably, but the two concepts are different. Spirituality involves humans' search for meaning in life, while religion involves an organized entity with rituals and practices about a higher power or God. Spirituality may be related to religion for certain individuals, but for others, such as an atheist, it may not be. CONCLUSION: In order to provide clarity and enhance understanding of this concept, this analysis delineates antecedents, attributes, constructed case examples, empirical referents, and consequences of spirituality. A proposed definition of spirituality emerged from this process, which may be applied broadly. Implications for nursing practice, education, and research are discussed. KW - Holistic Nursing KW - Humans KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality SP - 500 EP - 509 SN - 0309-2402 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12175360 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7824 T1 - The Physiological Effects of Transcendental Meditation; a Proposed Fourth Major State of Consciousness CY - Los Angeles A1 - Wallace,Robert Keith PB - Students' International Meditation Society PY - 1973/// KW - Psychophysiology KW - Transcendental Meditation ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7671 T1 - The Effects of Church-Based Emotional Support on Health: Do They Vary by Gender? JF - Sociology of Religion A1 - Krause,Neal A1 - Ellison,Christopher G. A1 - Marcum,Jack P. VL - 63 IS - 1 PY - 2002///Spring N2 - The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among social support provided by church members, gender, and change in physical health status over time. More specifically, this study was designed to see whether women receive more support from church members than men, whether more support from church members is associated with better self-rated health over time, and whether there are gender differences in the relationship between church-based support and health. The data come from a longitudinal nationwide survey of members of the Presbyterian Church (USA). The findings suggest that women receive more emotional support from church members than men. Moreover, church-based support is associated with better self-rated health over time, but these effects emerge among men only. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed and elaborated. SP - 21 EP - 47 SN - 10694404 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3712538 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7554 T1 - An examination of the relationship between multiple dimensions of religiosity, blood pressure, and hypertension JF - Social Science & Medicine (1982) JA - Soc Sci Med M3 - 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.010 A1 - Buck,Anna C A1 - Williams,David R A1 - Musick,Marc A A1 - Sternthal,Michelle J VL - 68 IS - 2 PY - 2009/01// N2 - Researchers have established the role of heredity and lifestyle in the occurrence of hypertension, but the potential role of psychosocial factors, especially religiosity, is less understood. This paper analyzes the relationship between multiple dimensions of religiosity and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and hypertension using data taken from the Chicago Community Adult Health Study, a probability sample of adults (N=3105) aged 18 and over living in the city of Chicago, USA. Of the primary religiosity variables examined here, attendance and public participation were not significantly related to the outcomes. Prayer was associated with an increased likelihood of hypertension, and spirituality was associated with increased diastolic blood pressure. The addition of several other religiosity variables to the models did not appear to affect these findings. However, variables for meaning and forgiveness were associated with lower diastolic blood pressure and a decreased likelihood of hypertension outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of analyzing religiosity as a multidimensional phenomenon. This study should be regarded as a first step toward systematically analyzing a complex relationship. KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Blood Pressure KW - Chicago KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Hypertension KW - Logistic Models KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Religion and Medicine KW - social support KW - Socioeconomic Factors KW - Spirituality KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Young Adult SP - 314 EP - 322 SN - 0277-9536 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19019516 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6172 T1 - Teaching Religion and Healing CY - Oxford A1 - Barnes,Linda L A1 - Talamantez,Inés A2 - American Academy of Religion PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2006/// KW - Medicine KW - Religion KW - Religious aspects KW - Spiritual healing KW - Study and teaching SN - 019517643X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7877 T1 - Descriptions of religious experience using trait and affect adjectives JF - Psychological Reports JA - Psychol Rep A1 - Nielsen,M E VL - 86 IS - 1 PY - 2000/02// N2 - 66 adults rated the relevance of adjectives representing dimensions of affect and personality for describing how they felt during religious experiences. Adjectives, representing positive affect (enthusiastic, at ease), low neuroticism (calm, relaxed), and high agreeableness (soft-hearted, sympathetic), conscientiousness (conscientious, reliable), and extraversion (sociable, talkative), were rated to be descriptive of religious experiences. The failure of openness to discriminate religious experiences is consistent with Block's criticism (1995) of the five-factor model of personality. KW - Adult KW - Affect KW - Attitude KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - personality KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Semantics SP - 308 EP - 310 SN - 0033-2941 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/10778285 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8115 T1 - On the absence of spirituality in nursing theories and models JF - Journal of Advanced Nursing JA - J Adv Nurs A1 - Oldnall,A S VL - 21 IS - 3 PY - 1995/03// KW - Holistic Health KW - Models, Nursing KW - Nursing Care KW - Nursing Theory KW - Research SP - 417 EP - 418 SN - 0309-2402 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7745192 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7752 T1 - Religious Involvement and Mortality Risk among African American Adults JF - Research on Aging M3 - 10.1177/0164027500226003 A1 - Ellison,Christopher G. A1 - Hummer,Robert A. A1 - Cormier,Shannon A1 - Rogers,Richard G. VL - 22 IS - 6 PY - 2000/11/01/ N2 - This article examines the effects of religious involvement on mortality risk among African Americans. The authors use a relatively new and innovative nationally representative data set--the National Health Interview Survey matched to the National Center for Health Statistics' multiple cause of death file--to model this relationship. The results show that, compared with African Americans who attend religious services more than once a week, those who never attend are more than twice as likely to die during the nine-year follow-up period, even net of a large number of confounding and mediating factors. The strong effect of nonattendance on mortality risk is robust, pervasive, and remarkably strong across all subgroups of the population, whereas a moderate level of attendance is associated with higher mortality risk among young adults, men, and Southerners, but not among older adults, women, and non-Southerners. Among African Americans, lack of religious involvement appears to be associated with risk of premature death, whereas frequent religious involvement stands out as a critical protective factor that contributes to lower mortality and longer life. SP - 630 EP - 667 UR - http://roa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/22/6/630 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7133 T1 - The terminally ill Muslim: death and dying from the Muslim perspective JF - The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care JA - Am J Hosp Palliat Care A1 - Sarhill,N A1 - LeGrand,S A1 - Islambouli,R A1 - Davis,M P A1 - Walsh,D VL - 18 IS - 4 PY - 2001/08//Jul-undefined N2 - Islam holds life as sacred and belonging to God and that all creatures will die one day. Suicide is forbidden. Muslims believe death is only a transition between two different lives. The terminally ill Muslim desires to perform five ritual requirements. Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders are acceptable. A deceased Muslim must always be buried after being ritually washed and wrapped. There are different Muslim schools of thought, but they are united regarding their views on death and dying. KW - Attitude to Death KW - Attitude to Health KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Funeral Rites KW - Grief KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Patient Advocacy KW - Resuscitation Orders KW - Terminal Care KW - United States SP - 251 EP - 255 SN - 1049-9091 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11467099 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8672 T1 - The Healing Power of Mind: Simple Meditation Exercises for Health, Well-Being, and Enlightenment T3 - Buddhayana series CY - Boston A1 - Thondup PB - Shambhala PY - 1996/// KW - Buddhism KW - Health KW - Meditation KW - Mental Healing KW - Religious aspects KW - Spiritual healing KW - Spiritual life KW - Well-being SN - 1570622396 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6173 T1 - Practice versus theory: tenth-century case histories from the Islamic Middle East JF - Social History of Medicine: The Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / SSHM JA - Soc Hist Med A1 - Alvarez-Millan,C VL - 13 IS - 2 PY - 2000/08// N2 - Medicine and disease in medieval Islam have thus far been approached through theoretic medical treatises, on the assumption that learned medical texts are a transparent account of reality. A question yet to be sufficiently explored is the extent to which the ideas and theoretical principles they contain were actually carried out in practice. This paper deals with the description of diseases occurring in a tenth-century Casebook (Kitāb al-Tajārib) by Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakarīyā' al-Rāzi (known to Europeans as Rhazes)-the largest and oldest collection of case histories, so far as is known, in medieval Islamic medical literature. Since the author was a prolific medical writer, this study also includes a review of his medical and therapeutic principles dealing with eye diseases, as described in his learned treatises, and a comparison with those therapies actually employed in his everyday practice, as exemplified by the Casebook. The comparative analysis shows that the medical knowledge and the therapeutic advice so meticulously described in theoretical works were not paralleled in the physician's medical performance. On the contrary, it appears that learned treatises served other purposes than determining medical practice. KW - Eye Diseases KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Medicine KW - Middle East KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Practice Management, Medical SP - 293 EP - 306 SN - 0951-631X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/14535258 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7676 T1 - Religion, Stress, and Mental Health in Adolescence: Findings from Add Health JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Nooney,Jennifer G. VL - 46 IS - 4 PY - 2005/06// N2 - A growing body of multidisciplinary research documents associations between religious involvement and mental health outcomes, yet the causal mechanisms linking them are not well understood. Ellison and his colleagues (2001) tested a series of hypotheses derived from the life stress paradigm which linked religious involvement to adult well-being and distress. In the present study those proposed mechanisms are tested in a population of adolescents, a particularly understudied group in religious research. Analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) reveals that religious involvement works to prevent the occurrence of school and health stressors, which reduces depression. For suicide ideation, religious involvement works to mobilize social resources. Implications for theory and research are discussed. SP - 341 EP - 354 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3512165 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7515 T1 - Psychiatric severity and spirituality, helping, and participation in alcoholics anonymous during recovery JF - The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse JA - Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse A1 - Polcin,Douglas L A1 - Zemore,Sarah VL - 30 IS - 3 PY - 2004/08// N2 - Although helping others is a critical part of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and many treatment programs, measures for assessing helping and describing its relationship with sobriety are lacking. A sample of 200 subjects completed a Helper Therapy Scale including three subscales: Recovery Helping (alpha = 0.78), Life Helping (alpha = 0.62), and Community Helping (alpha = 0.60). A previous analysis using structural equation modeling found that length of sobriety predicted measures of spirituality, helping, and AA participation. The analysis reported here examined whether psychiatric severity was associated with these variables. Results indicated significant relationships between psychiatric severity and measures of spirituality (Self Transcendence, Forgiveness, Positive Coping, and Negative Coping) and AA Achievement (defined as completing the 12 steps and serving as a sponsor). However, no relationships were found between psychiatric severity and length of sobriety, the three Helper Therapy subscales, or AA involvement. The findings suggest that individuals with higher psychiatric severity may need assistance from their peers or professional service providers to develop a spiritual life, serve as a sponsor for others, or complete the steps of AA. KW - Adult KW - Alcoholics Anonymous KW - Alcoholism KW - Female KW - Helping Behavior KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Outcome Assessment (Health Care) KW - Patient Acceptance of Health Care KW - Personality Inventory KW - Psychometrics KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - Substance Abuse Treatment Centers KW - Temperance KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 577 EP - 592 SN - 0095-2990 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15540494 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8264 T1 - Medicine, Modernization, and Cultural Crisis in China and India JF - Comparative Studies in Society and History A1 - Croizier,Ralph C. VL - 12 IS - 3 PY - 1970/07// KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Medicine, Oriental SP - 275 EP - 291 SN - 00104175 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/178238 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6174 T1 - Healing logics : culture and medicine in modern health belief systems CY - Logan Utah A1 - Brady,Erika PB - Utah State University Press PY - 2001/// SN - 9780874214116 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7859 T1 - Self-reparation in religious experience and countertransference JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry JA - J Am Acad Psychoanal Dyn Psychiatry M3 - 10.1521/jaap.2009.37.1.45 A1 - Fauteux,Kevin VL - 37 IS - 1 PY - 2009/// N2 - This work examines the regressive nature of religious experience and suggests that some people's experience repairs the underlying wounds that in part motivated the regression while others remained fixated in the blissful absence of those wounds. It also investigates what takes place in those experiences that become reparative as opposed to what might happen in those that lead to permanent escape. Finally it examines how the author's clinical intervention-including the pertinent countertransference issues-affected the potential of three people's religious experiences to be reparative/transformative or escapist. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Buddhism KW - Christianity KW - Countertransference (Psychology) KW - Defense Mechanisms KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Life Change Events KW - Male KW - Psychoanalytic Therapy KW - Regression (Psychology) KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Self Care KW - Spirituality KW - Transference (Psychology) SP - 45 EP - 57 SN - 1546-0371 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19364258 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8075 T1 - Complementary and alternative therapies: what is their place in the management of chronic pain? JF - The Nursing Clinics of North America JA - Nurs. Clin. North Am A1 - Snyder,Mariah A1 - Wieland,Joanne VL - 38 IS - 3 PY - 2003/09// N2 - Nurses have used complementary therapies for many years to relieve anxiety, promote comfort, and reduce or alleviate pain. The therapies described in this article are examples of the many therapies available for nurses to consider when planning care for patients with chronic pain. The increasing body of scientific knowledge is providing more guidance about the efficacy of specific therapies. As with all interventions, ongoing evaluation about the effectiveness of a therapy for each patient is an important component of quality nursing care. Complementary therapies provide an avenue for nurses to be autonomous in furthering the relief of chronic pain, as many of these therapies fall within the domain of nursing. Incorporating selected therapies into the plan of care provides multiple opportunities for nurses to demonstrate caring, a premier characteristic of nursing. A number of the complementary therapies, such as journaling, hand massage, and imagery, can be taught to patients and their families, thus promoting self-care. Anecdotal evidence and findings from numerous smaller studies provide some support for the use of many complementary therapies to manage chronic pain or their use as adjuncts in the treatment regimen. Still, the nurse must weigh the risks and benefits before suggesting a therapy to a patient. Evaluating the effectiveness of the complementary therapy to promote comfort in patients with chronic pain is essential. Obtaining this information is not only critical to the care of a particular patient, but these data will assist nurses in learning more about specific therapies. Most importantly, nurses need to pursue research to further the scientific basis for many of the complementary therapies. KW - Acupuncture Therapy KW - Aromatherapy KW - Chronic Disease KW - Combined Modality Therapy KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Faith Healing KW - Holistic Health KW - Homeopathy KW - Humans KW - Information Services KW - Internet KW - Massage KW - Meditation KW - Music Therapy KW - Nurse's Role KW - Pain KW - Patient Selection KW - Therapeutic Touch KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 495 EP - 508 SN - 0029-6465 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14567205 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8307 T1 - African Indigenous Medicine: An Anthropological Perspective for Policy Makers and Primary Health Care Managers CY - Nairobi A1 - Nyamwaya,David PB - African Medical and Research Foundation PY - 1992/// KW - Africa KW - Attitude to Health KW - Health Policy KW - Kenya KW - Medicine, African Traditional KW - Social life and customs KW - Traditional medicine SN - 9966874119 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8040 T1 - Religion and family medicine: a survey of physicians and patients JF - Journal of Family Practice A1 - Maugans,Todd A1 - Wadland,William PY - 1991/02// N2 - The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate the role that religion plays in the practice of family medicine. Both physicians and adult patients without age restrictions were surveyed. The following issues were addressed in both groups: 1. Personal religious beliefs and practices 2. The physician's right and responsibility to address religious issues with patients 3. The importance of religious factors in the establishment and maintenance of the physician-patient relationship 4. The circumstances under which physicians should and actually are addressing religious issues with patients Methods A cross-sectional sample of the entire (N = 146) active membership of the Vermont Academy of Family Physicians was surveyed using a 31-item self-administered questionnaire, which was distributed by mail. The instrument included dichotomous variables, Likert scales, and narrative responses. Many questions concerning religious beliefs were modeled after those used by national pollsters. [1-5] The questionnaire was piloted, revised, and distributed in two mailings 6 weeks apart with telephone follow-up used to assess nonresponse. ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8209 T1 - Cancer--an ayurvedic perspective JF - Pharmacological Research: The Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society JA - Pharmacol. Res M3 - 10.1016/j.phrs.2004.04.010 A1 - Balachandran,Premalatha A1 - Govindarajan,Rajgopal VL - 51 IS - 1 PY - 2005/01// N2 - An integrated approach is needed to manage cancer using the growing body of knowledge gained through scientific developments. Thousands of herbal and traditional compounds are being screened worldwide to validate their use as anti-cancerous drugs. The science of Ayurveda is supposed to add a step on to the curative aspects of cancers that have resemblance with clinical entities of arbuda and granthi mentioned in Sushrutha samhita. Hence, an attempt is made in this review to discuss about the pathology and therapeutic management of various cancers described in Ayurveda. Review of literature on anticancer drugs of plant origin revealed identification of newer ayurvedic drugs that are not mentioned in the ancient texts. These new findings add up to ayurvedic science that has been developed through ages. In addition, details of experimental and clinical studies conducted on single and compound ayurvedic preparations for their anticancer efficacy strongly emphasize ayurvedic therapy as a scientifically driven one and not simply unconventional. KW - Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Neoplasms KW - Plants, Medicinal SP - 19 EP - 30 SN - 1043-6618 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15519531 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6175 T1 - African Medicine and Magic in the Americas JF - Geographical Review A1 - Voeks,Robert VL - 83 IS - 1 PY - 1993/01// N2 - African-derived ethnomedical systems are visible elements of the New World cultural landscape. Rejected by Western medicine, African healing systems have survived and flourished in the Americas since the beginning of the slave trade. Historical introduction of African magico-medical systems, the social and economic factors that facilitated their survival, and the role of plant geography in their persistence are examined. Questions of origin, ethnomedical typology, religion, and syncretism, magic and power, and collective medicinal plant knowledge are considered. SP - 66 EP - 78 SN - 00167428 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/215381 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7788 T1 - Systematic review of the efficacy of meditation techniques as treatments for medical illness JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2006.12.817 A1 - Arias,Albert J A1 - Steinberg,Karen A1 - Banga,Alok A1 - Trestman,Robert L VL - 12 IS - 8 PY - 2006/10// N2 - Meditative techniques are sought frequently by patients coping with medical and psychological problems. Because of their increasingly widespread appeal and use, and the potential for use as medical therapies, a concise and thorough review of the current state of scientific knowledge of these practices as medical interventions was conducted. PURPOSE: To systematically review the evidence supporting efficacy and safety of meditative practices in treating illnesses, and examine areas warranting further study. Studies on normal healthy populations are not included. METHODS: Searches were performed using PubMed, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Database. Keywords were Meditation, Meditative Prayer, Yoga, Relaxation Response. Qualifying studies were reviewed and independently rated based on quality by two reviewers. Mid-to-high-quality studies (those scoring above 0.65 or 65% on a validated research quality scale) were included. RESULTS: From a total of 82 identified studies, 20 randomized controlled trials met our criteria. The studies included 958 subjects total (397 experimentally treated, 561 controls). No serious adverse events were reported in any of the included or excluded clinical trials. Serious adverse events are reported in the medical literature, though rare. The strongest evidence for efficacy was found for epilepsy, symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome and menopausal symptoms. Benefit was also demonstrated for mood and anxiety disorders, autoimmune illness, and emotional disturbance in neoplastic disease. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the safety and potential efficacy of meditative practices for treating certain illnesses, particularly in nonpsychotic mood and anxiety disorders. Clear and reproducible evidence supporting efficacy from large, methodologically sound studies is lacking. KW - Chronic Disease KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Meditation KW - Mental Healing KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic KW - Research Design SP - 817 EP - 832 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17034289 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7383 T1 - How faith heals: a theoretical model JF - Explore (New York, N.Y.) JA - Explore (NY) M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2008.12.003 A1 - Levin,Jeff VL - 5 IS - 2 PY - 2009/04//Mar-undefined N2 - This paper summarizes theoretical perspectives from psychology supportive of a healing effect of faith. First, faith is defined as a congruence of belief, trust, and obedience in relation to God or the divine. Second, evidence for a faith-healing association is presented, empirically and in theory. To exemplify religiously sanctioned affirmation of such a connection, selected passages are cited from the Jewish canon attesting to biblical and rabbinic support for a faith factor in longevity, disease risk, mental health and well-being, disease prevention, and healing. Third, reference to theories of hope, learned optimism, positive illusions, and opening up or disclosure, and to theory and research on psychoneuroimmunology and placebos, demonstrates that contemporary psychology can accommodate a healing power of faith. This is summarized in a typology of five hypothesized mechanisms underlying a faith-healing association, termed behavioral/conative, interpersonal, cognitive, affective, and psychophysiological. Finally, implications are discussed for the rapprochement of religion and medicine. KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Attitude to Health KW - Faith Healing KW - Health Status KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Models, Theoretical KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality SP - 77 EP - 96 SN - 1550-8307 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19272579 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7497 T1 - Modeling the effects of spirituality/religion on patients' perceptions of living with HIV/AIDS JF - Journal of General Internal Medicine JA - J Gen Intern Med M3 - 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00646.x A1 - Szaflarski,Magdalena A1 - Ritchey,P Neal A1 - Leonard,Anthony C A1 - Mrus,Joseph M A1 - Peterman,Amy H A1 - Ellison,Christopher G A1 - McCullough,Michael E A1 - Tsevat,Joel VL - 21 Suppl 5 PY - 2006/12// N2 - BACKGROUND: Spirituality/religion is an important factor in health and illness, but more work is needed to determine its link to quality of life in patients with HIV/AIDS. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the direct and indirect effects of spirituality/religion on patients' perceptions of living with HIV/AIDS. DESIGN: In 2002 and 2003, as part of a multicenter longitudinal study of patients with HIV/AIDS, we collected extensive demographic, clinical, and behavioral data from chart review and patient interviews. We used logistic regression and path analysis combining logistic and ordinary least squares regression. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and fifty outpatients with HIV/AIDS from 4 sites in 3 cities. MEASURES: The dependent variable was whether patients felt that life had improved since being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Spirituality/religion was assessed by using the Duke Religion Index, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being-Expanded, and Brief RCOPE measures. Mediating factors included social support, self-esteem, healthy beliefs, and health status/health concerns. RESULTS: Approximately one-third of the patients felt that their life was better now than it was before being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. A 1-SD increase in spirituality/religion was associated with a 68.50% increase in odds of feeling that life has improved--29.97% due to a direct effect, and 38.54% due to indirect effects through healthy beliefs (29.15%) and health status/health concerns (9.39%). Healthy beliefs had the largest effect on feeling that life had improved; a 1-SD increase in healthy beliefs resulted in a 109.75% improvement in feeling that life changed. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HIV/AIDS, the level of spirituality/religion is associated, both directly and indirectly, with feeling that life is better now than previously. Future research should validate our new conceptual model using other samples and longitudinal studies. Clinical education interventions should focus on raising awareness among clinicians about the importance of spirituality/religion in HIV/AIDS. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Adult KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - HIV Infections KW - Humans KW - Logistic Models KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Models, Psychological KW - Multivariate Analysis KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Self Concept KW - Social Perception KW - social support KW - United States SP - S28-38 EP - S28-38 SN - 1525-1497 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17083497 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7669 T1 - Qigong improving physical status in middle-aged women JF - Western Journal of Nursing Research JA - West J Nurs Res M3 - 10.1177/0193945908319991 A1 - Tsai,Yi-Kuei A1 - Chen,Hsing-Hsia A1 - Lin,I-Hsin A1 - Yeh,Mei-Ling VL - 30 IS - 8 PY - 2008/12// N2 - Regular exercise has been shown to benefit its practitioners and prevent and control diseases. Muscle/Tendon Change Classic (MTCC) qigong, characterized by simple, slow, and full-body exercise, is appropriate for the middle-age population. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the MTCC qigong program in improving physical status for middle-aged women. A quasi-experimental design was used. The experimental group (n = 37) received an 8-week MTCC qigong program, whereas the control group (n = 34) received none. Physiological parameters of muscular performance, body composition, and bone strength were measured before and after the program. The average age was 49 +/- 4.13 years for the experimental group and 50 +/- 4.74 years for the control group. The demographic characteristics were homogeneous between the two groups. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in muscular endurance, body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index at the completion of 8-week MTCC qigong program. The MTCC qigong could improve muscle endurance and body composition but not bone strength for middle-aged women, thereby demonstrating the qigong practice has certain health-preserving effects on women in this stage of life. KW - Adipose Tissue KW - Age Factors KW - Body Mass Index KW - Bone Density KW - Breathing Exercises KW - Chi-Square Distribution KW - Clinical Nursing Research KW - Female KW - Hand Strength KW - Humans KW - Middle Aged KW - Physical Endurance KW - Physical Fitness KW - Taiwan KW - Treatment Outcome KW - Waist-Hip Ratio KW - Women SP - 915 EP - 927 SN - 0193-9459 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18612090 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7787 T1 - Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America JA - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A M3 - 10.1073/pnas.0707678104 A1 - Tang,Yi-Yuan A1 - Ma,Yinghua A1 - Wang,Junhong A1 - Fan,Yaxin A1 - Feng,Shigang A1 - Lu,Qilin A1 - Yu,Qingbao A1 - Sui,Danni A1 - Rothbart,Mary K A1 - Fan,Ming A1 - Posner,Michael I VL - 104 IS - 43 PY - 2007/10/23/ N2 - Recent studies suggest that months to years of intensive and systematic meditation training can improve attention. However, the lengthy training required has made it difficult to use random assignment of participants to conditions to confirm these findings. This article shows that a group randomly assigned to 5 days of meditation practice with the integrative body-mind training method shows significantly better attention and control of stress than a similarly chosen control group given relaxation training. The training method comes from traditional Chinese medicine and incorporates aspects of other meditation and mindfulness training. Compared with the control group, the experimental group of 40 undergraduate Chinese students given 5 days of 20-min integrative training showed greater improvement in conflict scores on the Attention Network Test, lower anxiety, depression, anger, and fatigue, and higher vigor on the Profile of Mood States scale, a significant decrease in stress-related cortisol, and an increase in immunoreactivity. These results provide a convenient method for studying the influence of meditation training by using experimental and control methods similar to those used to test drugs or other interventions. KW - Adult KW - Attention KW - Case-Control Studies KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Meditation KW - Psychological Tests KW - Social Control, Informal KW - Time Factors SP - 17152 EP - 17156 SN - 0027-8424 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940025 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8319 T1 - Complementary and alternative treatments in mental health care CY - Washington DC A1 - Lake,James PB - American Psychiatric Pub. PY - 2007/// SN - 9781585622023 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7670 T1 - Spirituality at the beginning of life JF - Journal of Clinical Nursing JA - J Clin Nurs M3 - 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01650.x A1 - Hall,Jennifer VL - 15 IS - 7 PY - 2006/07// N2 - AIM: The aim of this paper was to explore the issues surrounding the spirit of the unborn child. BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and birth have been recognised to have a spiritual nature by women and health professionals caring for them. Midwives and nurses are expected to have a holistic approach to care. I suggest that for care to be truly holistic exploration is required of the spiritual nature of the unborn fetus. METHODS: Historical, philosophical and religious views of the spirit of the fetus, are explored as well as those of women. Investigation was made of views of the timing of 'ensoulment'. RESULTS: The review demonstrates the value women place on the sacredness of pregnancy and birth, and that the spiritual nature of the unborn should be recognised. CONCLUSION:This paper shows that the views and values women have of pregnancy and birth and the powerful, spiritual relationship they have with the unborn, indicates that further discussion and research needs to be carried out in this area. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is recommended that all who work with women who are pregnant should recognise the spiritual nature of the unborn when carrying out care. KW - Attitude to Health KW - Beginning of Human Life KW - Fetus KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Maternal-Child Nursing KW - Maternal-Fetal Relations KW - Nurse's Role KW - Obstetrical Nursing KW - Philosophy, Nursing KW - Pregnant Women KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Reproductive Techniques KW - Social Values KW - Spirituality SP - 804 EP - 810 SN - 0962-1067 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879373 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7706 T1 - Cohesiveness and coherence T3 - Library MARC record Library MARC record CY - (New York) A1 - Ellen L. Idler PB - Garland PY - 1994/// N2 - religion and the health of the elderly KW - Abebooks KW - Alibris KW - Amazon KW - Barnes and Noble KW - BookMooch KW - Borrow KW - Browse KW - Buy KW - Data comes from Amazon, KW - Library of Congress, and users like you. KW - Not available for this book. KW - Powells KW - Title Trader KW - Your local library SN - 93048507 UR - http://openlibrary.org/b/OL1436276M/Cohesiveness_and_coherence ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6176 T1 - Metaphor and Illness Classification in Traditional Thai Medicine JF - Asian Folklore Studies A1 - Bamber,Scott VL - 46 IS - 2 PY - 1987/// SP - 179 EP - 195 SN - 03852342 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1178583 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8234 T1 - Biomedical research ethics: an Islamic view, part II JF - International Journal of Surgery (London, England) JA - Int J Surg M3 - 10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.04.010 A1 - Afifi,Raafat Y VL - 5 IS - 6 PY - 2007/12// N2 - In part I of this article I discussed why Islam rejects secularization and this is not because the ethical principles embedded in Islam's teachings are archaic and out of touch with current realities. In addition, I pointed out the agreement between general broad principles of research ethics and Islamic teachings concerning life; which showed clearly that Islam has addressed the regulation of ethics in research more than 14 centuries ago. In this part, I will address two controversial issues concerning women's rights and age of consent for children as possible research subjects in a Muslim community. KW - Adult KW - Age Factors KW - Attitude KW - Bioethics KW - Child KW - Ethics, Research KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Informed Consent KW - Islam KW - Male KW - Parental Consent KW - Sex Factors KW - Third-Party Consent KW - Women's Rights SP - 381 EP - 383 SN - 1743-9159 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18078683 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7266 T1 - Shamanisms Today JF - Annual Review of Anthropology A1 - Atkinson,Jane Monnig VL - 21 PY - 1992/// SP - 307 EP - 330 SN - 00846570 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2155990 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7994 T1 - Medicine and spirituality: a simple path to restore compassion in medicine JF - South Dakota Journal of Medicine JA - S D J Med A1 - McVay,Michael R VL - 55 IS - 11 PY - 2002/11// N2 - Medical science has achieved impressive accomplishments in the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. However, the emphasis on science and technology has created a generation of physicians who find it difficult to relate to their patients about their suffering. Time constraints and economic pressures also add to the challenge of giving meaningful time to patients. Patients want to talk to their physician about their concerns, but surveys indicate that this is not being accomplished. Medical educators are developing curricula to teach how care can be given compassionately. This article reviews the importance of addressing spiritual care in medicine. Spirituality is defined and the spiritual history is explained. Research on the role of spirituality in health care is also reviewed. The role of the physician as a healer, attending to mind, body and spirit is encouraged. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Medical History Taking KW - Needs Assessment KW - Pastoral Care KW - Physician's Role KW - Quality of Life KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 487 EP - 491 SN - 0038-3317 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12449590 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6177 T1 - Fluent bodies : Ayurvedic remedies for postcolonial imbalance CY - Durham A1 - Langford,Jean PB - Duke University Press PY - 2002/// SN - 9780822329312 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7966 T1 - Measures of spiritual issues for palliative care patients: a literature review JF - Palliative Medicine JA - Palliat Med M3 - 10.1177/0269216308095990 A1 - Vivat,B VL - 22 IS - 7 PY - 2008/10// N2 - Members of the Quality of Life Group (QLG) of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) are developing a stand-alone functional measure of spiritual well being for palliative care patients, which will have both a clinical and a measurement application. This article discusses data from a literature review, conducted at two time points as part of the development process of this instrument. The review identified 29 existing measures of issues relating to patients' spirituality or spiritual well being. Twenty two are stand-alone measures of which 15 can be categorised as substantive (investigating the substance of respondents' beliefs) and seven as functional (exploring the function those beliefs serve). However, perhaps owing to the lack of consensus concerning spirituality or spiritual well being, the functional measures all have different (although sometimes overlapping) dimensions. In addition, they were all developed in a single cultural context (the United States), often with predominantly Christian participants, and most were not developed with palliative care patients. None is, therefore, entirely suitable for use with palliative care patients in the United Kingdom or continental Europe. KW - Humans KW - Neoplasms KW - Palliative Care KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Review Literature as Topic KW - Spirituality KW - Terminal Care KW - Terminally ill SP - 859 EP - 868 SN - 1477-030X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18755826 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7442 T1 - Religious service attendance and spiritual well-being are differentially associated with risk of major depression JF - Psychological Medicine JA - Psychol Med M3 - 10.1017/S0033291708004418 A1 - Maselko,J A1 - Gilman,S E A1 - Buka,S VL - 39 IS - 6 PY - 2009/06// N2 - BACKGROUND: The complex relationships between religiosity, spirituality and the risk of DSM-IV depression are not well understood. METHOD: We investigated the independent influence of religious service attendance and two dimensions of spiritual well-being (religious and existential) on the lifetime risk of major depression. Data came from the New England Family Study (NEFS) cohort (n=918, mean age=39 years). Depression according to DSM-IV criteria was ascertained using structured diagnostic interviews. Odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between high, medium and low tertiles of spiritual well-being and for religious service attendance and the lifetime risk of depression were estimated using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Religious service attendance was associated with 30% lower odds of depression. In addition, individuals in the top tertile of existential well-being had a 70% lower odds of depression compared to individuals in the bottom tertile. Contrary to our original hypotheses, however, higher levels of religious well-being were associated with 1.5 times higher odds of depression. CONCLUSIONS: Religious and existential well-being may be differentially associated with likelihood of depression. Given the complex interactions between religiosity and spirituality dimensions in relation to risk of major depression, the reliance on a single domain measure of religiosity or spirituality (e.g. religious service attendance) in research or clinical settings is discouraged. KW - Adult KW - Boston KW - Cohort Studies KW - Depressive Disorder, Major KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Interview, Psychological KW - Logistic Models KW - Male KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Rhode Island KW - risk factors SP - 1009 EP - 1017 SN - 1469-8978 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18834554 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8276 T1 - Changes in Attitudes of Japanese Doctors toward Complementary and Alternative Medicine--Comparison of Surveys in 1999 and 2005 in Kyoto JF - Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine JA - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med M3 - 10.1093/ecam/nep040 A1 - Fujiwara,Kenji A1 - Imanishi,Jiro A1 - Watanabe,Satoko A1 - Ozasa,Kotaro A1 - Sakurada,Kumi PY - 2009/05/21/ N2 - We surveyed the attitudes of Japanese medical doctors toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in 1999. It is supposed that the situation concerning CAM has been changing recently. The aim of the present study is to survey the attitude of doctors toward CAM again, and to examine changes in attitude over the last 6 years. The attitudes of medical doctors belonging to the Kyoto Medical Association toward CAM were surveyed by a structured, self-administered questionnaire in 1999 and 2005. The results showed that the doctors familiar with the term 'CAM', practicing CAM therapies, and attending meetings or training courses related with CAM, increased significantly from 1999 to 2005. The doctors who possessed knowledge of CAM also increased significantly from 1999 to 2005. Almost all doctors believed in the effectiveness of Kampo (Japanese traditional herbal medicine) and acupuncture. The number of doctors who believed in the effectiveness of aromatherapy and ayurveda increased significantly in 2005, compared with 1999. In the near future, 58% of doctors desired to practice CAM therapies. In conclusion, the numbers of doctors who practice CAM therapies, possess CAM knowledge and desire to practice such therapies have increased over the last 6 years in Japan. SN - 1741-427X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19465404 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7029 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Herbal Medicine JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Vickers,Andrew A1 - Zollman,Catherine VL - 319 IS - 7216 PY - 1999/10/16/ SP - 1050 EP - 1053 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186102 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7635 T1 - Does spirituality as a coping mechanism help or hinder coping with chronic pain? JF - Current Pain and Headache Reports JA - Curr Pain Headache Rep M3 - 10.1007/s11916-009-0022-0 A1 - Wachholtz,AB A1 - Pearce,MJ VL - 13 IS - 2 PY - 2009/04// N2 - Chronic pain is a complex experience stemming from the interrelationship among biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors. Many chronic pain patients use religious/spiritual forms of coping, such as prayer and spiritual support, to cope with their pain. This article explores empirical research that illustrates how religion/spirituality may impact the experience of pain and may help or hinder the coping process. This article also provides practical suggestions for health care professionals to aid in the exploration of spiritual issues that may contribute to the pain experience. SP - 127 EP - 132 SN - 1531-3433 UR - http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3FGF9KpkfiglbOgE94A&page=1&doc=1 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8170 T1 - Don't let ideology trump science JF - Science A1 - Leshner,A.I. VL - 302 IS - 5650 PY - 2003/11/28/ SP - 1479 EP - 1479 SN - 0036-8075 UR - http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=4BO33d5AnCKg2p@8AOA&page=1&doc=1 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7396 T1 - Complementary and alternative methods in cerebral palsy JF - Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology JA - Dev Med Child Neurol M3 - 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03424.x A1 - Oppenheim,William L VL - 51 Suppl 4 PY - 2009/10// N2 - There are no published studies specifically addressing complementary and alternative treatments in adults with cerebral palsy (CP). However, national surveys of adults with chronic disabilities document that a majority of them use such treatments, that they are willing to pay out of pocket, if necessary, and that they believe that pursuing such treatment relieves pain, reduces stress and anxiety, and leads to improved feelings of fitness and well-being. Individuals enjoy taking charge of their own health care decisions, and frequently feel more in control with these therapies than with more traditional methods. In contrast to adults, there is some information on complementary and alternative methods (CAM) in children with CP. This article discusses some of the CAM used in children that may be carried over into adulthood, as well as the pitfalls for patients and conventional physicians as they try to sort out what might be helpful and what might be harmful in this arena. Practitioners of both conventional and CAM therapies believe that exercise can be beneficial; accordingly, activities such as recreational sports, yoga, and hippotherapy may be continued from childhood into adulthood. General treatments for stress and anxiety, through such activities as yoga and meditation, though not directed at CP per se, may be more popular for adults than children. Research in this area should first identify what methods are being utilized and then subject these methods to well-designed outcome studies that take into account any associated risks. KW - 122-129 KW - prepub SN - 1469-8749 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19740219 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6178 T1 - Early American mesmeric societies: a historical study JF - The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis JA - Am J Clin Hypn A1 - Gravitz,M A VL - 37 IS - 1 PY - 1994/07// N2 - Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mesmer to bring animal magnetism to the United States in 1784 through the Marquis de Lafayette, there was a period of little activity there for several decades. Then, concurrent with its revival in Europe and led by a few American practitioners who had been trained in France, several early societies of American magnetizers were founded beginning about 1815. These were initially organized in New York City and subsequently in New Orleans, Boston, Clinton, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Philadelphia. They played an important role in the development of hypnosis in America. KW - History, 18th Century KW - History, 19th Century KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Societies KW - United States SP - 41 EP - 48 SN - 0002-9157 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8085545 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7888 T1 - The "sensed presence": an epileptic aura with religious overtones JF - Epilepsy & Behavior: E&B JA - Epilepsy Behav M3 - 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.023 A1 - Landtblom,Anne-Marie VL - 9 IS - 1 PY - 2006/08// N2 - "Sensed presence," a religious emotion, has been the focus of recent neurotheological research because it has been claimed that weak transcranial magnetic stimulation can evoke such experiences. Some researchers have recently questioned this claim. However, religion and epilepsy have been linked through history, clinical observations, and research. This article describes the "sensed presence" as an aura in one patient who did not interpret his experience in a religious way. He had bilateral hypoperfusion of the temporal lobes when investigated by SPECT, and hypoplasia of the dorsal part of the left hippocampus when examined by magnetic resonance imaging. This case report illustrates that "sensed presence" can occur as an epileptic aura with or without religious interpretation. KW - Adult KW - Cerebral Cortex KW - Cerebrovascular Circulation KW - Epilepsy KW - Functional Laterality KW - Hallucinations KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Religion KW - Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon SP - 186 EP - 188 SN - 1525-5050 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16753347 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7808 T1 - Meditation in health: an operational definition JF - Brain Research Protocols JA - Brain Res Protoc M3 - 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2004.09.002 A1 - Cardoso,Roberto A1 - de Souza,Eduardo A1 - Camano,Luiz A1 - Roberto Leite,José VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 2004/11// N2 - Despite its evergrowing use in health-related areas, procedures characterized as meditation have been little or not at all defined operationally, which hinders its use in a standardized manner. In the present study, the authors present a possible operational definition of meditation, which has been used in social and academic projects, developed in Universidade Federal de São Paulo. In this proposal, it is emphasized that, in order to be characterized as meditation, the procedure should encompass the following requirements: (1) the use of a specific technique (clearly defined), (2) muscle relaxation in some moment of the process and (3) "logic relaxation"; (4) it must necessarily be a self-induced state, and (5) use of "self-focus" skill (coined "anchor"). KW - Definition KW - Health KW - Meditation SP - 58 EP - 60 SN - 1385-299X UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T3N-4DKD49T-1/2/572fd518abb03915019c37a5a1ab20a8 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7767 T1 - Expansion and validation of the spiritual health locus of control scale: factorial analysis and predictive validity JF - Journal of Health Psychology JA - J Health Psychol M3 - 10.1177/1359105307078166 A1 - Holt,Cheryl L A1 - Clark,Eddie M A1 - Klem,Patrick R VL - 12 IS - 4 PY - 2007/07// N2 - The present study reports on the development and validation of an expanded scale assessing spiritual health locus of control beliefs. Additional items were developed, and the scale was pilot tested among 108 church-attending African American women. The scale was multidimensional, comprised of the original Active and Passive Spiritual dimensions, and additional subscales reflecting 'Spiritual Life and Faith' and 'God's Grace'. Internal consistency was acceptable, and predictive validity was evidenced by negative correlations between the Passive Spiritual dimension and knowledge about mammography, breast cancer, and breast cancer treatment, and mammography utilization. This instrument provides an in-depth assessment of beliefs regarding the role of God in one's health, and may be useful for the development of church-based health education serving African Americans. KW - Adult KW - African Americans KW - Aged KW - Breast Neoplasms KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Internal-External Control KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Statistical KW - Questionnaires KW - Spirituality SP - 597 EP - 612 SN - 1359-1053 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17584811 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8003 T1 - Surgeons and the spirit: a study on the relationship of religiosity to clinical practice JF - Journal of Religion and Health JA - J Relig Health A1 - Cheever,Kerry H A1 - Jubilan,Boyce A1 - Dailey,Thomas A1 - Ehrhardt,Kathleen A1 - Blumenstein,Robert A1 - Morin,Christopher J A1 - Lewis,Charles VL - 44 IS - 1 PY - 2005/// N2 - This study aimed to identify the religious practices and beliefs of surgeons and the relationship between surgeons' locus of control and religiosity. Thirty-five surgeons completed a survey that included items from the Duke University Religion Index, the Salesian Center Intrinsic Religiosity Scale for Clinicians, and Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. Over 68% of sampled surgeons affirmed that their religious beliefs play a part in their practice, 47% attend religious services at least weekly, and 44% pray daily. There was no correlation between locus of control and religiosity. These results challenge the myth of the egocentric, agnostic surgeon. KW - Data Collection KW - Humans KW - Patient Care KW - Physicians KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality SP - 67 EP - 80 SN - 0022-4197 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285133 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7263 T1 - Magical Medicine: The Folkloric Component of Medicine In the Folk Belief, Custom, and Ritual of the Peoples of Europe and America: Selected Essays of Wayland D. Hand CY - Berkeley A1 - Hand,Wayland Debs PB - University of California Press PY - 1980/// KW - Europe KW - Medicine, Magic, mystic, and spagiric KW - Traditional medicine KW - United States SN - 0520041291 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7504 T1 - Spirituality: the silent dimension in addiction research. The 1990 leonard ball oration JF - Drug and Alcohol Review M3 - 10.1080/09595239000185341 A1 - Miller,William [1] VL - 9 PY - 1990/// N2 - Researchers currently recognize and incorporate psychological, biomedical, and social determinants in the study of addictive behaviors. Yet spiritual aspects of addiction and recovery remain virtually unstudied, despite the fact that spirituality is given central importance in Alcoholics Anonymous and in the lives of many individuals. Traditional spiritual concepts have been relabelled to remove their transcendent dimension, and addiction researchers have acted as though spirituality plays no role in the lives of those they study. Consequently an entire class of potentially important variables is being overlooked. A majority of variance in addictive behaviors and treatment outcomes remains unexplained, a portion of which might be accounted for through the study of spiritual dependent, moderator, and independent variables. Behavioural scientists have begun to acknowledge the role of complex spiritual, moral, and decisional processes in the addictive behaviours. Though uncomfortable in some ways for both believers and unbelievers, the scientific study of spiritual processes may improve our understanding of the addictive behaviours, and our ability to prevent and treat these enduring problems. KW - 1 SP - 259 EP - 266 UR - http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/apl/cdar/1990/00000009/00000003/art00009 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8305 T1 - National health policy for traditional medicine in India JF - World Health Forum JA - World Health Forum A1 - Srinivasan,P VL - 16 IS - 2 PY - 1995/// N2 - External pressures have combined to erode the practice of India's traditional medical systems to such an extent that they are in danger of becoming extinct. A better balanced national health policy could go a long way towards reversing this trend. KW - Education, Medical KW - Health Care Rationing KW - Health Policy KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Rural Health KW - Sri Lanka SP - 190 EP - 193 SN - 0251-2432 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/7794464 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7928 T1 - "False positive" claims of near-death experiences and "false negative" denials of near-death experiences JF - Death Studies JA - Death Stud A1 - Greyson,Bruce VL - 29 IS - 2 PY - 2005/03//Feb-undefined N2 - Some persons who claim to have had near-death experiences (NDEs) fail research criteria for having had NDEs ("false positives"); others who deny having had NDEs do meet research criteria for having had NDEs ("false negatives"). The author evaluated false positive claims and false negative denials in an organization that promotes near-death research and in psychiatric outpatients. The frequency of false positives and negatives varied in samples that differed in prevalence of, and knowledge about, NDEs. The influence of participants' knowledge about NDEs on the findings of near-death research makes it critically important to use standardized criteria for identifying NDEs. KW - Death KW - False Negative Reactions KW - False Positive Reactions KW - Humans KW - Predictive Value of Tests KW - Reference Standards KW - Reproducibility of Results SP - 145 EP - 155 SN - 0748-1187 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15822242 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7398 T1 - Means-Ends Spirituality Questionnaire: Reliability, Validity and Relationship to Psychological Well-Being JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Ryan,Kathleen A1 - Fiorito,Basil VL - 45 IS - 2 PY - 2003/12// N2 - Research on the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being is increasingly focused on identifying aspects of religious/spiritual involvement that have a salutary effect on mental health and those that do not. The current study proposes that it matters to one's well-being what religious/spiritual goals are sought and which means are used to attain those goals. The current study examines the functional relationship between spiritual/religious means and ends in regards to psychological well-being. Study 1 examines the reliability and validity of a new spirituality means-ends questionnaire (M-E SQ); Study 2 examines the utility of the instrument in predicting psychological well-being. Three dimensions of spiritual goal strivings were assessed: approach-avoidance orientation, ordinary-unseen reality, and autonomous-external control. Results indicated one of two latent means factors, devotional but not transformational means, was associated with high levels of well-being. Two ends dimensions of avoidance and ordinary goals were associated with low levels of well-being. Interestingly, the deleterious effects of avoidance and ordinary goals appear to be moderated by how one scores on devotional or transformational means, or approach goals. The present study demonstrates the utility of a means-ends framework for identifying relevant spiritual variables to add to our understanding of the religion-mental health link. SP - 130 EP - 154 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3512579 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7907 T1 - A Rasch scaling validation of a 'core' near-death experience JF - British Journal of Psychology JA - Br J Psychol M3 - 10.1348/000712604773952403 A1 - Lange,Rense A1 - Greyson,Bruce A1 - Houran,James VL - 95 IS - Pt 2 PY - 2004/05// N2 - For those with true near-death experiences (NDEs), Greyson's (1983, 1990) NDE Scale satisfactorily fits the Rasch rating scale model, thus yielding a unidimensional measure with interval-level scaling properties. With increasing intensity, NDEs reflect peace, joy and harmony, followed by insight and mystical or religious experiences, while the most intense NDEs involve an awareness of things occurring in a different place or time. The semantics of this variable are invariant across True-NDErs' gender, current age, age at time of NDE, and latency and intensity of the NDE, thus identifying NDEs as 'core' experiences whose meaning is unaffected by external variables, regardless of variations in NDEs' intensity. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences were observed between True-NDErs and other respondent groups, mostly revolving around the differential emphasis on paranormal/mystical/religious experiences vs. standard reactions to threat. The findings further suggest that False-Positive respondents reinterpret other profound psychological states as NDEs. Accordingly, the Rasch validation of the typology proposed by Greyson (1983) also provides new insights into previous research, including the possibility of embellishment over time (as indicated by the finding of positive, as well as negative, latency effects) and the potential roles of religious affiliation and religiosity (as indicated by the qualitative differences surrounding paranormal/mystical/religious issues). KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Death KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Likelihood Functions KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Psychological KW - Parapsychology KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Stress, Psychological SP - 161 EP - 177 SN - 0007-1269 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15142300 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8667 T1 - Healing words : the power of prayer and the practice of medicine CY - [San Francisco Calif.] A1 - Dossey,Larry PB - HarperSanFrancisco PY - 1993/// SN - 9780062502513 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6179 T1 - Hypnosis and surgery: past, present, and future JF - Anesthesia and Analgesia JA - Anesth. Analg M3 - 10.1213/01.ane.0000260616.49050.6d A1 - Wobst,Albrecht H K VL - 104 IS - 5 PY - 2007/05// N2 - Hypnosis has been defined as the induction of a subjective state in which alterations of perception or memory can be elicited by suggestion. Ever since the first public demonstrations of "animal magnetism" by Mesmer in the 18th century, the use of this psychological tool has fascinated the medical community and public alike. The application of hypnosis to alter pain perception and memory dates back centuries. Yet little progress has been made to fully comprehend or appreciate its potential compared to the pharmacologic advances in anesthesiology. Recently, hypnosis has aroused interest, as hypnosis seems to complement and possibly enhance conscious sedation. Contemporary clinical investigators claim that the combination of analgesia and hypnosis is superior to conventional pharmacologic anesthesia for minor surgical cases, with patients and surgeons responding favorably. Simultaneously, basic research of pain pathways involving the nociceptive flexion reflex and positron emission tomography has yielded objective data regarding the physiologic correlates of hypnosis. In this article I review the history, basic scientific and clinical studies, and modern practical considerations of one of the oldest therapeutical tools: the power of suggestion. KW - Forecasting KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Hypnosis, Anesthetic KW - Surgical Procedures, Operative SP - 1199 EP - 1208 SN - 1526-7598 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17456675 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7627 T1 - Review of cancer among 4 religious sects: Evidence that life-styles are distinctive sets of risk factors JF - Social Science & Medicine M3 - 10.1016/0277-9536(88)90218-3 A1 - Troyer,Henry VL - 26 IS - 10 PY - 1988/// N2 - The occurrence of various types of cancer have been reviewed and evaluated in 4 religious groups. These patterns have been critically assessed in light of the distinctive life-style features of these groups. All 4 religious groups considered in this paper have reduced overall rates of cancer, suggesting that the life-style of all 4 groups have merit in terms of reducing the overall risk of cancer. The rate of smoling among these groups is nearly nil, and the lung cancer rate in all 4 of these religious groups is strikingly low. Cancer of the oral structures, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus is also generally quite low. Amish and Hutterites have unusually high rates of breast cancer and juvenile leukemia. Reproductive factors frequently mentioned as risk factors for breast cancer cannot explain the excess breast cancer in the Amish and Hutterite women because they should have had the effect of reducing the rate. None of the numerous risk factors, normally suggested for leukemia, are consistent with this observation. The observations on ovarian cancer tend to confirm low parity and late age at first birth as risk factors, although the evidence is not entirely consistent. Also, contrary to common observations, the pattern of ovarian cancer contrasts greatly with the breast cancer pattern, suggesting dissimilar risk factors. Their low rate of cervical cancer is consistent with promiscuity being a strong risk factor, but other frequently suggested risk factors were generally inconsistent with the observations. Cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, urinary bladder and prostate, in these 4 religious groups, are not readily explained by the risk factors commonly implicated in cancer of these sites. The patterns of a few types of cancers were consistent with the prevailing opinions of risk factors, but some cancers were poorly explained and, in some cases, the cancer patterns contradicted commonly held opinions concerning risk factors. Religions that provide strong directives for the personal lives of adherents result in distinctive life-style, reflecting multiple disease related factors (risk factors and protective factors). Disease related factors are related to each other in simple or more complex ways (e.g. additive, multiplicative or even more complex). Therefore, when dealing with distinctive life-styles, it may be unwarranted to attempt to isolate individual risk factors. KW - cancer KW - life-style KW - Religion KW - risk factors SP - 1007 EP - 1017 SN - 0277-9536 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4665DPJ-S6/2/b5acdd5d982ce77577f04aa2220a83aa ER - TY - BOOK ID - 6180 T1 - Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being T3 - Vitality of indigenous religions CY - Aldershot, England A1 - Shoko,Tabona PB - Ashgate PY - 2007/// KW - Ancestor worship KW - Causes and theories of causation KW - Diseases KW - Karanga (African people) KW - Mberengwa District (Zimbabwe) KW - Medicine KW - Religion KW - Religious life and customs KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Social life and customs KW - Traditional medicine KW - Zimbabwe KW - Zimbawe SN - 9780754658818 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6181 T1 - The Subtle Energies of Spirit: Explorations in Metaphysical and New Age Spirituality JF - Journal of the American Academy of Religion A1 - Albanese,Catherine L. VL - 67 IS - 2 PY - 1999/06// SP - 305 EP - 325 SN - 00027189 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1465739 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7691 T1 - Influence of Yoga and Ayurveda on self-rated sleep in a geriatric population JF - The Indian Journal of Medical Research JA - Indian J. Med. Res A1 - Manjunath,N K A1 - Telles,Shirley VL - 121 IS - 5 PY - 2005/05// N2 - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sleep in older persons is characterized by decreased ability to stay asleep, resulting in fragmented sleep and reduced daytime alertness. Pharmacological treatment of insomnia in older persons is associated with hazardous side effects. Hence, the present study was designed to compare the effects of Yoga and Ayurveda on the self rated sleep in a geriatric population. METHODS: Of the 120 residents from a home for the aged, 69 were stratified based on age (five year intervals) and randomly allocated to three groups i.e., Yoga (physical postures, relaxation techniques, voluntarily regulated breathing and lectures on yoga philosophy), Ayurveda (a herbal preparation), and Wait-list control (no intervention). The groups were evaluated for self-assessment of sleep over a one week period at baseline, and after three and six months of the respective interventions. RESULTS: The Yoga group showed a significant decrease in the time taken to fall asleep (approximate group average decrease: 10 min, P<0.05), an increase in the total number of hours slept (approximate group average increase: 60 min, P< 0.05) and in the feeling of being rested in the morning based on a rating scale (P<0.05) after six months. The other groups showed no significant change. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Yoga practice improved different aspects of sleep in a geriatric population. KW - Aged KW - Analysis of Variance KW - Female KW - Humans KW - India KW - Male KW - Malvaceae KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Phyllanthus emblica KW - Piper KW - Plant Preparations KW - Sleep KW - Terminalia KW - Time Factors KW - Withania KW - Yoga SP - 683 EP - 690 SN - 0971-5916 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15937373 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8032 T1 - The spiritual and religious identities, beliefs, and practices of academic pediatricians in the United States JF - Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges JA - Acad Med M3 - 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31818c64a5 A1 - Catlin,Elizabeth Ann A1 - Cadge,Wendy A1 - Ecklund,Elaine Howard A1 - Gage,Elizabeth A A1 - Zollfrank,Angelika Annette VL - 83 IS - 12 PY - 2008/12// N2 - PURPOSE: Physicians' spiritual and religious identities, beliefs, and practices are beginning to be explored. The objective of this study was to gather descriptive information about personal religion and spirituality from a random sample of academic American pediatricians and to compare this information with similar data from the public. METHOD: In 2005, a Web-based survey of a random sample of 208 pediatrician faculty from 13 academic centers ranked by the US News & World Report as "honor roll" hospitals was conducted. Surveys elicited information about personal beliefs and practices as well as their influence on decisions about patient care and clinical practice. Multiple questions were replicated from the General Social Survey to enable comparisons with the public. Descriptive statistics were generated, and logistic regression analyses were conducted on relevant variables. RESULTS: Nearly 88% of respondents were raised in a religious tradition, but just 67.2% claimed current religious identification. More than half (52.6%) reported praying privately; additional spiritual practices reported included relaxation techniques (38.8%), meditation (29.3%), sacred readings (26.7%), and yoga (19%). The majority of academic pediatricians (58.6%) believed that personal spiritual or religious beliefs influenced their interactions with patients/colleagues. These odds increased 5.1-fold when academic pediatricians attended religious services monthly or more (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the American public, a notably smaller proportion of academic pediatricians reported a personal religious identity. The majority believed spiritual and religious beliefs influenced their practice of pediatrics. Whether secular or faith-based belief systems measurably modify academic pediatric practice is unknown. KW - Academic Medical Centers KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Faculty, Medical KW - Female KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Humans KW - Logistic Models KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Pediatrics KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Physician's Practice Patterns KW - Pilot Projects KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Social Identification KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 1146 EP - 1152 SN - 1938-808X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19202482 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7954 T1 - The Spirituality Index of Well-Being: a new instrument for health-related quality-of-life research JF - Annals of Family Medicine JA - Ann Fam Med A1 - Daaleman,Timothy P A1 - Frey,Bruce B VL - 2 IS - 5 PY - 2004/10//Sep-undefined N2 - PURPOSE: Despite considerable interest in examining spirituality in health-related quality-of-life studies, there is a paucity of instruments that measure this construct. The objective of this study was to test a valid and reliable measure of spirituality that would be useful in patient populations. METHODS: We conducted a multisite, cross-sectional survey using systematic sampling of adult outpatients at primary care clinic sites in the Kansas City metropolitan area (N = 523). We determined the instrument reliability (Cronbach's alpha, test-retest) and validity (confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validation) of the Spirituality Index of Well-Being (SIWB). RESULTS: The SIWB contains 12 items: 6 from a self-efficacy domain and 6 from a life scheme domain. Confirmatory factor analysis found the following fit indices: chi2 (54, n = 508) = 508.35, P < .001; Comparative Fit Index = .98; Tucker-Lewis Index = .97; root mean square error of approximation = .13. The index had the following reliability results: for the self-efficacy subscale, alpha = .86 and test-retest r = 0.77; for the life scheme subscale, alpha = .89 and test-retest r = 0.86; and for the total scale alpha = .91 and test-retest r = 0.79, showing very good reliability. The SIWB had significant and expected correlations with other quality-of-life instruments that measure well-being or spirituality: Zung Depression Scale (r = 0-.42, P < .001), General Well-Being Scale (r = 0.64, P < .001), and Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWB) (r = 0.62, P < .001). There was a modest correlation between the religious well-being subscale of the SWB and the SIWB (r = 0.35, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The Spirituality Index of Well-Being is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in health-related quality-of-life studies. KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Factor Analysis, Statistical KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Kansas KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Spirituality SP - 499 EP - 503 SN - 1544-1709 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15506588 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7025 T1 - Healing and restoring : health and medicine in the world's religious traditions CY - New York A1 - Sullivan,Lawrence PB - Macmillan PY - 1989/// SN - 9780029237915 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7617 T1 - Spiritual needs in cancer patients and spiritual care based on logotherapy JF - Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer JA - Support Care Cancer M3 - 10.1007/s00520-005-0827-2 A1 - Noguchi,Wataru A1 - Morita,Satoshi A1 - Ohno,Tatsuya A1 - Aihara,Okihiko A1 - Tsujii,Hirohiko A1 - Shimozuma,Kojiro A1 - Matsushima,Eisuke VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 2006/01// N2 - BACKGROUND: The suitability of Frankl's logotherapy for the spiritual care (psychotherapy) of cancer patients in Japan is suggested. Using Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual (FACIT-Sp, Japanese version), the Purpose in Life test (PIL test, Japanese version), and WHO-Subjective Inventory (WHO-SUBI, Japanese version), we attempted to elucidate the complicated structure of spirituality in cancer patients in order to identify possible approaches to their spiritual care and means of evaluating such care. MATERIALS: Two hundred and ninety-eight cancer patients participated in the study. All three tests were taken at the same time, and the results were evaluated by principal component analysis. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that all the subscales employed in the present study could be represented by a two-dimensional structure (two principal components), and that the FACIT-Sp and PIL tests have similar contents. DISCUSSION: FACIT-Sp (Japanese version) is very similar in conception to the PIL test, which was prepared in accordance with logotherapy. The results suggest that this test can serve as an adequate evaluation scale for measuring the effectiveness of spiritual care based on Frankl's logotherapy. KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Health KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Japan KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Neoplasms KW - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales KW - Psychotherapy KW - Research Design KW - Sickness Impact Profile KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Spirituality SP - 65 EP - 70 SN - 0941-4355 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15856331 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7183 T1 - Healing Ministries: Conversations on the Spiritual Dimensions of Health Care CY - New York A1 - Fichter,Joseph Henry PB - Paulist Press PY - 1986/// KW - Health KW - Interviews KW - Medical personnel KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0809128071 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6182 T1 - Traditional Medicine in Africa JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Romero-Daza,Nancy VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N2 - Traditional medicine is the main, and often the only, source of medical care for a great proportion of the population of the developing world. Systems of traditional medicine are usually rooted in long-standing cultural traditions, take a holistic approach to health, and are community based. The World Health Organization has long recognized the central role traditional systems of care can play in efforts to provide primary health care, especially in rural areas. This article provides an overview of national policies adopted by African governments following World Health Organization recommendations for the incorporation of traditional and allopathic systems of care. SP - 173 EP - 176 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049695 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6183 T1 - The Transformations of Tibetan Medicine T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Janes,Craig R. VL - 9 IS - 1 PY - 1995/03// N2 - This article presents a cultural and historical analysis of 20th-century Tibetan medicine. In its expansion into the state bureaucracy, Tibetan medicine has acceded to institutional modernity through transformations in theory, practice, and methods for training physicians. Despite Chinese rule in Tibet, however, Tibetan medicine has not yielded completely to state interests. With the collapsing of the traditionally pluralistic Tibetan health system into the professional sector of Tibetan medicine, contemporary Tibetan medicine has become to the laity a font of ethnic revitalization and resistance to the modernization policies of the Chinese state. These processes are particularly evident in the elaboration of disorders of rlung, a class of sicknesses that, collectively, have come to symbolize the suffering inherent in rapid social, economic, and political change. SP - 6 EP - 39 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/648555 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8151 T1 - African-American spirituality: a concept analysis JF - ANS. Advances in Nursing Science JA - ANS Adv Nurs Sci A1 - Newlin,Kelley A1 - Knafl,Kathleen A1 - Melkus,Gail D'Eramo VL - 25 IS - 2 PY - 2002/12// N2 - Culturally competent care for African Americans requires sensitivity to spirituality as a component of the cultural context. To foster understanding, measurement, and delivery of the spiritual component of culturally competent care, this article presents an evolutionary concept analysis of African-American spirituality. The analysis is based on a sample of multidisciplinary research studies reflecting spirituality of African Americans. Findings indicate that African-American spirituality involves quintessential, internal, external, consoling, and transformative attributive dimensions. Findings are considered in relation to previous conceptual analyses of spirituality and suggest that defining attributes of African-American spirituality are both global and culturally prominent. Implications for practice and research are discussed. KW - Adult KW - African Americans KW - Aged KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Female KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Psychological KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spirituality KW - United States SP - 57 EP - 70 SN - 0161-9268 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12484641 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8191 T1 - Spirituality: the emperor's new clothes? JF - Journal of Clinical Nursing JA - J Clin Nurs A1 - Bash,Anthony VL - 13 IS - 1 PY - 2004/01// N2 - BACKGROUND: This paper explores the concept of 'spirituality' with reference to the Patients' Charter that stipulates that a person's religious, spiritual and cultural needs should be respected at all times. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim is to offer a critical analysis of what the word 'spirituality' may mean when used in the Patients' Charter and to explore the implications of this for clinical practice. DESIGN: A critical discussion based on a literature review, examining in particular methodological presuppositions. METHODS: The meaning of 'spirituality' in the Judaeo-Christian biblical traditions is explored. Some of the heuristic assumptions in contemporary research on 'spirituality' are examined. Philosophical (i.e. non-scientific) and scientific questions to do with 'spirituality' are disentangled. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The paper concludes that: (i) 'Spirituality' is an elastic term not capable of universal definition as each person's spirituality is an individual matter for them and (ii) tools that are being developed for identifying a person's spirituality run the risk of making wrong presuppositions about what comprises spirituality. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is unlikely that tools can be developed that are widely applicable for identifying and assessing spirituality. KW - Christianity KW - Existentialism KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Judaism KW - Needs Assessment KW - Nurse's Role KW - Nursing Assessment KW - Pastoral Care KW - Patient Rights KW - Philosophy KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Semantics KW - Spirituality SP - 11 EP - 16 SN - 0962-1067 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14687288 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7905 T1 - Phenomenology of near-death experiences: a cross-cultural perspective JF - Transcultural Psychiatry JA - Transcult Psychiatry M3 - 10.1177/1363461507088001 A1 - Belanti,John A1 - Perera,Mahendra A1 - Jagadheesan,Karuppiah VL - 45 IS - 1 PY - 2008/03// N2 - Near-death experiences (NDEs) include a set of subjective experiences encountered by people who were close to death or were faced with life-threatening situations. Reports have suggested that the phenomenology of NDE might differ across cultures. This article is aimed at providing an updated phenomenological perspective by comparing NDEs in a cross-cultural context. We compared the various descriptions of NDEs from a phenomenological perspective. There were similarities between particular cultures, which differed from typical western European experiences. This article concludes that although there are common themes, there are also reported differences in NDEs. The variability across cultures is most likely to be due to our interpretation and verbalizing of such esoteric events through the filters of language, cultural experiences, religion, education and their influence on our belief systems either shedding influence as an individual variable or more often perhaps by their rich interplay between these factors. KW - Adult KW - Cross-Cultural Comparison KW - Culture KW - Death KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged SP - 121 EP - 133 SN - 1363-4615 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18344255 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7499 T1 - The effect of group aerobic exercise and t'ai chi on functional outcomes and quality of life for persons living with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2005.11.1085 A1 - Galantino,Mary Lou A1 - Shepard,Kay A1 - Krafft,Larry A1 - Laperriere,Arthur A1 - Ducette,Joseph A1 - Sorbello,Alfred A1 - Barnish,Michael A1 - Condoluci,David A1 - Farrar,John T VL - 11 IS - 6 PY - 2005/12// N2 - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the usefulness of two interventions in a group rehabilitation medicine setting to determine strategies and exercise guidelines for long-term care of the HIV/AIDS population with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and/or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). DESIGN: This was a randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of tai chi (TC) and aerobic exercise (EX) on functional outcomes and quality of life (QOL) in patients with AIDS. SETTING: Two outpatient infectious disease clinics in a mid-atlantic state were the setting. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTION: Thirty-eight (38) subjects with advanced HIV (AIDS) were randomized to one of three groups: TC, EX, or control. Experimental groups exercised twice weekly for 8 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes included QOL as measured by the Medical Outcomes Short Form (MOS-HIV) and Spirituality Well-Being Scale (SWB). Functional measures included the functional reach (FR) for balance, sit and reach (SR) for flexibility, and sit-up (SU) test for endurance. The physical performance test (PPT) was used to determine overall function, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) was used to evaluate psychologic changes. To consider the patients' explanations for these measurements, qualitative data were collected from subjects' journals, focus groups, and nonparticipant observation. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (38) subjects were included in data analysis: 13 in the TC group, 13 in the EX group, and 12 in the control group. Results of analysis of covariance showed significant changes in the exercise groups in overall functional measures (p < 0.001). The MOS-HIV showed a significant difference on the subscale of overall health (p = 0.04). The POMS showed significant main effect for time in confusion-bewilderment (p = 0.000) and tension-anxiety (p = 0.005). Three dominant themes emerged from the qualitative data, including: positive physical changes, enhanced psychologic coping, and improved social interactions. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that TC and EX improve physiologic parameters, functional outcomes, and QOL. Group intervention provides a socialization context for management of chronic HIV disease. This study supports the need for more research investigating the effect of other types of group exercise for this population. This study sets the stage for a larger randomized controlled trial to examine the potential short- and long-term effects of group exercise that may prove beneficial in the management of advanced HIV disease. Further research is warranted to evaluate additional exercise interventions that are accessible, safe, and cost-effective for the HIV population. KW - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome KW - Exercise Therapy KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Mid-Atlantic Region KW - Narration KW - Patient Satisfaction KW - Quality of Life KW - Questionnaires KW - Self Care KW - Tai Ji KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 1085 EP - 1092 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16398601 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7956 T1 - The BENEFIT through spirituality/religiosity scale--a 6-item measure for use in health outcome studies JF - International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine JA - Int J Psychiatry Med A1 - Büssing,Arndt A1 - Koenig,Harold G VL - 38 IS - 4 PY - 2008/// N2 - OBJECTIVE: We intended to develop a brief and compact scale which measures the beneficial effects of spirituality/religiosity (SpR) on several dimensions of patients' life concerns, to be used in health outcome studies. METHOD: To attain a short measure valid for spiritual and religious dimensions, we designed a scale based on tested items of an independent item pool of the already established SpREUK inventory, which measures SpR attitudes and convictions and holds an independent data pool addressing the support of life concerns through SpR. To validate the intended BENEFIT scale, reliability and factor analyses were performed utilizing 371 individuals with different chronic diseases recruited in various medical centers in Germany (exploratory analysis), while for the confirmatory analyses we used an independent pool of 229 patients with chronic pain conditions. RESULTS: Six items addressed the beneficial effects of SpR of the patients' concerns, and thus were chosen for the BENEFIT scale. These items had a good internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.922). Primary factor analysis pointed to a 1-factor solution, which explained 72% of variance. Correlation analyses revealed that the BENEFIT scale correlated with both uniquely religious and spiritual attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate the reliability and validity of the 6-item BENEFIT scale that captures a unique aspect of SpR that can be used in epidemiological studies and clinical trials for those who wish to assess both the external and internal dimensions of SpR. This brief instrument can be easily incorporated into almost any study of mental health, physical health, or quality of life. KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Attitude to Health KW - Chronic Disease KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Factor Analysis, Statistical KW - Female KW - Germany KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Questionnaires KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Spirituality SP - 493 EP - 506 SN - 0091-2174 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19480361 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6184 T1 - The Evolution of Anatomical Knowledge in Ancient India, with Special Reference to Cross-Cultural Influences JF - Journal of the American Oriental Society A1 - Zysk,Kenneth G. VL - 106 IS - 4 PY - 1986/12//Oct N2 - Ludwig Edelstein's study of the history of Greek anatomy will be used as a model to examine the evolution of anatomical knowledge in ancient India. The earliest evidence of Indian anatomy is found in the Vedic literature, dating from 1500 B. C. to 200 B. C. It provides a clear picture of the acquisition of anatomical knowledge by means of the sacrifice of animals, principally the horse, and of men; chance observations contributed a comparatively small amount to the body of anatomical knowledge. As a result of these sacrificial rites quite accurate lists of bodily structures of the horse and of man have been recorded and transmitted by means of the traditional religious texts. These catalogues remained the principal sources of anatomy until the first centuries of the Christian era, when we find a codification of Indian medical knowledge in the surgical text, Suśruta Saṃhitā. Isolated in a chapter on anatomy, a new approach to the study of the bodily parts is recommended: in order to acquire the most complete understanding of the human body the author prescribes that first-hand observation of the parts should be combined with textual learning and proceeds to detail the correct method to dissect a cadaver. This precept, reflecting a characteristically non-Indian attitude, may well have had its origin in the Alexandrian school of medicine, in particular in the teachings of Herophilus in the first half of the third century B. C. The instruction which added a wholly new dimension to Indian anatomical thought could have been transmitted to India around the time of Alexander. As in the Hellenistic world, scientific dissection was not readily accepted by the Indian medical community and its practice quickly vanished. During the short time it was known and performed in India, some advances seem to have been made in the understanding of the inner parts of the human body, increasing the store-house of anatomical knowledge already possessed by the Indian physicians. A similar technique of dissection is detailed in the twelfth century Salernitan anatomical text, Anatomia magistri Nicolai phisici. This remarkable occurrence poses questions, the answers to which cannot be definitely given until more evidence becomes available. The paper concludes with a critical translation of chapter five on the "enumeration and distinction of the bodily parts" in the book of anatomy of the Suśruta Saṃhitā. SP - 687 EP - 705 SN - 00030279 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/603532 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8272 T1 - The psychologizing of Chinese healing practices in the United States JF - Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry JA - Cult Med Psychiatry A1 - Barnes,L L VL - 22 IS - 4 PY - 1998/12// N2 - This paper explores ways in which Chinese healing practices have undergone acculturation in the United States since the early 1970s. Reacting to what is perceived as biomedicine's focus on the physiological, those who describe themselves as favoring a holistic orientation often use the language of "energy blockage" to explain illness, whether thought of as "physical," "emotional," or "spiritual." Acupuncture in particular has been appropriated as one modality with which to "unblock" such conditions, leading to its being used by some practitioners in conjunction with more psychotherapeutic approaches which include valuing the verbalizing of feelings. Some non-Chinese practitioners in the United States, returning to older Chinese texts to develop "an American acupuncture," are reinserting diagnoses eliminated from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) by the People's Republic of China as "superstition." The assumption has been that many such diagnostic categories refer to psychological or spiritual conditions, and therefore may be useful in those American contexts which favor this orientation. Among these categories are those drawn from traditions of demonology in Chinese medicine. What was once a religious category in China turns psychological in the American setting. At the same time, many who use these terms have, since the late 1960s, increasingly conflated the psychological and the religious, the latter being reframed as "spiritual." Thus, this indigenization of Chinese practices is a complex synthesis which can be described as simultaneously medical, psychotherapeutic, and religious. KW - Acupuncture Therapy KW - Affect KW - China KW - Culture KW - Humans KW - Language KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Mental Healing KW - Psychotherapy KW - Religion and Psychology KW - Spiritualism KW - United States SP - 413 EP - 443 SN - 0165-005X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/10063466 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6185 T1 - Shamanism: The Key to Religion T3 - New Series JF - Man A1 - Riches,David VL - 29 IS - 2 PY - 1994/06// N2 - The article lays out in schematic fashion a composite of socio-intellectual processes, arguabley evident in respect of all cosmologies, which might appropriately be labelled 'religous'. It does so by applying deductive reasoning to shamanism, the prevalent religion in societies whose social structures are ssimple and in whose cosmologies religious process is conspicuous; here the Canadian Inuit (Eskimo) provide the ethnographic focus. The article assumes that religious process finds its basis in fundamental contradictions concerning the conditions of social existence, namely in the antithesis between social structure and communitas. Cosmology is generated as this contradiction is contemplated by, respectively, laypeople and specialist, both with their own interests in view. The argument also considers such central cultural and analytical isues as the existence of distinctive notions of the human person, and the pertinence for the study of religion of, variously, 'secondary elaborations', systems of classification, and religious edicts; and it joins with Barth in emphasizing the salience of the specialist in 'cosmology-making'. SP - 381 EP - 405 SN - 00251496 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2804479 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7271 T1 - Spirits Captured in Stone: Shamanism and Traditional Medicine Among the Taman of Borneo CY - Boulder, Colo A1 - Bernstein,Jay H PB - Lynne Rienner Publishers PY - 1997/// KW - Borneo KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism KW - Social life and customs KW - Taman (Bornean people) KW - Traditional medicine SN - 1555876927 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7986 T1 - Muslim women's experiences with health care providers in a rural area of the United States JF - Journal of Transcultural Nursing JA - J Transcult Nurs M3 - 10.1177/1043659607309146 A1 - Simpson,Jennifer L A1 - Carter,Kimberly VL - 19 IS - 1 PY - 2008/01// N2 - This study used phenomenology to explore the experience of Muslim women through descriptions of their encounters with health care providers in a rural area. Participants (N = 7) were eligible for inclusion if the foreign-born woman had lived in the area for at least 2 years, had interaction with a health care provider within the last 6 months, and was able to articulate her experience either in English or through a interpreter. Data were recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed for the emergence of reoccurring themes, employing decision trails. Constant comparative analysis was used to promote the integrity of the data. Three themes were identified: (1) perceived power of the provider, (2) religiously defined gender relations, and (3) being a stranger in the U.S. healthcare system. Education of the Muslim patient and the provider is needed to increase health care satisfaction and use by rural Muslim women. KW - Acculturation KW - Adult KW - Assertiveness KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Attitude to Health KW - Clinical Competence KW - Communication Barriers KW - Cooperative Behavior KW - Cultural Competency KW - Female KW - Gender Identity KW - Health Services Needs and Demand KW - Humans KW - Islam KW - Nursing Methodology Research KW - Patient Education as Topic KW - Power (Psychology) KW - Professional Role KW - Professional-Patient Relations KW - Qualitative Research KW - Questionnaires KW - Rural Health Services KW - Southeastern United States KW - Women SP - 16 EP - 23 SN - 1043-6596 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18165422 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7971 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Complementary Medicine in Conventional Practice JF - British Medical Journal A1 - Zollman,Catherine A1 - Vickers,Andrew VL - 319 IS - 7214 PY - 1999/10/02/ SP - 901 EP - 904 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25185967 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7464 T1 - Prayer as Therapeutic Process Toward Aliveness Within a Spiritual Direction Relationship JF - Journal of Religion and Health M3 - 10.1007/s10943-008-9166-1 A1 - Kuchan,Karen VL - 47 IS - 2 PY - 2008/06/01/ N2 - This article underscores the potential benefit of a specific form of Christian prayer that creates space within a spiritual direction relationship for the creation of inner images that reveal a person’s unconscious relational longings and co-created representations of God. In this specific type of prayer that can be facilitated by mental health professionals and pastoral counselors, imagery of God’s presence is created in the space between a Christian spiritual director and a Christian directee while they are open to inner experiences that reveal God’s presence interacting with infantile processes toward aliveness. Aliveness is understood using Winnicottian notions in dialog with theories proposed by Allan N. Schore, affective neuropsychologist and Clinical Faculty at UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Ann Belford Ulanov, Jungian Analyst and Professor of Psychiatry and Religion at Union Theological Seminary and W.R.D., British psychoanalyst in the Objects Relations School. Ideas of transitional space, good enough mother, holding environment, aggression, creativity, and play are set alongside theories of affect regulation, the developing brain, co-created objective God images, the relational nature of God and being received as good while illuminating three prayer experiences during one 30-year-old Asian American woman’s 16-month therapeutic process toward aliveness. SP - 276 EP - 276 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-008-9166-1 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6186 T1 - Clinical research on ayurvedic therapeutics: myths, realities and challenges JF - The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India JA - J Assoc Physicians India A1 - Bhatt,A D VL - 49 PY - 2001/05// N2 - Globally there is an increasing interest in alternative routes to health such as ayurveda. There is a need to conduct globally acceptable clinical research in ayurvedic therapeutics (AT). Some of the issues in investigating AT in randomised clinical trials (CT) are: selection of appropriate AT, non-drug and/or drug AT, identification of objective outcomes, devising adequate placebo/positive controls, difficulties of blinding, guarding against bias, duration of trials, number of patients, dose optimisation, etc. There is also a need to establish reasonable safety of this therapy in CT. If AT has to complete with new chemical entities and biotechnology products, clinical research and development of AT should be focussed on unmet medical needs utilising principles and practices of modern CT approaches. KW - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Phytotherapy KW - Plants, Medicinal KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic KW - Research KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 558 EP - 562 SN - 0004-5772 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11361273 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8168 T1 - Healing, Hype, or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine A1 - Ernst,Edzard PB - Imprint Academic PY - 2008/09/01/ SN - 1845401182 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8058 T1 - Spirituality, healing and medicine JF - The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners JA - Br J Gen Pract A1 - Aldridge,D VL - 41 IS - 351 PY - 1991/10// N2 - The natural science base of modern medicine influences the way in which medicine is delivered and may ignore the spiritual factors associated with illness. The history of spirituality in healing presented here reflects the growth of scientific knowledge, demands for religious renewal, and the shift in the understanding of the concept of health within a broader cultural context. General practitioners have been willing to entertain the idea of spiritual healing and include it in their daily practice, or referral network. Recognizing patients' beliefs in the face of suffering is an important factor in health care practice. KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - Attitude to Health KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Family Practice KW - Humans KW - Mental Healing KW - Professional Practice SP - 425 EP - 427 SN - 0960-1643 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1777299 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8063 T1 - Pediatrician characteristics associated with attention to spirituality and religion in clinical practice JF - Pediatrics JA - Pediatrics M3 - 10.1542/peds.2006-0642 A1 - Grossoehme,Daniel H A1 - Ragsdale,Judith R A1 - McHenry,Christine L A1 - Thurston,Celia A1 - DeWitt,Thomas A1 - VandeCreek,Larry VL - 119 IS - 1 PY - 2007/01// N2 - OBJECTIVE: The literature suggests that a majority of pediatricians believe that spirituality and religion are relevant in clinical practice, but only a minority gives them attention. This project explored this disparity by relating personal/professional characteristics of pediatricians to the frequency with which they give attention to spirituality and religion. METHODS: Pediatricians (N = 737) associated with 3 academic Midwestern pediatric hospitals responded to a survey that requested information concerning the frequency with which they (1) talked with patients/families about their spiritual and religious concerns and (2) participated with them in spiritual or religious practices (eg, prayer). The associations between these data and 10 personal and professional characteristics were examined. RESULTS: The results demonstrated the disparity, and the analysis identified 9 pediatrician characteristics that were significantly associated with more frequently talking with patients/families about their spiritual and religious concerns. The characteristics included increased age; a Christian religious heritage; self-description as religious; self-description as spiritual; the importance of one's own spirituality and religion in clinical practice; the belief that the spirituality and religion of patients/families are relevant in clinical practice; formal instruction concerning the role of spirituality and religion in health care; relative comfort asking about beliefs; and relative comfort asking about practices. All of these characteristics except pediatrician age were also significantly associated with the increased frequency of participation in spiritual and religious practices with patients/families. CONCLUSIONS: Attention to spiritual and religious concerns and practices are associated with a web of personal and professional pediatrician characteristics. Some characteristics pertain to the physician's personal investment in spirituality and religion in their own lives, and others include being uncomfortable with spiritual and religious concerns and practices. These associations shed light on the disparity between acknowledged spirituality and religion relevancy and inattention to it in clinical practice. KW - Adult KW - Communication KW - Humans KW - Middle Aged KW - Pediatrics KW - Professional-Family Relations KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Spirituality SP - e117-123 EP - e117-123 SN - 1098-4275 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17200236 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8086 T1 - Responding to the spiritual needs of the chronically ill JF - The Nursing Clinics of North America JA - Nurs. Clin. North Am A1 - Soeken,K L A1 - Carson,V J VL - 22 IS - 3 PY - 1987/09// N2 - The steps of the nursing process apply to needs of the spirit as well as body and mind. Several nurses have provided guidelines for assessing spiritual needs. Stoll, for example, considers four areas of concern: the person's concept of God; source of strength and hope; significance of religious practices and rituals; and perceived relationship between spiritual beliefs and state of health. In approaching the patient about these four areas, it is important for the nurse to clearly articulate the purpose in seeking such information. For instance, a nurse might explain to a patient that research has demonstrated the positive relationship of spiritual concerns to a patient's ability to cope with chronic illness. Because the nurse is interested in assisting the patient to identify, strengthen, and develop a variety of coping strategies, spiritually related data are relevant to the patient's care. Having collected data from the patients, a nursing diagnosis can be made. Spiritual concerns, spiritual distress, and spiritual despair have been included in the accepted classification system. Meeting the spiritual needs of patients can be uncomfortable for the nurse. Several reasons for such discomfort include embarrassment, the belief that it is not the nurse's role, lack of training, and the lack of own spiritual resources. Experience with an elective course in spirituality for undergraduate nursing students would support the value of offering training. Discussing God-related issues can assist a health care professional to clarify a personal spiritual position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Chronic Disease KW - Emotions KW - Humans KW - Loneliness KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Pain KW - Religion KW - Self Concept SP - 603 EP - 611 SN - 0029-6465 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3649794 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7354 T1 - Exploring Types of Prayer and Quality of Life: A Research Note JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Poloma,Margaret M. A1 - Pendleton,Brian F. VL - 31 IS - 1 PY - 1989/09// N2 - A review of social science literature reveals that, although most Americans claim to pray, little interest has been shown by researchers in the relationship between types of prayer and quality of life. Survey data that focus on subjective perceptions of quality of life and items measuring the frequency of prayer and forms of religiosity are used to investigate the influence of types of prayer on five quality of life indices. Four distinct types of prayer were revealed through a factor analysis of fifteen prayer activity items, each of which relate differently to the five quality of life measures. Prayer, like its parent concept of religiosity, is clearly multidimensional and contributes to profiling quality of life. SP - 46 EP - 53 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3511023 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7638 T1 - Migraines and meditation: does spirituality matter? JF - Journal of Behavioral Medicine JA - J Behav Med M3 - 10.1007/s10865-008-9159-2 A1 - Wachholtz,AB A1 - Pargament,KI VL - 31 IS - 4 PY - 2008/08// N2 - Migraine headaches are associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (Waldie and Poulton Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 72: 86-92, 2002) and feelings of low self-efficacy (French et al. Headache, 40: 647-656, 2000). Previous research suggests that spiritual meditation may ameliorate some of the negative traits associated with migraine headaches (Wachholtz and Pargament Journal of behavioral Medicine, 30: 311-318, 2005). This study examined two primary questions: (1) Is spiritual meditation more effective in enhancing pain tolerance and reducing migraine headache related symptoms than secular meditation and relaxation? and, (2) Does spiritual meditation create better mental, physical, and spiritual health outcomes than secular meditation and relaxation techniques? Eighty-three meditation naive, frequent migraineurs were taught Spiritual Meditation, Internally Focused Secular Meditation, Externally Focused Secular Meditation, or Muscle Relaxation which participants practiced for 20 min a day for one month. Pre-post tests measured pain tolerance (with a cold pressor task), headache frequency, and mental and spiritual health variables. Compared to the other three groups, those who practiced spiritual meditation had greater decreases in the frequency of migraine headaches, anxiety, and negative affect, as well as greater increases in pain tolerance, headache-related self-efficacy, daily spiritual experiences, and existential well being. SP - 351 EP - 366 SN - 0160-7715 UR - http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3FGF9KpkfiglbOgE94A&page=1&doc=8 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7850 T1 - Exploring the natural foundations of religion JF - Trends in Cognitive Sciences M3 - 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01419-9 A1 - Barrett,Justin L. VL - 4 IS - 1 PY - 2000/01/01/ N2 - A new cognitive approach to religion is bringing fresh insights to our understanding of how religious concepts are maintained, acquired and used to motivate and direct actions. This approach suggests that seemingly extraordinary thoughts and behaviours can be supported by quite ordinary cognition and may thus be termed [`]natural'. Simultaneously, this research is expanding the domain of concepts and causal reasoning in general. This review examines recent research into religious rituals, communication and transmission of religious knowledge, the development of god-concepts in children, and the origins and character of religious concepts in adults. Together, these studies consistently emphasize and support the notion that the cultural phenomena typically labeled as [`]religion' may be understood as the product of aggregated ordinary cognition. The new cognitive science of religion should eventually provide a fuller account of the distinctive and apparently extraordinary properties of religion. KW - Concepts KW - Culture KW - Memory KW - Religion KW - Ritual KW - Transmission SP - 29 EP - 34 SN - 1364-6613 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH9-3YF3BY5-C/2/033587de04eedbcf5e8f56fd8725df71 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 7033 T1 - Teaching Religion and Healing CY - Oxford A1 - Barnes,Linda L A1 - Talamantez,Inés A2 - American Academy of Religion PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2006/// KW - Medicine KW - Religion KW - Religious aspects KW - Spiritual healing KW - Study and teaching SN - 019517643X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7926 T1 - Incidence and correlates of near-death experiences in a cardiac care unit JF - General Hospital Psychiatry JA - Gen Hosp Psychiatry M3 - 10.1016/S0163-8343(03)00042-2 A1 - Greyson,Bruce VL - 25 IS - 4 PY - 2003/08//Jul-undefined N2 - Near-death experiences, unusual experiences during a close brush with death, may precipitate pervasive attitudinal and behavior changes. The incidence and psychological correlates of such experiences, and their association with proximity to death, are unclear. We conducted a 30-month survey to identify near-death experiences in a tertiary care center cardiac inpatient service. In a consecutive sample of 1595 patients admitted to the cardiac inpatient service (mean age 63 years, 61% male), of whom 7% were admitted with cardiac arrest, patients who described near-death experiences were matched with comparison patients on diagnosis, gender, and age. Near-death experiences were reported by 10% of patients with cardiac arrest and 1% of other cardiac patients (P<.001). Near-death experiencers were younger than other patients (P=.001), were more likely to have lost consciousness (P<.001) and to report prior purportedly paranormal experiences (P=.009), and had greater approach-oriented death acceptance (P=.01). Near-death experiencers and comparison patients did not differ in sociodemographic variables, social support, quality of life, acceptance of their illness, cognitive function, capacity for physical activities, degree of cardiac dysfunction, objective proximity to death, or coronary prognosis. KW - Affect KW - Attitude to Death KW - Cardiology Service, Hospital KW - Cardiovascular Diseases KW - Cognition KW - Death KW - Female KW - Heart Arrest KW - Hospitals, University KW - Humans KW - Incidence KW - Intensive Care Units KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Myocardial Infarction KW - Quality of Life KW - Virginia SP - 269 EP - 276 SN - 0163-8343 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12850659 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7170 T1 - Is homeopathy a science?--Continuity and clash of concepts of science within holistic medicine JF - The Journal of Medical Humanities JA - J Med Humanit M3 - 10.1007/s10912-009-9080-x A1 - Schmidt,Josef M VL - 30 IS - 2 PY - 2009/06// N2 - The question of whether homeopathy is a science is currently discussed almost exclusively against the background of the modern concept of natural science. This approach, however, fails to notice that homeopathy-in terms of history of science-rests on different roots that can essentially be traced back to two most influential traditions of science: on the one hand, principles and notions of Aristotelism which determined 2,000 years of Western history of science and, on the other hand, the modern concept of natural science that has been dominating the history of medicine for less than 200 years. While Aristotle's "science of the living" still included ontologic and teleologic dimensions for the sake of comprehending nature in a uniform way, the interest of modern natural science was reduced to functional and causal explanations of all phenomena for the purpose of commanding nature. In order to prevent further ecological catastrophes as well as to regain lost dimensions of our lives, the one-sidedness and theory-loadedness of our modern natural-scientific view of life should henceforth be counterbalanced by lifeworld-practical Aristotelic categories. In this way, the ground would be ready to conceive the scientific character of homeopathy-in a broader, Aristotelian sense. KW - Holistic Health KW - Homeopathy KW - Humans KW - Science SP - 83 EP - 97 SN - 1573-3645 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19148710 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7595 T1 - Religion, spirituality and cancer: Current status and methodological challenges JF - Psycho-Oncology M3 - 10.1002/pon.861 A1 - Stefanek,Michael A1 - McDonald,Paige Green A1 - Hess,Stephanie A. VL - 14 IS - 6 PY - 2005/// N2 - The role of religion and spirituality in health has received increasing attention in the scientific and lay literature. While the scientific attention to this issue has expanded, there continue to be methodological and measurement concerns that often prevent firm conclusions about health and adjustment benefits.Limited attention has been provided to the role of spirituality and religion in cancer. This is true when both disease outcome and adjustment are considered. A recent "levels of evidence" review examining the link between physical health and religion or spirituality found little overall support for the hypotheses that religion or spirituality impact cancer progression or mortality. Studies examining their impact on quality of life and adjustment are decidedly mixed. In sum, research specifically focusing on the role of religion or spirituality on cancer outcomes has been surprisingly sparse. Such research presents a number of methodological and measurement challenges. Due to these unmet challenges in the literature to date, it is premature to determine what role religion and spirituality play in disease, adjustment, or quality of life outcomes in cancer. A number of suggestions are made for continued research in this area. SP - 450 EP - 463 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.861 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8665 T1 - Fast Facts: Religion and Medicine T3 - Fast facts CY - Oxford, UK A1 - Boyle,Deborah C. M A2 - Lee,Men-Jean PB - Health Press PY - 2008/// KW - Medicine KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 9781903734940 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7869 T1 - Cognitive dimensions of religious experiences. JF - Journal of Experimental Social Psychology A1 - Moehle McCallum,Debra VL - 19 PY - 1983/// N2 - Multidimensional scaling and regression techniques were used to identify and interpret dimensions in the domain of religious experiences. Descriptions of personal religious experiences were collected from college students and adult members of major western religions. Experimental participants judged the similarities among the descriptions and rated them on a number of attribute scales. Analyses indicated that student experiences could be described by four dimensions: spiritual-temporal, aesthetic response, social-individual, and discrete-continual. Three dimensions defined the adult experiences: level of personal control, spiritual-temporal, and social-individual. Points of correspondence and noncorrespondence with previous taxonomies of religious experiences are discussed. KW - Experience (Religion) KW - peer reviewed KW - Religiousness KW - Social psychology--Research KW - Students--Religious life KW - Tests and measurements in religion SP - 122 EP - 145 SN - 0022-1031 UR - http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rfh&AN=ATLA0000928063&site=ehost-live ER - TY - JOUR ID - 7402 T1 - Spirituality and depression: the role of spirituality in the process of recovering from depression JF - Spirituality and Health International M3 - 10.1002/shi.333 A1 - Rajakumar,Sarojni A1 - Jillings,Carol A1 - Osborne,Margaret A1 - Tognazzini,Paula VL - 9 IS - 2 PY - 2008/// N2 - Although there is increasing recognition of the influence of spirituality in health and healing, the understanding and provision of spiritual care in psychiatric practice, especially how spirituality helps in recovering from depression, has not kept pace with this trend. This study explored the role of spirituality in the process of recovering from depression. The findings revealed that spirituality played a significant role for participants in their recovery from depression and that it was experienced as connections. Connections enabled participants to form relationships with God/Higher Power, self, others and nature, and through these relationships participants found meaning and purpose in their lives. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. SP - 90 EP - 101 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/shi.333 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8207 T1 - From ancient medicine to modern medicine: ayurvedic concepts of health and their role in inflammation and cancer JF - Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology JA - J Soc Integr Oncol A1 - Garodia,Prachi A1 - Ichikawa,Haruyo A1 - Malani,Nikita A1 - Sethi,Gautam A1 - Aggarwal,Bharat B VL - 5 IS - 1 PY - 2007/// N2 - Recent statistics indicate that the overall cancer incidence in the United States, in spite of billions of dollars spent on research each year, has not changed significantly in the last half-century. Cancers of the prostate, breast, lung, and colon, although mos