Agrarian rural dwellers in Nigeria produce about 95% of locally grown food commodities. The low accessibility to and affordability of orthodox medicine by rural dwellers and their need to keep healthy to be economically productive, have led to their dependence on traditional medicine. This paper posits an increasing acceptance of traditional medicine country-wide and advanced reasons for this trend. The fact that traditional medicine practitioners' concept of disease is on a wider plane vis-à-vis orthodox medicine practitioners' has culminated in some socio-cultural and magico-religious practices observed in preparation and use of plant medicines for farmers' health management. Possible scientific reasons were advanced for some of these practices to show the nexus between traditional medicine and orthodox medicine. The paper concludes that the psychological aspect of traditional medicine are reflected in its socio-cultural and magico-religious practices and suggests that government should fund research into traditional medicine to identify components of it that can be integrated into the national health system.
N2 - ABSTRACT: Agrarian rural dwellers in Nigeria produce about 95% of locally grown food commodities. The low accessibility to and affordability of orthodox medicine by rural dwellers and their need to keep healthy to be economically productive, have led to their dependence on traditional medicine. This paper posits an increasing acceptance of traditional medicine country-wide and advanced reasons for this trend. The fact that traditional medicine practitioners' concept of disease is on a wider plane vis-a-vis orthodox medicine practitioners' has culminated in some socio-cultural and magico-religious practices observed in preparation and use of plant medicines for farmers' health management. Possible scientific reasons were advanced for some of these practices to show the nexus between traditional medicine and orthodox medicine. The paper concludes that the psychological aspect of traditional medicine are reflected in its socio-cultural and magico-religious practices and suggests that government should fund research into traditional medicine to identify components of it that can be integrated into the national health system. SP - 1 EP - 1 SN - 1746-4269 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5340 T1 - Claiming the Public Soul: Representations of Qur'anic Healing and Psychiatry in the Egyptian Print Media JF - Transcultural Psychiatry JA - Transcult Psychiatry M3 - 10.1177/1363461509351390 A1 - Coker,Elizabeth M VL - 46 IS - 4 PY - 2009/12// N2 - Egyptian society is engaged in a culture-wide debate over definitions of abnormality, local constructions of which are rooted in ideas about the body and the soul in relation to society as a whole. This is reflected in the continuing recourse to religious healers or texts, as well as in heated debates over the moral, social, religious and legal status of religious healers, in particular the relatively recent and more orthodox "Qur'anic healers." The present study used a primarily qualitative analysis of Egyptian newspaper articles to explore media portrayals of this debate with a focus on how these contradictory cultural themes are situated and contested. The results show that psychiatric hegemony is reflected in media language that gives primacy to certain discourses over others, but that religious healing and religion in general exert an equal, if not more powerful influence on the form of these media portrayals. Different strategies used to negotiate the tensions between Qur'anic healing and psychiatry by those on both sides of the argument come across in the ways these arguments are portrayed in the media. SP - 672 EP - 694 SN - 1461-7471 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/20028683 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5344 T1 - Qi Gong's relationship to educational kinesiology: A qualitative approach JF - Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies JA - J Bodyw Mov Ther M3 - 10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.11.002 A1 - Posadzki,Paul A1 - Parekh,Sheetal A1 - O'Driscoll,Marie-Luce A1 - Mucha,Dariusz VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 2010/01// N2 - This paper qualitatively reviews two complementary therapies; Qi Gong and educational kinesiology (EK). It is being suggested that Qi Gong and EK may be united through a qualitative convergence and a shared underlying concept. The authors hypothesize that a coherent rationale can be formed through this conceptual synthesis and propose that to some extent Qi Gong movements and EK can be considered to work in unison with each other. The logical synthesis of these two therapies is being presented to identify Qi Gong movements with concepts of brain gymnastics and also to explain how this new construct can be developed and implemented into practice. When verified, this hypothesis will allow individuals to better understand Chinese health exercises from the modern science perspective such as neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and psychoneuroimmunology. SP - 73 EP - 79 SN - 1532-9283 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5359 T1 - Rationalization of indigenous male circumcision as a sacred religious custom: health beliefs of Xhosa men in South Africa JF - Journal of Transcultural Nursing: Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society JA - J Transcult Nurs M3 - 10.1177/1043659609340801 A1 - Mavundla,Thandisizwe Redford A1 - Netswera,Fulufelo Godfrey A1 - Bottoman,Brian A1 - Toth,Ferenc VL - 20 IS - 4 PY - 2009/10// N1 -This article presents research findings based on the meaning of indigenous circumcision to Xhosa men in South Africa. In South Africa, male circumcision is a rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood. The country has experienced serious problems associated with the practice of this rite ranging from dehydration to death in the traditional "bush" circumcision schools. A qualitative, endogenous research DESIGN: "How do you experience having a son who is undergoing the circumcision rite?" The study revealed cultural circumcision as a "sacred religious practice" with five themes, namely (a) readiness of Xhosa families to engage in the circumcision ritual, (b) the act of circumcision and preparation for manhood, (c) the importance of symbolic purity during the circumcision ritual, (d) celebrating acquired manhood, and (5) aspects of manhood and the rejection of clinical care. Secondary to this are health promotion recommendations made for individuals involved in this ritual.
N2 - This article presents research findings based on the meaning of indigenous circumcision to Xhosa men in South Africa. In South Africa, male circumcision is a rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood. The country has experienced serious problems associated with the practice of this rite ranging from dehydration to death in the traditional "bush" circumcision schools. A qualitative, endogenous research DESIGN: "How do you experience having a son who is undergoing the circumcision rite?" The study revealed cultural circumcision as a "sacred religious practice" with five themes, namely (a) readiness of Xhosa families to engage in the circumcision ritual, (b) the act of circumcision and preparation for manhood, (c) the importance of symbolic purity during the circumcision ritual, (d) celebrating acquired manhood, and (5) aspects of manhood and the rejection of clinical care. Secondary to this are health promotion recommendations made for individuals involved in this ritual. SP - 395 EP - 404 SN - 1043-6596 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19587214 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5503 T1 - Spiritual and alternative healthcare practices of the Amish JF - Holistic Nursing Practice JA - Holist Nurs Pract M3 - 10.1097/HNP.0b013e3181d39ade A1 - Sharpnack,Patricia A. A1 - Griffin,Mary T. Quinn A1 - Benders,Alison M. A1 - Fitzpatrick,Joyce J. VL - 24 IS - 2 PY - 2010/04//Mar-undefined N2 - Although the use of spiritual and alternative healthcare practices is increasing, knowledge of these practices among the Amish is limited. This study explored the spiritual and healthcare practices of 134 Amish. Information about the diversity and prevalence of these practices among the Amish may be useful to nurses in practice. SP - 64 EP - 72 SN - 1550-5138 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5524 T1 - The Development of Modern Yoga: A Survey of the Field JF - Religion Compass M3 - 10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00171.x A1 - Newcombe,Suzanne VL - 3 IS - 6 PY - 2009/12// N2 - Yoga is now found in urban centres and rural retreats across the world as well as in its historical home in the Indian subcontinent. What is now practiced as yoga across the globe has a long history of transnational intercultural exchange and has been considered by some as an outgrowth of Neo-Hinduism. Although the popularisation of yoga is often cited in theories about 'Easternization' or the 're-enchantment' of the West since the late 20th century, most of these theories make little reference to the growing number of historical, sociological and anthropological studies of modern yoga. This article will consider how the apparent dichotomy between yoga as a physical fitness activity (often termed 'hatha yoga') and/or as a 'spiritual practice' developed historically and discuss recent trends in the research. SP - 986 EP - 1002 UR - http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00171.x ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5590 T1 - My Ishvara is dead: spiritual care on the fringes JF - Journal of Religion and Health JA - J Relig Health M3 - 10.1007/s10943-009-9285-3 A1 - George,Titus VL - 49 IS - 4 PY - 2010/12// N2 - Human suffering speaks differently to different lived contexts. In this paper, I have taken a metaphoric representation of suffering, Ishvara, from the lived context of a Hindu immigrant woman to show that suffering is experienced and expressed within one's lived context. Further, a dominant narrative from her world is presented to show that the same lived context can be a resource for spiritual care that could reconstruct her world that has fallen apart with a suffering experience. Having argued that suffering is experienced and expressed within one's lived context, and that lived context could be a resource, in this paper I present that spiritual care is an intervention into the predicaments of human suffering and its mandate is to facilitate certain direction and a meaningful order through which experiences and expectations are rejoined. Finally, I observe that spiritual care is an engagement between the lived context where suffering is experienced and the spiritual experience and orientation of the caregiver. SP - 581 EP - 590 SN - 1573-6571 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 5638 T1 - Stress : from molecules to behaviour : a comprehensive analysis of the neurobiology of stress responses CY - Weinheim; Chichester A1 - Soreq,H PB - Wiley-VCH PY - 2009/// SN - 9783527323746 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5701 T1 - Journey Into Healing: The Transformative Experience of Shamanic Healing on Women With Temporomandibular Joint Disorders JF - EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2010.08.005 A1 - Vuckovic,Nancy A1 - Schneider,Jennifer A1 - Williams,Louise A. A1 - Ramirez,Michelle VL - 6 IS - 6 PY - undefined/11//undefined N2 - Objective To evaluate participants' perceptions of illness, healing process, and experience of effects from shamanic treatment as reported from in-depth interviews.Theoretical Framework Consistent with a whole systems research model, qualitative methods were used to evaluate the outcomes and experiences of clinical trial participants. Quantitative results are reported elsewhere.Method Twenty participants completed five visits with a randomly assigned shamanic practitioner and completed pretreatment and posttreatment in-depth interviews conducted by trained, qualitative researchers.Context Some physical and psychological symptoms associated with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) may be indicative of the shamanic definition of soul loss. Because this was the first clinical trial of shamanic healing for TMD pain, a mixed-methods approach enabled researchers to capture a wide range of participants' experiences.Participants Eligible volunteers were women aged between 25 to 55 years, naive to shamanic healing, with a confirmed diagnosis of TMD and a pain level of three or higher on the Research Diagnostic Criteria Axis II questionnaire.Data Collection For consistency, interviewers followed a guide that allowed individual experiences to emerge. Interviews lasted about one hour, were recorded, and professionally transcribed.Analysis and Interpretation Following standard qualitative analysis procedures, researchers developed and applied thematic codes to transcribed text of interviews. Coded text was reviewed to generate summaries of thematic content.Main Results Although participants described physical changes, three times as much text was devoted to changes in self-awareness, capacity for coping, improvement in relationships, and taking better care of themselves. Their experience describes a process of transformation. KW - Chronic pain KW - QUALITATIVE research KW - Shamanism KW - Spiritual healing KW - TMD KW - transformational experience SP - 371 EP - 379 SN - 1550-8307 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MF9-51BY623-B/2/1446fb4026902b55074f16f8537653a8 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5704 T1 - Consensus of local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional healers in Mayiladumparai block of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India JF - Journal of Ethnopharmacology JA - J Ethnopharmacol M3 - 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.027 A1 - Pandikumar,P A1 - Chellappandian,M A1 - Mutheeswaran,S A1 - Ignacimuthu,S VL - 134 IS - 2 PY - 2011/03/24/ N2 - AIM OF THE STUDY The role of ethnobotany in drug discovery is huge but there are criticisms over such studies due to their qualitative nature. The present study is aimed at quantitatively abstracting the medicinal plant knowledge of the healers trained in traditional ways, in Mayiladumparai block of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS The interviews and field observations were carried out in all the 18 village panchayaths from January to June 2010, consisting of 148 field days. The interviews were conducted with 80 traditional healers, after obtaining prior informed consent. Successive free listing was used to interview the informants. The informant consensus factor (F(ic)) was calculated to estimate the use variability of medicinal plants. Fidelity index and Cultural importance index were also calculated to analyze the data. RESULTS This study recorded the ethno-medicinal usage of 142 ethno-species belonging to 62 families that were used to prepare 504 formulations. Jaundice had the highest F(ic) value than all the illness categories studied. Phyllanthus spp. was the highly cited medicinal plant to treat jaundice and had high fidelity index value. This was followed by Senna angustifolia and Terminalia chebula as laxatives. The highly cited medicinal plants in each group with high F(ic) value were Pongamia pinnata (antiseptic), Aerva lanata (antidote and snakebite), Blepharis maderaspatensis (cuts and wounds), Abutilon indicum (hemorrhoids), Ruta graveolens (spiritual medicine), Ocimum tenuiflorum (cough), and Solanum trilobatum (pulmonary ailments). Phyllanthus spp., was the most culturally significant species according to this index, followed by Borassus flebellifer. CONCLUSION The process of drug discovery has become highly expensive and post-approval and post-marketing withdrawal of drugs is continuing. In such scenario, reverse pharmacology is considered an attractive option. The medicinal plants enumerated in this study with high number of citations and high F(ic) values for illness categories might give some useful leads for further biomedical research. SP - 354 EP - 362 SN - 1872-7573 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193023 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 5785 T1 - Health, culture and religion in South Asia: critical social science perspectives CY - London A1 - Doron,Assa PB - Routledge PY - 2009/// SN - 9780415556095 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5795 T1 - Veiled communication: is uncovering necessary for psychiatric assessment? JF - Transcultural Psychiatry JA - Transcult Psychiatry M3 - 10.1177/1363461509351366 A1 - Mistry,Himanshu A1 - Bhugra,Dinesh A1 - Chaleby,Kutaiba A1 - Khan,Farooq A1 - Sauer,Justin VL - 46 IS - 4 PY - 2009/12// N2 - Facial expressions are significant to decipher information during a dialogue and more so in a clinical consultation. Veils (Niqab) worn by Muslim women may pose a clinical dilemma for the psychiatric assessment especially if clinicians are not aware of their religious significance. To investigate whether clinical judgment is affected if full facial expressions are not accessible, we conducted an email survey of psychiatrists and psychologists across the world who frequently work in these situations. Of 25 colleagues contacted 16 responded and 11 of them agreed for their comments to be included in the study. Nine out of 11 believed clinical assessment may be compromised, although respondents were aware of cultural sensitivity around the issue. Two out of 11 however, felt fully able to assess the mental state of a veiled woman. Some professionals reported that they feel unable to assess or treat if the request to take the veil off is declined. This small survey demonstrates the diverse opinions on whether unveiling is necessary for psychiatric assessment. Further qualitative examination of this area is needed to develop wider consensus and guidance to mental health care professionals who may be dealing with these groups. SP - 642 EP - 650 SN - 1461-7471 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/20028681 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5875 T1 - 'Wellbeing': a collateral casualty of modernity? JF - Social Science & Medicine JA - Soc Sci Med M3 - 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.029 A1 - Carlisle,Sandra A1 - Henderson,Gregor A1 - Hanlon,Phil W VL - 69 IS - 10 PY - 2009/11// N2 - In the now vast empirical and theoretical literature on wellbeing knowledge of the subject is provided mainly by psychology and economics, where understanding of the concept are framed in very different ways. We briefly rehearse these, before turning to some important critical points which can be made about this burgeoning research industry, including the tight connections between the meanings of the concept with the moral value systems of particular 'modern' societies. We then argue that both the 'science' of wellbeing and its critique are, despite their diversity, re-connected by and subsumed within the emerging environmental critique of modern consumer society. This places concerns for individual and social wellbeing within the broader context of global human problems and planetary wellbeing. A growing number of thinkers now suggest that Western society and culture are dominated by materialistic and individualistic values, made manifest at the political and social levels through the unending pursuit of economic growth, and at the individual level by the seemingly endless quest for consumer goods, regardless of global implications such as broader environmental harms. The escalating growth of such values is associated with a growing sense of individual alienation, social fragmentation and civic disengagement and with the decline of more spiritual, moral and ethical aspects of life. Taken together, these multiple discourses suggest that wellbeing can be understood as a collateral casualty of the economic, social and cultural changes associated with late modernity. However, increasing concerns for the environment have the potential to counter some of these trends, and in so doing could also contribute to our wellbeing as individuals and as social beings in a finite world. SP - 1556 EP - 1560 SN - 1873-5347 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19765875 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 5910 T1 - Shamanism : a biopsychosocial paradigm of consciousness and healing CY - Santa Barbara Calif. A1 - Winkelman,Michael PB - Praeger PY - 2010/// SN - 9780313381812 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5970 T1 - 'All is done by Allah'. Understandings of Down syndrome and prenatal testing in Pakistan JF - Social Science & Medicine (1982) JA - Soc Sci Med M3 - 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.036 A1 - Bryant,Louise D. A1 - Ahmed,Shenaz A1 - Ahmed,Mushtaq A1 - Jafri,Hussain A1 - Raashid,Yasmin VL - 72 IS - 8 PY - 2011/04// N2 - Understanding the psychosocial impact of a congenital condition such as Down syndrome on affected individuals and their family requires an understanding of the cultural context in which they are situated. This study carried out in 2008 used Q-Methodology to characterize understandings of Down syndrome (DS) in Pakistan in a sample of health professionals, researchers and parents of children with the condition. Fifty statements originally developed for a UK study and translated into Urdu were Q-sorted by 60 participants. The use of factor analytic techniques identified three independent accounts and qualitative data collected during the Q-sorting exercise supported their interpretation. In two accounts, the 'will of God' was central to an understanding of the existence of people with DS although perceptions about the value and quality of life of the affected individual differed significantly between these accounts as did views about the impact on the family. The third account privileged a more 'scientific worldview' of DS as a genetic abnormality but also a belief that society can further contribute to disabling those affected. Attitudes towards prenatal testing and termination of pregnancy demonstrated that a belief in the will of Allah was not necessarily associated with a rejection of these technologies. Accounts reflect the religious, cultural and economic context of Pakistan and issues associated with raising a child with a learning disability in that country. SP - 1393 EP - 1399 SN - 1873-5347 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470731 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5974 T1 - The neural basis of human social values: evidence from functional MRI JF - Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991) JA - Cereb. Cortex M3 - 10.1093/cercor/bhn080 A1 - Zahn,Roland A1 - Moll,Jorge A1 - Paiva,Mirella A1 - Garrido,Griselda A1 - Krueger,Frank A1 - Huey,Edward D A1 - Grafman,Jordan VL - 19 IS - 2 PY - 2009/02// N2 - Social values are composed of social concepts (e.g., "generosity") and context-dependent moral sentiments (e.g., "pride"). The neural basis of this intricate cognitive architecture has not been investigated thus far. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects imagined their own actions toward another person (self-agency) which either conformed or were counter to a social value and were associated with pride or guilt, respectively. Imagined actions of another person toward the subjects (other-agency) in accordance with or counter to a value were associated with gratitude or indignation/anger. As hypothesized, superior anterior temporal lobe (aTL) activity increased with conceptual detail in all conditions. During self-agency, activity in the anterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex correlated with pride and guilt, whereas activity in the subgenual cingulate solely correlated with guilt. In contrast, indignation/anger activated lateral orbitofrontal-insular cortices. Pride and gratitude additionally evoked mesolimbic and basal forebrain activations. Our results demonstrate that social values emerge from coactivation of stable abstract social conceptual representations in the superior aTL and context-dependent moral sentiments encoded in fronto-mesolimbic regions. This neural architecture may provide the basis of our ability to communicate about the meaning of social values across cultural contexts without limiting our flexibility to adapt their emotional interpretation. KW - Adult KW - Altruism KW - Brain KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Image Processing, Computer-Assisted KW - Individuality KW - Magnetic Resonance Imaging KW - Male KW - Morals KW - Neural Pathways KW - Prosencephalon KW - Reaction Time KW - Reward KW - Social Values KW - Temporal Lobe SP - 276 EP - 283 SN - 1460-2199 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18502730 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 5989 T1 - Cognitive Process: A Buddhist explanation of information process and its congruent reactions JF - Epilepsy & Behavior M3 - 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.01.090 A1 - Barua,Ven. Sreemat Swapan Kumar VL - 17 IS - 4 PY - 2010/04// N1 -Applies Buddhist philosophy to cognitive processes; positions BUddha as a cognitive psychologist meditation The author presents a Buddhist understanding of the cognitive process of incoming information, its circulation and its congruent reactions based on the Buddhist spiritual meditative tradition of South and Southeast Asia. He asserts that Buddha can be credited as the first cognitive psychologist who propounded one of the most comprehensive analytic systems of cognitive process with an ultimate aim of achieving an altered psychological state of positive change and equilibrium reaction. Abstract from a paper given at the Epilepsy, Brain and Mind conference in March 2010, in Prague, Czech Republic.
N2 - The author presents a Buddhist understanding of the cognitive process of incoming information, its circulation and its congruent reactions based on the Buddhist spiritual meditative tradition of South and Southeast Asia. He asserts that Buddha can be credited as the first cognitive psychologist who propounded one of the most comprehensive analytic systems of cognitive process with an ultimate aim of achieving an altered psychological state of positive change and equilibrium reaction. Abstract from a paper given at the Epilepsy, Brain and Mind conference in March 2010, in Prague, Czech Republic. SP - 598 EP - 598 SN - 1525-5050 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 5994 T1 - Chi for Children: A Practical Guide to Teaching Tai Chi and Qigong in Schools and the Community A1 - Sutherland,Betty PB - Singing Dragon PY - 2011/06/15/ SN - 1848190557 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6005 T1 - Ayurvedic medicine in neurology JF - Journal of the Neurological Sciences M3 - 10.1016/S0022-510X(09)70243-6 A1 - Prabhakar,S. A1 - Chopra,J.S. VL - 285 IS - Supplement 1 PY - 2009/10// N2 - Ayurvedic medicine in neurology S. Prabhakar, J.S. Chopra. Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Inst. of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine native to India and is considered a form of complementary alternative medicine in West. Ayurveda focuses on exercise, yoga, meditation, massage in addition to medication. There is comprehensive treatment of neurological disorders in Ayurveda. Details will be discussed. Few of the commonly used Ayurvedic medicines are described. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) is creeping herb commonly found throughout India. Its constituents include Alkaloids resembling strychnine in therapeutic action but less toxic. Bacopa extract contains Bacosideand B known since 5000 BC. It is used in Neurology as nerve tonic, for treatment of insanity and epilepsy. It has been mentioned to improve process of learning, restoring memory, enhancing power of speech and imagination. Bacopa was documented to exert antiamnesic effect on diazepam induced anterograde amnesia in mice by the author. Brahmi has anti-oxidant effect, improving activities of defense enzymes. It has anti-stress activity in rat. Bacopa protects against electric shock seizures and chemoconvulsion. Tulsi (Occimum sanctum) called Holy Basil in West is known for its religious / spiritual sanctity. Included in Rigveda – 5000 BC. It is known to protect and reduce stress, enhance stamina, boost immune system and lessen aging factor. It has antibiotic, antioxidant and antiepileptic properties. Guggulipid (Commiphora mukul) is used in stroke to treat hyperlipidaemia. It reduces cholesterol production in liver. Sarapgandha (Rauwolfia sarpantina), Dashmool and Ashwagandha are also used in management of stroke. Ashwagandha is also used in Epilepsy. Mucuna pruriens and Vicia fava beans (English dwarf beans) have long been used in Parkinson’s disease, as natural source of L-dopa SP - S51-S52 EP - S51-S52 SN - 0022-510X UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/science/article/B6T06-4XK3X1N-84/2/aa080d0ae3e1bd9d39a2d4b3031a8918 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6035 T1 - Yoga and Sexual Functioning: A Review JF - Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy M3 - 10.1080/00926230903065955 A1 - Brotto,Lori A. A1 - Mehak,Lisa A1 - Kit,Cassandra VL - 35 IS - 5 PY - 2009/10// N2 - Yoga is an ancient practice with Eastern roots that involves both physical postures (asanas) and breathing techniques (pranayamas). There is also a cognitive component focusing on meditation and concentration, which aids in achieving the goal of union between the self and the spiritual. Although numerous empirical studies have found a beneficial effect of yoga on different aspects of physical and psychological functioning, claims of yoga's beneficial effects on sexuality derive from a rich but nonempirical literature. The goal of this article is to review the philosophy and forms of yoga, to review the nonempirical and (limited) empirical literatures linking yoga with enhanced sexuality, and to propose some future research avenues focusinging on yoga as a treatment for sexual complaints. KW - ASTANGA yoga KW - Meditation KW - PRANAYAMA KW - SEX therapy KW - SEXUAL disorders -- Alternative treatment KW - YOGA -- Therapeutic use SP - 378 EP - 390 SN - 0092623X UR - http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=44032289&site=ehost-live&scope=site ER - TY - JOUR ID - 6037 T1 - Applying Qur’anic metaphors in counseling. JF - International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling M3 - 10.1007/s10447-010-9104-2 A1 - Ahammed,Shaima VL - 32 IS - 4 PY - 2010/12// N2 - In recent years there has been increased attention to the importance of appropriate and relevant counseling interventions with culturally and religiously diverse populations. In accordance with the fact that Muslims rely on Qur’anic verses when answering the larger questions of life, “metaphor therapy” comes across as a technique that counselors can employ with Muslim clients. Although several authors have suggested the use of therapeutic metaphors from various religious texts in a broad manner, relatively little has been published on the application of metaphors from the Qur’an in counseling. This article explains the value of Qur’anic metaphors as therapeutic tools in counseling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract) KW - Counseling KW - Cross Cultural Counseling KW - Metaphor KW - Quran KW - Religious Literature KW - therapeutic tools SP - 248 EP - 255 SN - 0165-0653 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8723 T1 - Mesmerism and the American cure of souls CY - Philadelphia A1 - Fuller,Robert PB - University of Pennsylvania Press PY - 1982/// SN - 9780812278477 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8734 T1 - Alternative Medicine and American Religious Life CY - New York A1 - Fuller,Robert C PB - Oxford University Press PY - 1989/// N1 -The late 1980s have seen an explosion of interest in an unconventional, and sometimes bizarre, set of practices and beliefs commonly called the New Age movement. Led by such visible figures as Shirley MacLaine, thousands of Americans have turned to a wide range of self-help methods and philosophies geared toward spiritual fulfillment and, particularly, healing of the body, including acupuncture, channeling, and crystals. What all these methods seem to have in common is an attempt to eschew conventional medical treatments, to move beyond the mysteries of the body to those of the psyche and soul. But as Robert C. Fuller demonstrates in this fascinating and surprising new book, such “alternative” forms of healing are nothing new in American culture. Going back to the early nineteenth century, Fuller asserts, Americans have relied on a bewildering assortment of unorthodox medical systems that represent a characteristically American strain of religious thought--a belief that spiritual, physical, and even economic well-being flow from an individual’s rapport with the cosmos. Drawing on a wealth of historical, psychological, and sociological information, Fuller’s story begins with such early health reforms as homeopathy, hydropathy, and Thomsonianism (which held that all disease was caused by cold and could be cured by heat). Though fairly conventional in outlook, they signaled the appearance of metaphysical elements that were destined to erupt in later movements. Fuller then looks at mesmerism and Swedenborgianism, which sprang up in the 1830s and 40s. Both of these movements were extremely popular in America, promising a triumph of piety and spirituality over the weaknesses of the body and mind, and changing the way thousands of Americans looked at modern medicine. Fuller traces this increasing metaphysical dimension, first in the early practices of osteopathic and chiropractic medicine, and then throughout the twentieth century in such varied and colorful systems as crystal healing, rolfing, spirit channeling, holistic health, and even Alcoholics Anonymous. Fuller argues that these healing movements have played an important role in American religious life, offering people a more vivid experience of a “sacred reality” than do most organized religions. His fascinating and sympathetic look at this thriving, and peculiarly American, mode of religion will interest a wide range of readers interested in American religious, cultural, and medical history.
KW - 1960- KW - Alternative medicine KW - religion KW - United States SN - 0195057759 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8777 T1 - Health Knowledge and Belief Systems in Africa CY - Durham, N.C A1 - Falola,Toyin ED - Heaton,Matthew M PB - Carolina Academic Press PY - 2008/// N1 -Health care in sub-Saharan Africa is and will continue to be an issue of utmost importance in the twenty-first century. As the HIV/AIDS pandemic ravages the continent, the stakes heighten not only to provide effective and efficient health care to African communities, but also to disseminate knowledge about health-seeking behavior and to instill belief among people in the possibility of leading a healthy existence. Health Knowledge and Belief Systems in Africa raises questions and offers analysis on many issues related to how health and illness are understood by communities in Africa, as well as how health knowledge and beliefs are disseminated and utilized to provide health services to African populations. The chapters in this book derive from many different disciplinary approaches and cover regions across sub-Saharan Africa, thus offering a holistic glimpse at the knowledge and belief systems functioning in Africa and the ways that these systems contribute to health care access and delivery in the world’s most endangered continent.
KW - Africa KW - Medical care KW - Social medicine KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 1594602433 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8779 T1 - African Folk Medicine: Practices and Beliefs of the Bambara and Other Peoples CY - Baltimore A1 - Imperato,Pascal James PB - York Press PY - 1977/// N1 -A study about culture and medicine in Mali, West Africa.
KW - Africa, West KW - Bambara (African people) KW - Medicine KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0912752084 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8794 T1 - Ethnomedical Systems in Africa: Patterns of Traditional Medicine in Rural and Urban Kenya CY - New York A1 - Good,Charles M PB - Guilford Press PY - 1987/// KW - Africa KW - healing KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0898627796 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8795 T1 - Rituals and Medicines: Indigenous Healing in South Africa T3 - Paper books CY - Johannesburg A1 - Hammond-Tooke,W. D PB - Ad. Donker PY - 1989/// KW - Africa KW - Religious life and customs KW - Spirit possession KW - Spiritual healing KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0868521108 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 8921 T1 - The Context of Schizophrenia and Shamanism JF - American Ethnologist A1 - Lex,Barbara W. VL - 11 IS - 1 PY - 1984/02// SP - 191 EP - 192 SN - 00940496 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/644369 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 8938 T1 - The Medicine Men: Oglala Sioux Ceremony and Healing T3 - Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians CY - Lincoln A1 - Lewis,Thomas H PB - University of Nebraska Press PY - 1990/// N1 -For the residents of the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota, mainstream medical care is often supplemented or replaced by a host of traditional practices: the Sun Dance, the yuwipi sing, the heyok’a ceremony, herbalism, the Sioux Religion, the peyotism of the Native American Church, and other medicines, or sources of healing. Thomas H. Lewis, a psychiatrist and medical anthropologist, describes those practices as he encountered them in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During many months he studied with leading practitioners. He describes the healers—their techniques, personal histories and qualities, the problems addressed and results obtained—and examines past as well as present practices. The result is an engrossing account that may profoundly affect the way readers view the dynamics of therapy for mind and body.
KW - Medicine KW - Oglala Indians KW - Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (S.D.) KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Social life and customs KW - South Dakota KW - Sun dance KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0803228902 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9615 T1 - The Expressiveness of the Body and the Divergence of Greek and Chinese Medicine CY - New York A1 - Kuriyama,Shigehisa PB - Zone Books PY - 1999/// KW - Greek World KW - History KW - Human body KW - MEDICINE, Chinese KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Medicine, Greek and Roman KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Philosophy KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Social aspects SN - 0942299884 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9616 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: What Is Complementary Medicine? JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Zollman,Catherine A1 - Vickers,Andrew VL - 319 IS - 7211 PY - 1999/09/11/ SP - 693 EP - 696 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25185762 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9617 T1 - Healing and restoring : health and medicine in the world's religious traditions CY - New York A1 - Sullivan,Lawrence PB - Macmillan PY - 1989/// SN - 9780029237915 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9618 T1 - Problems of suffering in religions of the world. CY - Cambridge A1 - Bowker,John PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 1970/// N1 -A comparative general study of the problems of suffering as treated by Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Marxism, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism and Buddhism.
SN - 9780521074124 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9619 T1 - Alternative Medicine: An Objective Assessment CY - Chicago, Ill A1 - Fontanarosa,Phil B PB - American Medical Association PY - 2000/// KW - Alternative medicine SN - 1579470025 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9620 T1 - Eastern and Western Approaches to Healing: Ancient Wisdom and Modern Knowledge T3 - Wiley series on health psychology/behavioral medicine CY - New York A1 - Sheikh,Anees A A1 - Sheikh,Katharina S PB - Wiley PY - 1989/// N1 -This book surveys the various approaches to health care as defined by the major Eastern and Western philosophies. Contains comments on the effect Eastern thought has had on Western medicine and psychology.
KW - Cross-Cultural Comparison KW - Medicine and psychology KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Medicine, Oriental KW - Medicine, Oriental Traditional KW - Mind and body KW - Psychiatry KW - Psychiatry, Transcultural KW - Psychology KW - Psychotherapy SN - 0471628905 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9621 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Herbal Medicine JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Vickers,Andrew A1 - Zollman,Catherine VL - 319 IS - 7216 PY - 1999/10/16/ SP - 1050 EP - 1053 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186102 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9622 T1 - Facing Death: Where Culture, Religion, and Medicine Meet CY - New Haven A1 - Spiro,Howard M A1 - Curnen,Mary G. McCrea A1 - Wandel,Lee Palmer A2 - Yale University A2 - Goethe-Institut (Boston, Mass.) PB - Yale University Press PY - 1996/// N1 -This book brings together health professionals and distinguished authorities in the humanities to reflect on medical, cultural, and religious responses to death. Physicians and other caregivers describe their experiences witnessing death, and theologians, historians, anthropologists, literary scholars, and pastors tell how other cultures and religions perceive death and mourn. For medical personnel and for patients, this collection affirms that death is less an adversary than a defining part of life.
KW - Death KW - Ethics, Professional KW - Moral and ethical aspects KW - Psychological aspects KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religious aspects KW - Terminal Care KW - Terminally Ill SN - 0300063490 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9623 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Complementary Medicine and the Doctor JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Zollman,Catherine A1 - Vickers,Andrew VL - 319 IS - 7224 PY - 1999/12/11/ SP - 1558 EP - 1561 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186616 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9624 T1 - The Subtle Energies of Spirit: Explorations in Metaphysical and New Age Spirituality JF - Journal of the American Academy of Religion A1 - Albanese,Catherine L. VL - 67 IS - 2 PY - 1999/06// SP - 305 EP - 325 SN - 00027189 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1465739 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9625 T1 - Teaching Religion and Healing CY - Oxford A1 - Barnes,Linda L A1 - Talamantez,Inés A2 - American Academy of Religion PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2006/// N1 -This volume is designed to help instructors incorporate discussion of healing into their courses and to encourage the development of courses focused on religion and healing. It brings together essays by leading experts in a range of disciplines and addresses the role of healing in many different religious traditions. The primary target audience comprises faculty in religious studies, divinity schools, anthropology, sociology, and ethnic studies. However, the volume also addresses the needs of educators training pre-med students and will be an invaluable resource for those involved in educating physicians, health care professionals, and chaplains, particularly in relation to what is referred to as “cultural competence” - the ability to work with multicultural and religiously diverse patient populations.
KW - Medicine KW - religion KW - Religious aspects KW - Spiritual healing KW - Study and teaching SN - 019517643X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9626 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Users and Practitioners of Complementary Medicine JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Zollman,Catherine A1 - Vickers,Andrew VL - 319 IS - 7213 PY - 1999/09/25/ SP - 836 EP - 838 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25185898 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9627 T1 - Contextualizing Alternative Medicine: The Exotic, the Marginal and the Perfectly Mundane JF - Anthropology Today A1 - Sharma,Ursula VL - 9 IS - 4 PY - 1993/08// SP - 15 EP - 18 SN - 0268540X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2783450 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9628 T1 - Esoteric healing traditions: a conceptual overview JF - Explore (New York, N.Y.) JA - Explore (NY) M3 - 10.1016/j.explore.2007.12.003 A1 - Levin,Jeff VL - 4 IS - 2 PY - 2008/04//Mar-undefined N1 -This paper presents, for the first time, a comprehensive scholarly examination of the history and principles of major traditions of esoteric healing. After a brief conceptual overview of esoteric religion and healing, summaries are provided of eight major esoteric traditions, including descriptions of beliefs and practices related to health, healing, and medicine. These include what are termed the kabbalistic tradition, the mystery school tradition, the gnostic tradition, the brotherhoods tradition, the Eastern mystical tradition, the Western mystical tradition, the shamanic tradition, and the new age tradition. Next, commonalities across these traditions are summarized with respect to beliefs and practices related to anatomy and physiology; nosology and etiology; pathophysiology; and therapeutic modalities. Finally, the implications of this survey of esoteric healing are discussed for clinicians, biomedical researchers, and medical educators.
KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Holistic Health KW - Homeopathy KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Meditation KW - Mind-Body Therapies KW - Naturopathy KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Shamanism KW - spirituality SP - 101 EP - 112 SN - 1550-8307 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316053 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9629 T1 - Sexuality and spirituality: the relevance of eastern traditions JF - SIECUS Report JA - SIECUS Rep A1 - Francoeur,R T VL - 20 IS - 4 PY - 1992/05//Apr-undefined N1 -This article outlines some of the major Eastern sexual and spiritual traditions (primarily Hinduism, Taoism and Tantrism), and discusses their relevance for the contemporary Western world. The article begins by examining the sources of Eastern sexual traditions, before and after the “Axial” period, the turning point at which male consciousness and power gained ascendancy over the female principle. Although a phallocentric view of the world came to dominate the East, Eastern cultures -- unlike the West -- maintained a respect for nature. According to this view, health and spirituality are gained only when humanity respects its place in the cosmos and lives in harmony with nature. The article then examines the sexual traditions of Hinduism, in which sexual asceticism not only coexisted but also complimented the celebration of sexual desire and pleasure. The article then discusses the Taoist traditions, which, among other things, stressed the importance of female sexual satisfaction. Taoism argued that men cannot experience true sexual ecstasy unless they develop the ability to control their ejaculation. The Tantric sexual tradition, the article explains, maintained that ultimate sexual pleasure would enable one to experience the true nature of reality. The article then goes on to review variations of these traditions: the Hindu Tantric Doctrine (Shaktism), the Buddhist Tantric Doctrine, and Tantra and Yoga. Finally, the article considers the relevance of these Eastern philosophies to the Western sexual tradition, which has tended to view sexuality as antagonistic to spiritual liberation.
KW - Behavior KW - Buddhism KW - Cross-Cultural Comparison KW - Culture KW - Hinduism KW - personality KW - Psychology KW - religion KW - Research KW - Sexuality SP - 1 EP - 8 SN - 0091-3995 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12343737 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9630 T1 - Paths to Asian Medical Knowledge T3 - Comparative studies of health systems and medical care CY - Berkeley A1 - Leslie,Charles M A1 - Young,Allan A2 - American Anthropological Association PB - University of California Press PY - 1992/// N1 -The essays in this book ask how patients and practitioners know what they know-what evidence of disease or health they consider convincing and what cultural traditions and symbols guide their thinking. Whether discussing Japanese anatomy texts, Islamic humoralism, Ayurvedic clinical practice, or a variety of other subjects, the authors offer an exciting range of information and suggest new theoretical avenues for medical anthropology.
KW - ASIA KW - Congresses KW - East Asia KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Medicine, Oriental KW - Medicine, Oriental Traditional SN - 0520073177 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9631 T1 - Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice T3 - SUNY series, the body in culture, history, and religion CY - Albany A1 - Kasulis,Thomas P A1 - Aimes,Roger T A1 - Dissanayake,Wimal PB - State University of New York Press PY - 1993/// KW - ASIA KW - History KW - Human body (Philosophy) KW - Mind and body KW - Self (Philosophy) SN - 079141079X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9632 T1 - Non-Western Medical Systems JF - Annual Review of Anthropology A1 - Worsley,Peter VL - 11 PY - 1982/// SP - 315 EP - 348 SN - 00846570 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2155785 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9633 T1 - Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems JF - American Anthropologist A1 - Foster,George M. VL - 78 IS - 4 PY - 1976/12// N1 -This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non-Western medical systems. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and magic are inseparable; the most powerful curers have supernatural and magical powers, and their primary role is diagnostic. Correlated with naturalistic etiologies are the belief that disease causality has nothing to do with other misfortunes; religion and magic are largely unrelated to illness; the principal curers lack supernatural or magical powers, and their primary role is therapeutic.
SP - 773 EP - 782 SN - 00027294 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/675143 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9634 T1 - Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview JF - Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM JA - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med M3 - 10.1093/ecam/neh140 A1 - Patwardhan,Bhushan A1 - Warude,Dnyaneshwar A1 - Pushpangadan,P A1 - Bhatt,Narendra VL - 2 IS - 4 PY - 2005/12// N1 -Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine (TIM) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remain the most ancient yet living traditions. There has been increased global interest in traditional medicine. Efforts to monitor and regulate herbal drugs and traditional medicine are underway. China has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and science-based approach, while Ayurveda still needs more extensive scientific research and evidence base. This review gives an overview of basic principles and commonalities of TIM and TCM and discusses key determinants of success, which these great traditions need to address to compete in global markets.
SP - 465 EP - 473 SN - 1741-427X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16322803 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9635 T1 - Medicine, Modernization, and Cultural Crisis in China and India JF - Comparative Studies in Society and History A1 - Croizier,Ralph C. VL - 12 IS - 3 PY - 1970/07// KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Medicine, Oriental SP - 275 EP - 291 SN - 00104175 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/178238 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9636 T1 - An introduction to Ayurveda JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine JA - Altern Ther Health Med A1 - Lad,V VL - 1 IS - 3 PY - 1995/07// N1 -Ayurveda is a Sanskrit word derived from two roots: ayur, which means life, and veda, knowledge. Knowledge arranged systematically with logic becomes science. During the due course of time, Ayurveda became the science of life. It has its root in ancient vedic literature and encompasses our entire life, the body, mind, and spirit.
KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 57 EP - 63 SN - 1078-6791 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/9419799 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9637 T1 - Dhanwantari: the God of Hindu medicine JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Murthy,A R VL - 27 IS - 1 PY - 1997/01// N1 -The original conception of Ayurveda in its entirety is essentially linked to Dhanwantari who is considered as God of Hindu Medicine. Dhanwantari is considered a mythical deity born with ambrosia in one hand and Ayurveda on the other at the end of the churning of milk ocean. He reincarnated himself in the Chandra dynasty. He was born to King Dhanwa, learnt Ayurveda from Bharadwaja. His great grandson Divodasa was also known as Dhanwantari, but was specialised only in surgical branch of Ayurveda. Sushruta, is said to have learnt the art of science of surgery from Divodasa Dhanwantara.
KW - History, Ancient KW - History, Early Modern 1451-1600 KW - History, Medieval KW - History, Modern 1601- KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 1 EP - 14 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12572586 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9638 T1 - Yoga in modern India : the body between science and philosophy CY - Princeton N.J. A1 - Alter,Joseph PB - Princeton University Press PY - 2004/// SN - 9780691118734 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9639 T1 - Ayurvĕda gleaned through Buddhism JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Narayana,Ala A1 - Lavekar,G S VL - 35 IS - 2 PY - 2005/12//Jul-undefined N1 -The Pali canon consists of three Pitakas (baskets), which replete the Buddhism and is known as Tripitaka, viz, Vinaya, Sutta and Abhidhamma Pitakas. The original phase of Tripitaka (Buddhisim started in 544 B.C. and lastly systematized up to 29 B.C. The Buddhist literature also possesses the esoteric material of Medical Science, which is practiced and conserved in India since centuries. It refers to the fundamentals of medicine, rules of good living, which lay considerable emphasis on the hygiene of body, mind. Internal Medicine, curative medicine including symptoms, methods of diagnosis, theories of causation, materia-medica, therapeutics and treatment and skills of Jivaka. Some famous and popular prescriptions are also dealt with.
KW - Buddhism KW - History, Ancient KW - Humans KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 131 EP - 146 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333669 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9640 T1 - Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery CY - New York A1 - Zysk,Kenneth G PB - Oxford University Press PY - 1991/// N1 -The rich Indian medical tradition is usually traced back to Sanskrit sources, the earliest of which cannot much antedate the common era. Zysk shows that the Buddhist scriptures some centuries older than this contain abundant information about medical practice, and are our earliest evidence for a rational approach to medicine in India. He argues that Buddhism and the medical tradition were mutually supportive: that Buddhist monks and people associated with them contributed to the development of medicine, while their skills as physical as well as spiritual healers enhanced their reputation and popular support. Drawing on a wide range of textual, archaeological, and secondary sources, Zysk first presents an overview of the history of Indian medicine in its religious context. He then examines primary literature from the Pali Buddhist Canon and from the Sanskrit treatises of Bhela, Caraka, and Susruta. By close comparison of these two bodies of literature Zysk convincingly shows how the theories delineated in the medical classics actually became practice.
KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Medicine, Buddhist KW - Monastic and religious life (Buddhism) KW - Religious aspects SN - 0195059565 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9641 T1 - Ayurvedic Healing: A Comprehensive Guide CY - Salt Lake City, Utah A1 - Frawley,David PB - Passage Press PY - 1989/// N1 -The immensity of Ayurvedic material and the preexisting vitriol for any attempt at studying it are enough of a deterrent for anyone who wishes to make their mark on the academic community. Yet David Frawley has made a valiant effort with Ayurvedic Healing. Frawley’s presentation is solid, coherent, and contributive to the greater knowledge base both in religious studies and medicine. While topics such as astrology and gem therapy are so very difficult to present in the mainstream, these aspects of spiritual healing are simply part of the system; one cannot pick and choose parts when studying a whole. Therefore, even with the shortfalls of Frawley’s work, the underlying integral philosophy and suggestions for a new paradigm of medicine are paramount to progress in the field of spirituality, medicine, and health. In all, it is a very effective introduction to a subject that warrants more scholarly eyes.
KW - Herbal Medicine KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SN - 1878423002 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9642 T1 - Ayurvedic medicine. Core concept, therapeutic principles, and current relevance JF - The Medical Clinics of North America JA - Med. Clin. North Am A1 - Chopra,Arvind A1 - Doiphode,Vijay V VL - 86 IS - 1 PY - 2002/01// N1 -In the prebiblical Ayurvedic origins, every creation inclusive of a human being is a model of the universe. In this model, the basic matter and the dynamic forces (Dosha) of the nature determine health and disease, and the medicinal value of any substance (plant and mineral). The Ayurvedic practices (chiefly that of diet, life style, and the Panchkarama) aim to maintain the Dosha equilibrium. Despite a holistic approach aimed to cure disease, therapy is customized to the individual's constitution (Prakruti). Numerous Ayurvedic medicines (plant derived in particular) have been tested for their biological (especially immunomodulation) and clinical potential using modern ethnovalidation, and thereby setting an interface with modern medicine. To understand Ayurvedic medicine, it would be necessary to first understand the origin, basic concept and principles of Ayurveda.
KW - Arthritis KW - Disease KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Obesity KW - Plant Preparations SP - 75-89, vii EP - 75-89, vii SN - 0025-7125 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11795092 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9643 T1 - Fundamentals of Yoga: A Handbook of Theory, Practice, and Application CY - New York, N.Y A1 - Mishra,Rammurti S PB - Harmony Books PY - 1987/// N1 -Dr. Mishra brings a medical reasoning and a guru’s practice to the ancient science of yoga. Concentration and meditation exercises make this an invaluable introduction to yoga.
KW - yoga SN - 051756422X ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9644 T1 - Yoga and psychology : language, memory, and mysticism CY - Albany A1 - Coward,Harold PB - State University of New York Press PY - 2002/// SN - 9780791454992 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9645 T1 - Identity, ideology and medicine: health attitudes and behavior among Hindu religious renunciates JF - Social Science & Medicine (1982) JA - Soc Sci Med A1 - Thomas,L E VL - 34 IS - 5 PY - 1992/03// N1 -In-depth interviews and participant observation was conducted with 14 Hindu religious renunciates, 70 years or older. Despite having taken vows renouncing concern for physical pain or comfort, respondents differed markedly in their attitudes toward pain and their rationale for utilizing medical treatment. They differed still further in their use of Ayurvedic and allopathic medicine, with the most culturally conservative accepting only Ayurvedic medicine. Rejection of allopathic medicine tended to be associated with a highly systematized religious world-view. The results are discussed in terms of both the ideological conflict between religious world-view and medical usage, and the need for sophisticated distinction of religious world-view if research on the religious factor of health care utilization is to prove fruitful.
KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Attitude to Health KW - Humans KW - India KW - Male KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Philosophy KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Social Identification SP - 499 EP - 505 SN - 0277-9536 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/1604356 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9646 T1 - An Introduction to Yoga JF - The American Journal of Nursing A1 - Wilson,Robin L. VL - 76 IS - 2 PY - 1976/02// SP - 261 EP - 263 SN - 0002936X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3423818 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9647 T1 - Ayurveda: The Indian Art of Natural Medicine and Life Extension A1 - Heyn,Birgit PB - Healing Arts Press PY - 1990/04/01/ KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SN - 0892813334 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9648 T1 - Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra T3 - SUNY series in religious studies CY - Albany A1 - Fields,Gregory P PB - State University of New York PY - 2001/// N1 -Religious Therapeutics explores the relationship between psychophysical health and spiritual health and presents a model for interpreting connections between religion and medicine in world traditions. This model emerges from the work’s investigation of health and religiousness in classical Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra--three Hindu traditions noteworthy for the central role they accord the body. Author Gregory P. Fields compares Anglo-European and Indian philosophies of body and health and uses fifteen determinants of health excavated from texts of ancient Hindu medicine to show that health concerns the person, not the body or body/mind alone. This book elucidates multifaceted views of health, and--in the context of spirituality and healing--explores themes such as mental health, meditation, and music.
KW - Human body KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Religious aspects KW - Tantrism KW - yoga SN - 0791449157 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9649 T1 - Integrated approach to yoga JF - The Nursing Journal of India JA - Nurs J India A1 - Bhobe,S VL - 91 IS - 2 PY - 2000/02// N1 -Yoga is a science of Holistic living and not merely a set of Asanas and Pranayama. It is a psycho physical and spiritual science, which aims at the harmonious development of the human body, mind and soul. Yoga is the conscious art of self-discovery. It is a process by which animal man ascends through the stages from normal man to super man and then the divine man. It is an expansion of the narrow constricted egoistic personality to an all-pervasive eternal and blissful state of reality. Yoga is an all round development of personality at physical, mental intellectual, emotional and spiritual level.
KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - spirituality KW - yoga SP - 33, 42 EP - 33, 42 SN - 0029-6503 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15326755 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9650 T1 - Health and health care--a Hindu perspective JF - Medicine and Law JA - Med Law A1 - Naidoo,T VL - 7 IS - 6 PY - 1989/// N1 -In the Hindu tradition, ‘health’ means the continued maintenance of the best possible working of the human body under normal, and sometimes even abnormal, environmental conditions. Hindu religious teaching on healthy living and ethical considerations culminate in spiritual objectives if the injunctions contained in the system are followed. Hatha yoga is a system of bodily care that is conducive to such health, which also corrects disease via the regulation of muscular action and in other ways. Other systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda and other traditional systems in Hindu culture, have been devised for the good of humanity. It is, however, the holistic approach to health in Hinduism that calls attention to such causes of ill health as climatic extremes, bacterial attack, nutritional deviance, stress, and other forms of emotional imbalance. A state of good health is within the reach of most persons if they cultivate habits that are conducive to physical and spiritual well-being. The concept of preventive medicine is probably also based on the tenet that the attainment of good health is a religious duty, and corresponding injunctions are found in abundance in Hindu scriptures. It is not the training of students in the medical profession that is most important for health care, but rather their concern for health and their willingness to apply themselves to the observation of the rules they would wish their patients to observe.
KW - Attitude to Health KW - Holistic Health KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Religion and Medicine KW - South Africa SP - 643 EP - 647 SN - 0723-1393 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/2495404 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9651 T1 - Metaphor and Illness Classification in Traditional Thai Medicine JF - Asian Folklore Studies A1 - Bamber,Scott VL - 46 IS - 2 PY - 1987/// SP - 179 EP - 195 SN - 03852342 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1178583 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9652 T1 - History of Medicine in India, from Antiquity to 1000 A.D CY - New Delhi A1 - Sharma,P. V A2 - Indian National Science Academy A2 - David E. Pingree Collection (Brown University) PB - Indian National Science Academy PY - 1992/// KW - History KW - History of Medicine KW - India KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9653 T1 - Ayurveda: a historical perspective and principles of the traditional healthcare system in India JF - Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine JA - Altern Ther Health Med A1 - Mishra,L A1 - Singh,B B A1 - Dagenais,S VL - 7 IS - 2 PY - 2001/03// N1 -Ayurveda, the science of life, is a comprehensive medical system that has been the traditional system of healthcare in India for more than 5000 years. This medical system was well established around 2500 to 600 BC, when it evolved into 2 schools: the School of Physicians and the School of Surgeons, similar to allopathy. Charak Samhita, Susrut Samhita, and Ashtang Hridaya Samhita are the Senior Triad texts, and Madhav Nidan Samhita, Sarangdhar Samhita, and Bhavprakash Samhita are the Junior Triad texts. Around 600 BC. Ayurveda was branched into internal medicine; pediatrics; psychiatry; surgery; eye, ear, nose, and throat; toxicology; geriatrics; and eugenics/aphrodisiacs. The body is composed of 3 body doshas, 3 mental doshas, 7 dhatus, and malas. The harmony among the body doshas of vata (nervous system), pitta (enzymes), and kapha (mucus) and the gunas, or mental doshas (which are human attributes: satogun [godly], rajas [kingly], and tamas [evil]), constitutes health, and their disharmony constitutes disease. The management of illness requires balancing the doshas back into a harmonious state through lifestyle interventions, spiritual nurturing, and treatment with herbo-mineral formulas based on one’s mental and bodily constitution.
KW - History, Ancient KW - Humans KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 36 EP - 42 SN - 1078-6791 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11253415 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9654 T1 - On the Meaning of Yoga JF - Philosophy East and West A1 - Joshi,K. S. VL - 15 IS - 1 PY - 1965/01// SP - 53 EP - 64 SN - 00318221 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1397408 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9655 T1 - Introduction to Garudapurăna with reference to Ayurvĕda JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Subhose,Varanasi A1 - Narayana,Ala A1 - Prasad,P V V A1 - Rao,M Mruthyumjaya VL - 36 IS - 2 PY - 2006/12//Jul-undefined N1 -The Puranas are the encyclopedic works of the ancient and medieval Hindu religion, philosophy, history, politics, ethics, sciences etc. There are 18 (Astadasa) puranas, which are, considered as mahapuranas, among which Garudapurana is popular one. The Garudapurana is divided into two parts viz., Purvakhanda and Uttarakhanda. The first part, which is also called Acarakhanda consists of 240 chapters. The greater part of the Purvakhanda occupies the descriptions of Vratas (religious observances), sacred places dedicated to the Surya (sun), Lord Siva and Lord Visnu. It also contains treatises on various aspects like astrology, palmistry, politics, Sankhya, Yoga, anatomy, precious stones and extensive information on vedic medicine i.e., Ayurveda. The Uttarakhanda consists of two khandas viz. Dharmakhanda and Brahmakhanda, which are divided into 42 and 29 chapters, respectively. The Dharmakhanda is also known as the Pretakalpa which contains directions for the performance of obsequies rites. The Pretakalpa portion of the Garudapurana is generally recited during the period of mourning and so its importance is self-evident. It is almost impossible to narrate within such a small framework, the wide range of splendid truths scattered in the pages of this noble puranam. Little information is available from internal evidence to establish its exact period. However, it is supposed to be quite ancient in its origin.
KW - Encyclopedias as Topic KW - History, Ancient KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 97 EP - 116 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18175646 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9656 T1 - Inspiration and Expiration: Yoga Practice through Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of the Body JF - Philosophy East and West A1 - Morley,James VL - 51 IS - 1 PY - 2001/01// N1 -An interpretation of the yoga practice of pranayama (breath control) that is influenced by the existential phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty is offered. The approach to yoga is less concerned with comparing his thought to the classical yoga texts than with elucidating the actual experience of breath control through the constructs provided by Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy of the lived body. The discussion of yoga can answer certain pedagogical goals but can never finally be severed from doing yoga. Academic discourse centered entirely on the theoretical concepts of yoga philosophies must to some extent remain incomplete. Patañjali’s “Yoga Sutra” is itself a manual of practice. For this reason, the commentary of the scholar-practitioner T. K. V. Desikachar has been chosen as the basis for this study, rather than a more exclusively theoretical commentary. In so doing, yoga will be approached as an experience or phenomenon, not just in the context of a series of academic debates.
SP - 73 EP - 82 SN - 00318221 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1400036 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9657 T1 - Yoga and Freedom: A Reconsideration of Patañjali's Classical Yoga JF - Philosophy East and West A1 - Whicher,Ian VL - 48 IS - 2 PY - 1998/04// N1 -Rather than follow along the lines of many scholarly interpretations of Patañjali’s “Yoga-Sutra,” which views Yoga as a radical separation or isolation of “spirit” or pure consciousness (purusa) from “matter” (prakrti), this essay suggests that the “Yoga-Sutra” seeks to “unite” or integrate these two principles by correcting a basic misalignment between them. Yoga thus does not advocate the abandonment or condemnation of the world, but supports a stance that enables one to live more fully in the world without being enslaved by worldly identification.
SP - 272 EP - 322 SN - 00318221 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1399829 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9658 T1 - The Indus Valley Origin of a Yoga Practice JF - Artibus Asiae A1 - Dhyansky,Yan Y. VL - 48 IS - 1/2 PY - 1987/// SP - 89 EP - 108 SN - 00043648 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3249853 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9659 T1 - Religious Healing in the Veda T3 - New Series JF - Transactions of the American Philosophical Society A1 - Zysk,Kenneth G. VL - 75 IS - 7 PY - 1985/// SP - i-311 EP - i-311 SN - 00659746 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/20486646 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9660 T1 - Yoga, karma, and rebirth : a brief history and philosophy CY - New York A1 - Phillips,Stephen PB - Columbia University Press PY - 2009/// SN - 9780231144841 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9661 T1 - The Science of Respiration and the Doctrine of the Bodily Winds in Ancient India JF - Journal of the American Oriental Society A1 - Zysk,Kenneth G. VL - 113 IS - 2 PY - 1993/06//Apr N1 -The following historical and philological study traces the science of respiration and the doctrine of the bodily winds through ancient Indian religious and technical literature. Basic notions about respiration and bodily winds appear in the literature of the vedic samhitas and brahmanas. By the end of the principal upanisads these early ideas begin to be codified into two separate systems. One, emphasizing a physiology of bodily winds, reaches its traditional formulation in the classical medical literature of Ayurveda, the other, focusing on respiration, attains its classical formulation in Yoga. The two unite later, when Yoga integrates medical theory into its science of respiration. Asceticism is the common thread connecting the various stages in the development of respiration and bodily winds.
KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 198 EP - 213 SN - 00030279 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/603025 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9662 T1 - The Evolution of Anatomical Knowledge in Ancient India, with Special Reference to Cross-Cultural Influences JF - Journal of the American Oriental Society A1 - Zysk,Kenneth G. VL - 106 IS - 4 PY - 1986/12//Oct N1 -Ludwig Edelstein’s study of the history of Greek anatomy will be used as a model to examine the evolution of anatomical knowledge in ancient India. The earliest evidence of Indian anatomy is found in the Vedic literature, dating from 1500 B. C. to 200 B. C. It provides a clear picture of the acquisition of anatomical knowledge by means of the sacrifice of animals, principally the horse, and of men; chance observations contributed a comparatively small amount to the body of anatomical knowledge. As a result of these sacrificial rites quite accurate lists of bodily structures of the horse and of man have been recorded and transmitted by means of the traditional religious texts. These catalogues remained the principal sources of anatomy until the first centuries of the Christian era, when we find a codification of Indian medical knowledge in the surgical text, Susruta Saṃhitā. Isolated in a chapter on anatomy, a new approach to the study of the bodily parts is recommended: in order to acquire the most complete understanding of the human body the author prescribes that first-hand observation of the parts should be combined with textual learning and proceeds to detail the correct method to dissect a cadaver. This precept, reflecting a characteristically non-Indian attitude, may well have had its origin in the Alexandrian school of medicine, in particular in the teachings of Herophilus in the first half of the third century B. C. The instruction which added a wholly new dimension to Indian anatomical thought could have been transmitted to India around the time of Alexander. As in the Hellenistic world, scientific dissection was not readily accepted by the Indian medical community and its practice quickly vanished. During the short time it was known and performed in India, some advances seem to have been made in the understanding of the inner parts of the human body, increasing the store-house of anatomical knowledge already possessed by the Indian physicians. A similar technique of dissection is detailed in the twelfth century Salernitan anatomical text, Anatomia magistri Nicolai phisici. This remarkable occurrence poses questions, the answers to which cannot be definitely given until more evidence becomes available. The paper concludes with a critical translation of chapter five on the “enumeration and distinction of the bodily parts” in the book of anatomy of the Susruta Samhita.
SP - 687 EP - 705 SN - 00030279 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/603532 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9663 T1 - "Science" vs. "Religion" in Classical Ayurveda JF - Numen A1 - Engler,Steven VL - 50 IS - 4 PY - 2003/// N1 -This paper evaluates claims that classical Ayurveda was scientific, in a modern western sense, and that the many religious and magical elements found in the texts were all either stale Vedic remnants or later brahminic impositions. It argues (1) that Ayurveda did not manifest standard criteria of “science” (e.g., materialism, empirical observation, experimentation, falsification, quantification, or a developed conception of proof) and (2) that Vedic aspects of the classical texts are too central to be considered inauthentic or marginal. These points suggest that attempting to apply the modern western categories of “science” and “religion” to ancient South Asian medical texts at best obscures more important issues and, at worst, imports inappropriate orientalist assumptions. Having set aside the distraction of “science” vs. “religion” in classical Ayurveda, the paper finds support for claims that brahminic elements were later additions to the texts. It concludes by arguing that this is best explained not in terms of a conceptual tension between religion and science but in terms of social and economic tensions between physicians and brahmins.
KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Science and religion SP - 416 EP - 463 SN - 00295973 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3270507 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9664 T1 - Medical science in ancient Indian culture with special reference to Atharvaveda JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Narayana,A VL - 25 IS - 1-2 PY - 1995/// N1 -A high quality of Medical Knowledge was prevalent in ancient India. The present day Archaeological evidences of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa imparts the high civilization in matters of sanitation and hygiene. An analysis of the material in the Vedas reveals that, all the four Vedas replete the references regarding various aspects of medicine. The Atharva Veda is deemed to be an encyclopaedia for medicine “Interalia”, and Ayurveda (the science of life) is considered as Upa Veda (supplementary subject) of the Atharva Veda. A few glimpses of medical Science as prevalent in the ancient India have been presented here.
KW - History, Ancient KW - India KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Science SP - 100 EP - 110 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11618829 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9665 T1 - Samādhi in Patañjali's Yoga Sūtras JF - Philosophy East and West A1 - Kesarcodi-Watson,Ian VL - 32 IS - 1 PY - 1982/01// SP - 77 EP - 90 SN - 00318221 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1398753 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9666 T1 - Āyurveda and the Hindu Philosophical Systems JF - Philosophy East and West A1 - Larson,Gerald James VL - 37 IS - 3 PY - 1987/07// KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 245 EP - 259 SN - 00318221 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1398518 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9667 T1 - Science Studies Yoga: A Review of Physiological Data CY - Glenview, Ill. A1 - Funderburk,James PB - Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science & Philosophy of USA PY - 1977/// KW - Hatha yoga KW - Physiological aspects SN - 089389026X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9668 T1 - Gandhi's Body, Gandhi's Truth: Nonviolence and the Biomoral Imperative of Public Health JF - The Journal of Asian Studies A1 - Alter,Joseph S. VL - 55 IS - 2 PY - 1996/05// N1 -Joseph S. Alter offers a novel reading of Mahatma Gandhi’s writings on diet, sex, and hygiene. By arguing “that nonviolence was, for him, as much an issue of public health as an issue of politics, morality, and religion,” this reading challenges previous studies that delink Gandhi’s preoccupation with issues of health from his political ideas and agenda as well as works that treat those links together but only in terms of psychological and sociopsychological meta-interpretations. Alter also takes a different line on the Mahtama’s conception of health by contextualizing it within the framework of what he terms “late imperialism,” a framework which enables the author to view his subject’s personal convictions “in the context of colonialism’s impact on subject bodies.” In other words, Gandhi’s personal “experiments with truth,” whether they centered on dietetics, celibacy, hygiene, and nature cure, cannot be separated from his search for truth, or from his belief in nonviolence, or his campaign for sociopolitical reform.
SP - 301 EP - 322 SN - 00219118 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2943361 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9669 T1 - Ayurveda and Mental Illness JF - Comparative Studies in Society and History A1 - Obeyesekere,Gananath VL - 12 IS - 3 PY - 1970/07// KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 292 EP - 296 SN - 00104175 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/178239 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9670 T1 - A biostatistical approach to ayurveda: quantifying the tridosha JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2004.10.879 A1 - Joshi,Rajani R VL - 10 IS - 5 PY - 2004/10// N1 -Objective: To compute quantitative estimates of the tridosha--the qualitative characterization that constitutes the core of diagnosis and treatment in Ayurveda--to provide a basis for biostatistical analysis of this ancient Indian science, which is a promising field of alternative medicine. SUBJECTS: The data sources were 280 persons from among the residents and visitors/training students at the Brahmvarchas Research Centre and Shantikuj, Hardwar, India. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY: A quantitative measure of the tridosha level (for vata, pitta, and kapha) is obtained by applying an algorithmic heuristic approach to the exhaustive list of qualitative features/factors that are commonly used by Ayurvedic doctors. A knowledge-based concept of worth coefficients and fuzzy multiattribute decision functions are used here for regression modeling. VALIDATION AND APPLICATIONS: Statistical validation on a large sample shows the accuracy of this study’s estimates with statistical confidence level above 90%. The estimates are also suited for diagnostic and prognostic applications and systematic drug-response analysis of Ayurvedic (herbal and rasayanam) medicines. An application with regard to the former is elucidated, extensions of which might also be of use in investigating the role of nadis in Ayurvedic healing vis-a-vis acupuncture and acupressure techniques. The importance and scope of this novel approach are discussed. Conclusions: This pioneering study shows that the concept of tridosha has a sound empirical basis that could be used for the scientific establishment of Ayurveda in a new light.
KW - Algorithms KW - Biometry KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Qi KW - Regression Analysis SP - 879 EP - 889 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15650478 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9671 T1 - Ayurveda for comprehensive healthcare JF - Indian Journal of Medical Ethics JA - Indian J Med Ethics A1 - Rastogi,Sanjeev VL - 6 IS - 2 PY - 2009/06//Apr-undefined KW - Comprehensive Health Care KW - Humans KW - India KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Models, Organizational SP - 101 EP - 102 SN - 0974-8466 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19517655 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9672 T1 - Pharmacovigilance of ayurvedic medicines in India JF - Indian Journal of Phamacology JA - Indian J Pharmacol A1 - Thatte,Urmila A1 - Bhalerao,Supriya VL - 40 IS - Supp. 1 PY - 2008/02/01/ KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - S10-S12 EP - S10-S12 UR - http://www.ijp-online.com/article.asp?issn=0253-7613;year=2008;volume=40;issue=7;spage=10;epage=12;aulast=Thatte ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9673 T1 - The Ayurveda Education in India: How Well are the Graduates Exposed to Basic Clinical Skills? JF - Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM JA - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med M3 - 10.1093/ecam/nep113 A1 - Patwardhan,Kishor A1 - Gehlot,Sangeeta A1 - Singh,Girish A1 - Rathore,H C S PY - 2009/08/17/ N1 -Ayurveda’ is an ancient system of healthcare that is native to India. At present, in India, there are more than 240 colleges that offer a graduate-level degree (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery-BAMS) in Ayurveda. Even though the Central Council of Indian Medicine, the governing body that monitors the matters related to Ayurveda education, has imposed various educational norms and regulations, the standard of education has been a cause of concern in recent years. The mushrooming of substandard Ayurvedic colleges is the most important factor that is being held responsible for this kind of erosion in the standards. The present study is a mailed survey, which was carried out to evaluate the ‘Extent of exposure to basic clinical skills during BAMS course’ as perceived by the sample groups of students and teachers drawn from 32 Ayurvedic educational institutions spread all over India. A methodically validated questionnaire was used as the tool in the study, to which 1022 participants responded. The study indicates that there are some serious flaws in the existing system of the graduate-level Ayurveda education. Since the Ayurvedic graduates play an important role in the primary healthcare delivery system of the country, governing bodies are required to take necessary steps to ensure the adequate exposure of the students to basic clinical skills. Along with the strict implementation of all the regulatory norms during the process of recognition of the colleges, introducing some changes in the policy model may also be required to tackle the situation.
SN - 1741-427X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19687194 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9674 T1 - Religion, spirituality, health and medicine: Why should Indian physicians care? JF - Journal of Postgraduate Medicine JA - J Postgrad Med M3 - 10.4103/0022-3859.33967 A1 - Chattopadhyay,S VL - 53 IS - 4 PY - 2007/// N1 -Religion, spirituality, health and medicine have common roots in the conceptual framework of relationship amongst human beings, nature and God. Of late, there has been a surge in interest in understanding the interplay of religion, spirituality, health and medicine, both in popular and scientific literature. A number of published empirical studies suggest that religious involvement is associated with better outcomes in physical and mental health. Despite some methodological limitations, these studies do point towards a positive association between religious involvement and better health. When faced with disease, disability and death, many patients would like physicians to address their emotional and spiritual needs, as well. The renewed interest in the interaction of religion and spirituality with health and medicine has significant implications in the Indian context. Although religion is translated as dharma in major Indian languages, dharma and religion are etymologically different and dharma is closer to spirituality than religion as an organized institution. Religion and spirituality play important roles in the lives of millions of Indians and therefore, Indian physicians need to respectfully acknowledge religious issues and address the spiritual needs of their patients. Incorporating religion and spirituality into health and medicine may also go a long way in making the practice of medicine more holistic, ethical and compassionate. It may also offer new opportunities to learn more about Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine and have more enriched understanding and collaborative interaction between different systems of medicine. Indian physicians may also find religion and spirituality significant and fulfilling in their own lives.
KW - India SP - 262 EP - 262 SN - 0022-3859 UR - http://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2007/53/4/262/33967 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9675 T1 - Maharishi International University: "Science of Creative Intelligence" T3 - New Series JF - Science A1 - Holden,Constance VL - 187 IS - 4182 PY - 1975/03/28/ SP - 1176 EP - 1180 SN - 00368075 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1739479 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9676 T1 - Sickness, Healing, and Religious Vocation: Alternative Choices at a Theravāda Buddhist Nunnery JF - Ethnology A1 - Salgado,Nirmala S. VL - 36 IS - 3 PY - 1997///Summer N1 -This essay examines alternative religious vocations and choices of cures that are open to women in the Sri Lankan Buddhist context. The focus of the investigation is a Theravada Buddhist hermitage that was studied over an eleven-year period. The article presents case histories of nuns who are representative of the individuals living at the hermitage, and demonstrates how the illnesses they suffer concurrently with their ecstatic trances (interpreted as spirit possession) receive meaning and can be cured within the framework of Buddhist asceticism in Sri Lanka.
SP - 213 EP - 226 SN - 00141828 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3773986 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9677 T1 - Making medicine indigenous: homeopathy in South India JF - Social History of Medicine: The Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / SSHM JA - Soc Hist Med A1 - Hausman,Gary J VL - 15 IS - 2 PY - 2002/08// N1 -Historical studies of homeopathy in Europe and the USA have focused on practitioners’ attempts to emphasize ‘modern’ and ‘scientific’ approaches. Studies of homeopathy in India have focused on a process of Indianization. Arguing against such unilineal trajectories, this paper situates homeopathy in South India within the context of shifting relations between ‘scientific’ and ‘indigenous’ systems of medicine. Three time periods are considered. From 1924 through 1934, homeopathy was singled out by Government of Madras officials as ‘scientific’, as contrasted with the ‘indigenous’ Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine. From 1947 through 1960, both ‘indigenous’ and ‘scientific’ interpretations of homeopathy were put forward by different factions. An honorary director of homeopathy proposed the Indianization of homeopathy, and its reconciliation with Ayurveda; this view conflicted with the Madras government’s policy of expanding the ‘scientific’ medical curriculum of the Government College of Indigenous Medicine. It was not until the early 1970s that homeopathy was officially recognized in Tamilnadu State. By then, both homeopathy and Ayurveda had become conceptualized as non-Tamil, in contrast with promotion of the Tamil Siddha system of ‘indigenous’ medicine. Thus, constructs of ‘indigenous’ and ‘scientific’ systems of medicine are quite malleable with respect to homeopathy in South India.
KW - Colonialism KW - History, 20th Century KW - Homeopathy KW - India KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Political Systems KW - Science SP - 303 EP - 322 SN - 0951-631X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12638553 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9678 T1 - Ancient-Modern Concordance in Ayurvedic Plants: Some Examples JF - Environmental Health Perspectives A1 - Dev,Sukh VL - 107 IS - 10 PY - 1999/10// KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic SP - 783 EP - 789 SN - 00916765 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3454574 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9679 T1 - Ayurveda and Panchakarma: measuring the effects of a holistic health intervention JF - TheScientificWorldJournal JA - ScientificWorldJournal M3 - 10.1100/tsw.2009.35 A1 - Conboy,Lisa A1 - Edshteyn,Ingrid A1 - Garivaltis,Hilary VL - 9 PY - 2009/// N1 -Ayurveda, the traditional medical system of India, is understudied in western contexts. Using data gathered from an Ayurvedic treatment program, this study examined the role of psychosocial factors in the process of behavior change and the salutogenic process. This observational study examined associations with participation in the 5-day Ayurvedic cleansing retreat program, Panchakarma. Quality of life, psychosocial, and behavior change measurements were measured longitudinally on 20 female participants. Measurements were taken before the start of the program, immediately after the program, and 3 months postprogram. The program did not significantly improve quality of life. Significant improvements were found in self-efficacy towards using Ayurveda to improve health and reported positive health behaviors. In addition, perceived social support and depression showed significant improvements 3 months postprogram after the subjects had returned to their home context. As a program of behavior change, our preliminary results suggest that the complex intervention Panchakarma may be effective in assisting one’s expected and reported adherence to new and healthier behavior patterns.
KW - Adult KW - Female KW - Health Behavior KW - Holistic Health KW - Humans KW - Life Style KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Middle Aged KW - Perception KW - Quality of Life KW - social support SP - 272 EP - 280 SN - 1537-744X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19412555 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9680 T1 - Clinical research on ayurvedic therapeutics: myths, realities and challenges JF - The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India JA - J Assoc Physicians India A1 - Bhatt,A D VL - 49 PY - 2001/05// N1 -Globally there is an increasing interest in alternative routes to health such as ayurveda. There is a need to conduct globally acceptable clinical research in ayurvedic therapeutics (AT). Some of the issues in investigating AT in randomised clinical trials (CT) are: selection of appropriate AT, non-drug and/or drug AT, identification of objective outcomes, devising adequate placebo/positive controls, difficulties of blinding, guarding against bias, duration of trials, number of patients, dose optimisation, etc. There is also a need to establish reasonable safety of this therapy in CT. If AT has to complete with new chemical entities and biotechnology products, clinical research and development of AT should be focussed on unmet medical needs utilising principles and practices of modern CT approaches.
KW - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Phytotherapy KW - Plants, Medicinal KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic KW - Research KW - Treatment Outcome SP - 558 EP - 562 SN - 0004-5772 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11361273 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9681 T1 - Exploring the prevalence of Ayurveda use among Asian Indians JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2008.0106 A1 - Satow,Yumi E A1 - Kumar,Praveena D A1 - Burke,Adam A1 - Inciardi,John F VL - 14 IS - 10 PY - 2008/12// N1 -Objective: Despite a growing body of literature on complementary and alternative medicine, there is still limited information on the use of Ayurveda in the United States. Because Ayurveda is one of the world’s major traditional medical systems, knowledge of its use is important. In particular, information on utilization by Asian Indians living in the United States is needed due to increased immigration from India and related regions. Recent reports of heavy metal contamination of some imported Ayurveda products underscore this need. For this reason, an exploratory survey was conducted. Design: A semistructured 21-item questionnaire was administered using face-to-face interviews. PARTICIPANTS AND Setting: The study comprised a convenience sample of 64 Asian Indians living in Northern California. Outcome measures: Main outcome measures included sociodemographic variables, questions on awareness, knowledge and use of Ayurvedic products or services, use of other nutritional/herbal products, and reasons for use. Results: In the sample, 95% of the participants were aware of Ayurveda, 78% had knowledge of Ayurvedic products or treatments, and about 59% had used or were currently using Ayurveda. Only 18% of those using Ayurveda had informed their Western medical doctors. Conclusions: Given its common use in the United States by Asian Indians, its cultural relevance, potential therapeutic value, and possible safety concerns, physician and consumer education along with more empirical research is warranted.
KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Asian Continental Ancestry Group KW - Attitude to Health KW - California KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Female KW - Health Behavior KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Herbal Medicine KW - Humans KW - India KW - Male KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Middle Aged KW - Phytotherapy KW - Questionnaires SP - 1249 EP - 1253 SN - 1557-7708 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19123878 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9682 T1 - Fluent bodies : Ayurvedic remedies for postcolonial imbalance CY - Durham A1 - Langford,Jean PB - Duke University Press PY - 2002/// N1 -Fluent Bodies examines the modernization of the indigenous healing practice, Ayurveda, in India. Combining contemporary ethnography with a study of key historical moments as glimpsed through early-twentieth-century texts, Jean M. Langford argues that as Ayurveda evolved from an eclectic set of healing practices into a sign of Indian national culture, it was reimagined as a healing force not simply for bodily disorders but for colonial and postcolonial ills.
SN - 9780822329312 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9683 T1 - The bias against India in western literature on history of medicine: with special emphasis on public health JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Singh,A VL - 30 IS - 1 PY - 2000/06//Jan-undefined N1 -The article describes a systematic bias against India in Western literature on history of medicine. While many authors have ignored the contributions of India in development of medicine altogether, the others have relegated India’s role much behind other civilizations. Unnecessary and deliberate controversies on dating and origin of Ayurveda, primacy of Greek vs. Hindu Medicine and the origin of the practice of variolation have been elaborated by Western authors. Some medical historians, like Siegrist, have tried to give India its due place in the history of medicine. Suitable references of Indian authors have also been quoted to give a comparative and balanced picture. The need for settling this controversy has been emphasized.
KW - Historiography KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, 21st Century KW - History, Modern 1601- KW - India KW - Public health KW - Publication Bias KW - Western World SP - 41 EP - 58 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12578015 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9684 T1 - Standardization of Ayurvĕdic formulations : a scientific review JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Narayana,Ala A1 - Subhose,Varanasi VL - 35 IS - 1 PY - 2005/06//Jan-undefined N1 -Safety and efficacy of a drug mainly depends on the method of preparation. To assess the quality of a finished product, there should be some basic standards as well as methods of preparation. There are several parameters for testing the quality of a chemical drug, which have, are true indicators. So, there is no problem in assessing a synthetic drug’s quality. As far as the preparation used in Ayurvedic system of medicine, a drug formulation or design may not be a problem, because many formulations are well documented in classical texts. But, there is confusion with respect to standards to be followed while preparing a formulation as well as basic parameters to assess the quality of the finished product. In Ayurveda, pañcavidhakasayakalpana are the basic pharmaceutical preparations, from which all the other preparations are developed. A specific method for each and every preparation and some basic standards of finished products are mentioned in Ayurvedic texts to maintain their quality. This information may some times vary from text to text. To overcome this problem Sarangdhara mentioned detailed information about various formulations with respect to their methods of preparation as well as basic standards and are documented in Sarangdhara Samhita.
KW - Drug Compounding KW - Formularies as Topic KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Plant Preparations SP - 21 EP - 32 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333659 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9685 T1 - Basic principles of pharmaceutical science in Ayurvĕda JF - Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) JA - Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad A1 - Subhose,Varanasi A1 - Srinivas,Pitta A1 - Narayana,Ala VL - 35 IS - 2 PY - 2005/12//Jul-undefined N1 -Pharmaceutical is one of the allied branches of science, which is closely associated with Medical science. Today pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy are playing important role in treatment for a disease and its prevention. Herbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population mostly in the developing countries in the primary health care. There has been an upsurge in demand for the Phyto-pharmaceutical products of Ayurveda in western nations, because of the fact that the synthetic drugs are considered to be unsafe. Due to this many national and multinational pharmaceutical companies are now concentrating on manufacturing of Ayurvedic Phyto-pharmaceutical products. Ayurveda is the Indian traditional system of medicine, which also deals about pharmaceutical science. The Ayurvedic knowledge of the pharmaceutical science is scattered in Ayurvedic classical texts. Saranghadhara Samhita, which is written by Saranghadhara, explain systematically about the information of the Ayurvedic pharmaceutical science and also updated it. Industrialized manufacturing of Ayurvedic dosage forms has brought in new challenges like deviation from basic concepts of medicine preparation. Saranghadhara Samrhita the devout text on pharmaceutics in Ayurveda comes handy to solve such problems, as the methods described are very lucid and easy to follow.
KW - Formularies as Topic KW - History, Ancient KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Pharmacy KW - Plant Preparations KW - Plants, Medicinal SP - 83 EP - 92 SN - 0304-9558 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333665 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9686 T1 - Molecular approach to ayurveda JF - Indian Journal of Experimental Biology JA - Indian J. Exp. Biol A1 - Tripathi,Y B VL - 38 IS - 5 PY - 2000/05// N1 -In ayurvedic system of medicine, it is considered that a living system is made of panch-mahabuta, in the form of Vata, pitta and kapha at the physical level and satwa, raja and tama at the mental level. This covers the psychosomatic constitution and commonly known as the Tridosh theory. The imbalance in these body humours is the basic cause of any type of disease manifestation. Till date, several objective parameters have been proposed to monitor the level of these basic humours but none of them is complete. In this exercise, now it is proposed to consider free radical theory of diseases as one of the objective parameters. To be more specific, vata can be monitored in terms of membrane bound signal transduction, pitta as the process of phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation of different proteins (signalling moieties and enzymes) and kapha can be viewed as the degree of gene expression as protein synthesis. This can be correlated with the ojas of the body or total body defence mechanism.
KW - Alzheimer Disease KW - Arteriosclerosis KW - Free Radicals KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Ayurvedic KW - Models, Biological KW - Molecular Biology SP - 409 EP - 414 SN - 0019-5189 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11272402 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9687 T1 - Karma, reincarnation, and medicine: Hindu perspectives on biomedical research JF - Genomic Medicine JA - Genomic Med M3 - 10.1007/s11568-009-9079-4 A1 - Hutchinson,Janis Faye A1 - Sharp,Richard VL - 2 IS - 3-4 PY - 2008/12// N1 -Prior to the completion of the Human Genome Project, bioethicists and other academics debated the impact of this new genetic information on medicine, health care, group identification, and peoples’ lives. A major issue is the potential for unintended and intended adverse consequences to groups and individuals. When conducting research in, for instance, American Indian and Alaskan native (AI/AN) populations, political, cultural, religious and historical issues must be considered. Among African Americans, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment is a reminder of racism and discrimination in this country. The goal of the current study is to understand reasons for participating, or not, in genetic research such as the HapMap project and other genetic/medical research from the perspective of the Indian American community in Houston, Texas. In this article, we report on a topic central to this discussion among Indian Americans: karma and reincarnation. Both concepts are important beliefs when considering the body and what should happen to it. Karma and reincarnation are also important considerations in participation in medical and genetic research because, according to karma, what is done to the body can affect future existences and the health of future descendants. Such views of genetic and medical research are culturally mediated. Spiritual beliefs about the body, tissue, and fluids and what happens to them when separated from the body can influence ideas about the utility and acceptability of genetic research and thereby affect the recruitment process. Within this community it is understood that genetic and environmental factors contribute to complex diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer; and acknowledgment of the significance of environmental stressors in the production of disease. A commitment to service, i.e. “betterment of humanity,” karmic beliefs, and targeting environmental stressors could be prominent avenues for public health campaigns in this population. This study suggests that minority status does not automatically indicate unwillingness to participate in genetic or medical research. Indian Americans were not skeptical about the potential benefits of biomedical research in comparison to other ethnic minority communities in the United States.
SP - 107 EP - 111 SN - 1871-7934 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19479363 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9688 T1 - Health Care and Traditional Medicine in China, 1800-1982 CY - London A1 - Hillier,S. M A1 - Jewell,J. A PB - Routledge & Kegan Paul PY - 1983/// N1 -Beginning with the period of the early expansion of Western missionary medicine, this account covers the chaotic years of Nationalist rule to the foundations of the People’s Republic in 1949. It trances the major influences on health care since then and describes the conflicts of State bureaucracy, Party and medical profession in their attempts to match political objectives in health care to resources available.
KW - China KW - History KW - Medical care KW - Medicine KW - MEDICINE, Chinese SN - 0710094256 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9689 T1 - Medicine--the art of humaneness: on ethics of traditional Chinese medicine JF - The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy JA - J Med Philos A1 - Qiu,R Z VL - 13 IS - 3 PY - 1988/08// N1 -This essay discusses the ethics of traditional Chinese medicine. After a brief remark on the history of traditional Chinese medical ethics, the author outlines the Confucian ethics which formed the cultural context in which traditional Chinese medicine was evolving and constituted the core of its ethics. Then he argued that how Chinese physicians applied the principles of Confucian ethics in medicine and prescribed the attitude a physician should take to himself, to patients and to his colleagues. In the last part of the essay he discusses the characteristics of traditional Chinese medical ethics.
KW - Beneficence KW - Confucianism KW - Ethical Theory KW - Ethics, Medical KW - History, Medieval KW - History, Modern 1601- KW - Human Characteristics KW - Humanism KW - Intention KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Moral Obligations KW - Paternalism KW - Religious Philosophies KW - Trust KW - Value of Life KW - Virtues SP - 277 EP - 299 SN - 0360-5310 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/3058852 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9690 T1 - Needles, herbs, gods, and ghosts : China, healing, and the West to 1848 CY - Cambridge Mass. A1 - Barnes,Linda PB - Harvard University Press PY - 2005/// SN - 9780674018723 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9691 T1 - Medicine and History as Theoretical Tools in a Confucian Pragmatism JF - Philosophy East and West A1 - Birdwhistell,Anne D. VL - 45 IS - 1 PY - 1995/01// SP - 1 EP - 28 SN - 00318221 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1399507 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9692 T1 - Rethinking the history of medicine in Asia: Hakim Mohammed Said and the Society for the Promotion of Eastern Medicine JF - The Journal of Asian Studies JA - J Asian Stud A1 - Alter,Joseph S VL - 67 IS - 4 PY - 2008/11// N1 -In 1963 Hakim Mohammed Said took a Pakistani delegation from the Society for the Promotion of Eastern Medicine on a monthlong trip to China to meet with and learn from practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine. This essay focuses on Said’s interpretation of the history of medicine in Asia, which was inspired by his trip and informed by a broad, global understanding of how Unani medicine developed from the eighth century to the present. Said’s advocacy of Eastern Medicine provides a way to think about the history of medicine and medical revitalization that is not limited by colonial, postcolonial, or nationalist assumptions and priorities.
KW - China KW - Colonialism KW - Historiography KW - History of Medicine KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, Ancient KW - History, Medieval KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Medicine, Unani KW - Pakistan SP - 1165 EP - 1186 SN - 0021-9118 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19149016 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9693 T1 - Medicine in China: A History of Ideas CY - Berkeley A1 - Unschuld,Paul U PB - University of California Press PY - 1985/// N1 -In the first comprehensive and analytical study of therapeutic concepts and practices in China, Paul Unschuld traces the history of documented health care from its earliest extant records to present developments.
KW - MEDICINE, Chinese KW - Philosophy SN - 0520050231 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9694 T1 - The Origin of Chinese Folk Medicine JF - Asian Folklore Studies A1 - Schiffeler,John Wm. VL - 35 IS - 1 PY - 1976/// SP - 17 EP - 35 SN - 03852342 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1177648 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9695 T1 - The Transformations of Tibetan Medicine T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Janes,Craig R. VL - 9 IS - 1 PY - 1995/03// N1 -This article presents a cultural and historical analysis of 20th-century Tibetan medicine. In its expansion into the state bureaucracy, Tibetan medicine has acceded to institutional modernity through transformations in theory, practice, and methods for training physicians. Despite Chinese rule in Tibet, however, Tibetan medicine has not yielded completely to state interests. With the collapsing of the traditionally pluralistic Tibetan health system into the professional sector of Tibetan medicine, contemporary Tibetan medicine has become to the laity a font of ethnic revitalization and resistance to the modernization policies of the Chinese state. These processes are particularly evident in the elaboration of disorders of rlung, a class of sicknesses that, collectively, have come to symbolize the suffering inherent in rapid social, economic, and political change.
SP - 6 EP - 39 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/648555 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9696 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Acupuncture JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Vickers,Andrew A1 - Zollman,Catherine VL - 319 IS - 7215 PY - 1999/10/09/ SP - 973 EP - 976 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186035 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9697 T1 - Daoist Body Cultivation: Traditional Models and Contemporary Practices CY - Magdalena, NM A1 - Kohn,Livia PB - Three Pines Press PY - 2006/// N1 -Presented by a group of dedicated scholars and practitioners, this volume covers the key practices of medical healing, breathing techniques, diets and fasting, healing exercises, sexual practices, Qigong, and Taiji quan.
KW - Health KW - Hygiene, Taoist KW - Religious aspects SN - 1931483051 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9698 T1 - Qigong: where did it come from? Where does it fit in science? What are the advances? JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2006.12.351 A1 - Shinnick,Phillip VL - 12 IS - 4 PY - 2006/05// KW - Attitude to Health KW - Breathing Exercises KW - China KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Humans KW - Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) KW - Qi KW - Research Design KW - Tai Ji KW - United States SP - 351 EP - 353 SN - 1075-5535 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16722782 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9699 T1 - Voices of Qi: An Introductory Guide to Traditional Chinese Medicine A1 - Holland,Alex PB - North Atlantic Books PY - 2000/// N1 -The physiological systems through which traditional Chinese medicine works are discussed, as well as acupuncture, moxibustion, Chinese herbal medicine, and how to select a practitioner.
SN - 9781556433269 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9700 T1 - Chinese magical medicine CY - Stanford Calif. A1 - Strickmann,Michel PB - Stanford University Press PY - 2002/// N1 -This book argues that the most profound and far-reaching effects of Buddhism on Chinese culture occurred at the level of practice, specifically in religious rituals designed to cure people of disease, demonic possession, and bad luck. This practice would leave its most lasting imprint on the liturgical tradition of Taoism. In focusing on religious practice, it provides a corrective to traditional studies of Chinese religion, which overemphasize metaphysics and spirituality.
SN - 9780804734493 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9701 T1 - The Sacred in the Scientific: Ambiguous Practices of Science in Tibetan Medicine JF - Cultural Anthropology A1 - Adams,Vincanne VL - 16 IS - 4 PY - 2001/11// SP - 542 EP - 575 SN - 08867356 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/656648 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9702 T1 - New Geographies of Chinese Medicine T3 - 2nd Series JF - Osiris A1 - Hinrichs,T. J. VL - 13 PY - 1998/// SP - 287 EP - 325 SN - 03697827 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/301886 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9703 T1 - Body, Discourse, and the Cultural Politics of Contemporary Chinese Qigong JF - The Journal of Asian Studies A1 - Xu,Jian VL - 58 IS - 4 PY - 1999/11// SP - 961 EP - 991 SN - 00219118 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2658492 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9704 T1 - Chinese medicine and its modernization demands JF - Archives of Medical Research JA - Arch. Med. Res M3 - 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.09.011 A1 - Li,Wei-Feng A1 - Jiang,Jian-Guo A1 - Chen,Jian VL - 39 IS - 2 PY - 2008/02// N1 -As a typical naturally derived drug, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has developed for several thousands of years and accumulated abundant human pharmacological information and experience to form an integrated theory system. However, the problems of lower product quality, substandard codes and standards, and under-enhancement of fundamental research have restricted its further development and acceptance internationally. In this review, we explain the origin and developmental history of TCM, species involved in TCM, and their distributions in biotaxy. According to the status and problems, it is concluded that TCM modernization has become necessary and urgent. Modernization of TCM means the combination of TCM with modern technology, modern academic thoughts, and modern scientific culture, in which the most important point is to elucidate the active component of TCM, especially the material foundation of compound prescriptions and their pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Technology of analytical chemistry (HPLC, HPCE, HSCCC, etc.) and molecular biology (patch clamp, gene clamp, gene chip, fluorescent probe, DNA TUNEL assay, in situ hybridization, etc.) are useful tools to realize the modernization of TCM. Based on those studies and achievements and coupled with computer technology, all TCM products will achieve digitalization and normalization. TCM modernization will provide the world with useful reference information on traditional medicines.
KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional SP - 246 EP - 251 SN - 0188-4409 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18164973 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9705 T1 - Chinese medicine in post-Mao China : standardization and the context of modern science A1 - Jia,Huanguang PY - 1997/// ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9706 T1 - Does It Take a Miracle? Negotiating Knowledges, Identities, and Communities of Traditional Chinese Medicine JF - Cultural Anthropology A1 - Zhan,Mei VL - 16 IS - 4 PY - 2001/11// SP - 453 EP - 480 SN - 08867356 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/656646 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9707 T1 - Falungong: recent developments in Chinese notions of healing JF - Journal of Cultural Diversity JA - J Cult Divers A1 - Gale,Deborah Dysart A1 - Gorman-Yao,W M VL - 10 IS - 4 PY - 2003/// N1 -Transcultural nursing literature provides a rich picture of prominent Chinese health-related beliefs derived from the traditions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. However, these traditional beliefs are being challenged and modified in response to public discussion of a new spiritual movement, Falungong (also spelled Falun Gong). This movement calling for personal and social renewal has arisen in reaction to significant political and economic upheavals in Chinese society. This paper presents an overview of the Falungong movement and the health beliefs it advances. Implications for U.S. nursing practice are discussed.
KW - Anomie KW - Asian Americans KW - Attitude to Health KW - Buddhism KW - China KW - Confucianism KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Health promotion KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Chinese Traditional KW - Morale KW - Morals KW - Nurse's Role KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Religious Philosophies KW - Social Change KW - spirituality KW - Transcultural Nursing KW - Unemployment SP - 124 EP - 127 SN - 1071-5568 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15000055 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9708 T1 - Remodeling the Arsenal of Chinese Medicine: Shared Pasts, Alternative Futures JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Scheid,Volker VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N1 -The discourse on alternative medicine assumes that medical practices exist as distinctive medical systems that compete with each other in plural health care systems. Anthropological and historical research clearly demonstrates, however, that this is not so. Many so-called traditional medicines are revealed as inventions of distinctly modern regimes of knowledge and institutional practice, while the political needs of healers and the epistemological desires of researchers converge in the construction of distinctive medical practices for description, classification, and comparison. This article draws on genealogy as a possible way out of this impasse. It shows how different generations of physicians of Chinese medicine employed the same four core concepts to reflect on their practice, imbuing them with ever new meanings to relate them to the changing demands of clinical and political practice. Examining these core concepts reveals something about the essence of Chinese medicine without reducing our analysis to a misguided search for cultural essences.
SP - 136 EP - 159 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049693 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9709 T1 - The New Face of Traditional Chinese Medicine T3 - New Series JF - Science A1 - Normile,Dennis VL - 299 IS - 5604 PY - 2003/01/10/ SP - 188 EP - 190 SN - 00368075 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3833313 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9710 T1 - "Gambling for Qi": Suicide and Family Politics in a Rural North China County JF - The China Journal A1 - Fei,Wu IS - 54 PY - 2005/07// SP - 7 EP - 27 SN - 13249347 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/20066064 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9711 T1 - Medicine Is a Humane Art The Basic Principles of Professional Ethics in Chinese Medicine JF - The Hastings Center Report A1 - Zhang,Daqing A1 - Cheng,Zhifan VL - 30 IS - 4 PY - 2000/08//Jul N1 -The value system of medical ethics in China has a long tradition that can be traced back to ancient times. Those values are reflected in the (Confucian) precept that “medicine is a humane art.” That is, medicine is not only a means to save people’s lives, but also a moral commitment to love people and free them from suffering through personal caring and medical treatment. Although this precept has been well accepted as the basic principle of professional ethics as general principle that emphasizes doctors’ self-accomplishment and self-restraint, there has never been a universally accepted professional code and binding principles in Chinese medicine comparable to the Hippocratic Oath in western medicine.
SP - S8-S12 EP - S8-S12 SN - 00930334 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3527656 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9712 T1 - The effects of Islam and traditional practices on women's health and reproduction JF - Nursing Ethics JA - Nurs Ethics A1 - Bahar,Zuhal A1 - Okçay,Hale A1 - Ozbiçakçi,S A1 - Beşer,Ayse A1 - Ustün,Besti A1 - Oztürk,Meryem VL - 12 IS - 6 PY - 2005/11// N1 -The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Islam as a religion and culture on Turkish women’s health. The study included 138 household members residing in the territory of three primary health care centers in Turkey: Güzelbahçe, Fahrettin Altay and Esentepe. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire prepared by a multidisciplinary team that included specialists from the departments of public health, psychiatric nursing and sociology. We found that the women’s health behavior changed from traditional to rational as education levels increased, and that religious and traditional attitudes and behaviors were predominant in the countryside, especially practices related to pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, induced abortion and family planning. One of the most important prerequisites for the improvement of women’s health is that nurses should know the religious practices and culture of the society for which they provide care, so that their efforts to protect and improve women’s health will be effective.
N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Islam as a religion and culture on Turkish women's health. The study included 138 household members residing in the territory of three primary health care centers in Turkey: Güzelbahçe, Fahrettin Altay and Esentepe. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire prepared by a multidisciplinary team that included specialists from the departments of public health, psychiatric nursing and sociology. We found that the women's health behavior changed from traditional to rational as education levels increased, and that religious and traditional attitudes and behaviors were predominant in the countryside, especially practices related to pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, induced abortion and family planning. One of the most important prerequisites for the improvement of women's health is that nurses should know the religious practices and culture of the society for which they provide care, so that their efforts to protect and improve women's health will be effective. KW - Abortion, Induced KW - Adult KW - Attitude to Health KW - Culture KW - Educational Status KW - Family Planning Services KW - Female KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Maternal Health Services KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Turkey KW - Women's Health SP - 557 EP - 570 SN - 0969-7330 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16312085 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9713 T1 - Islam and mental health JF - Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Santé De La Méditerranée Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Ṣiḥḥīyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassiṭ JA - East. Mediterr. Health J A1 - Baasher,T A VL - 7 IS - 3 PY - 2001/05// N1 -This paper discusses the importance of a spiritual element in health with particular reference to mental health and Islam. The Islamic spiritual quest is outlined and some directives described. Specific examples are given of their application to health.
KW - Alcoholism KW - Attitude to Health KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Health Behavior KW - Health promotion KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Mental Disorders KW - mental health KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology SP - 372 EP - 376 SN - 1020-3397 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12690755 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9714 T1 - Islamic legacy of cardiology: Inspirations from the holy sources JF - International Journal of Cardiology JA - Int. J. Cardiol M3 - 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.470 A1 - Turgut,Okan A1 - Yalta,Kenan A1 - Tandogan,Izzet PY - 2009/10/24/ N1 -The main source of all inspirational knowledge in Islam is indeed the Holy Qur’an. The verses of the Qur’an as well as the Hadeeth and Sunnah literature have also accumulated a number of teachings and practices in relation to cardiovascular medicine. Islam is actually a comprehensive system of life, which provides mankind with the best forms of balance between the mundane and the spiritual. Early era of Islamic medicine has generated some very famous and notable physicians. The greatest physician of this era was Avicenna who devoted a substantial section of his classic magnum opus, the Canon of Medicine, to cardiovascular disorders. The empirical guidelines and principles of the Qur’an and Sunnah might contribute to the understanding and evaluation of various disturbances of the heart and vessels. Islamic legacy will still continue to inspire the contemporary cardiology in investigating cardiovascular diseases.
N2 - The main source of all inspirational knowledge in Islam is indeed the Holy Qur'an. The verses of the Qur'an as well as the Hadeeth and Sunnah literature have also accumulated a number of teachings and practices in relation to cardiovascular medicine. Islam is actually a comprehensive system of life, which provides mankind with the best forms of balance between the mundane and the spiritual. Early era of Islamic medicine has generated some very famous and notable physicians. The greatest physician of this era was Avicenna who devoted a substantial section of his classic magnum opus, the Canon of Medicine, to cardiovascular disorders. The empirical guidelines and principles of the Qur'an and Sunnah might contribute to the understanding and evaluation of various disturbances of the heart and vessels. Islamic legacy will still continue to inspire the contemporary cardiology in investigating cardiovascular diseases. SN - 1874-1754 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19857908 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9715 T1 - South African Muslim Faith Healers perceptions of mental illness: understanding, aetiology and treatment JF - Journal of Religion and Health JA - J Relig Health M3 - 10.1007/s10943-007-9133-2 A1 - Ally,Yaseen A1 - Laher,Sumaya VL - 47 IS - 1 PY - 2008/03// N1 -The important role that religious beliefs may have on perceptions of mental illness cannot be ignored. Many religions including Islam advocate witchcraft and spirit possession--all of which are thought to influence the behaviour of a person so as to resemble that of a mentally ill individual. Thus this research explored Muslim Faith Healers perceptions of mental and spiritual illness in terms of their understanding of the distinctions between the two, the aetiologies and the treatments thereof. Six Muslim Healers in the Johannesburg community were interviewed and thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. From the results it is clear that the faith healers were aware of the distinction between mental and spiritual illnesses. It was also apparent that Islam has a clear taxonomy that distinguishes illness and the causes thereof. Treatments are then advised accordingly. Thus this paper argues that the predominant Western view of the aetiology and understanding of mental illness needs to acknowledge the various culturally inclined taxonomies of mental illness so as to better understand and aid clients.
KW - Faith Healing KW - Humans KW - Interviews as Topic KW - ISLAM KW - Mental Disorders KW - Religion and Psychology KW - South Africa SP - 45 EP - 56 SN - 1573-6571 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19105000 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9716 T1 - Values, qualifications, ethics and legal standards in Arabic (Islamic) medicine JF - Saudi Medical Journal JA - Saudi Med J A1 - Ajlouni,Kamel M VL - 24 IS - 8 PY - 2003/08// N1 -Many historians claim that the Western world pioneered in the setting of ethical, legal and professional standards in the practice of medicine. Informed medical consent is proposed by some as an American invention. Others claim that patient rights and legal protection propose have stated in the early decades of the 20th century. This review is an attempt to uncover the facts regarding the way Arabs practiced medicine during the golden era of Islam. Eight hundred to fifteen hundred AD this includes the qualification of physicians according to a well designed curricula covering the science and humanity of medicine. The rules governing the quality control of health care delivery system and to some degree the principles of informed medical consent and to a lesser degree the principles of litigation are discussed. We hope that this paper will be a call to all humanity loving persons to end prejudices against other people and to stop stereotyping.
N2 - Many historians claim that the Western world pioneered in the setting of ethical, legal and professional standards in the practice of medicine. Informed medical consent is proposed by some as an American invention. Others claim that patient rights and legal protection propose have stated in the early decades of the 20th century. This review is an attempt to uncover the facts regarding the way Arabs practiced medicine during the golden era of Islam. Eight hundred to fifteen hundred AD this includes the qualification of physicians according to a well designed curricula covering the science and humanity of medicine. The rules governing the quality control of health care delivery system and to some degree the principles of informed medical consent and to a lesser degree the principles of litigation are discussed. We hope that this paper will be a call to all humanity loving persons to end prejudices against other people and to stop stereotyping. KW - Arab World KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Female KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, Ancient KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Liability, Legal KW - Male KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Moral Obligations KW - Quality of Health Care KW - Social Values SP - 820 EP - 826 SN - 0379-5284 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12939664 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9717 T1 - Islam and end-of-life organ donation. Asking the right questions JF - Saudi Medical Journal JA - Saudi Med J A1 - Rady,Mohamed Y A1 - Verheijde,Joseph L VL - 30 IS - 7 PY - 2009/07// N1 -Organ transplantation has become an established treatment option for end-stage organ disease. Both living and end-of-life (so called deceased) organ donation narrow the gap between supply and demand for transplantable organs. Advances in human biology prove that death occurs as a gradual process over time and not as a single discrete event. Declaring death with either neurological criteria (heart-beating organ donation) or circulatory criteria (non-heart-beating organ donation) enables the procurement of transplantable organs before human death is complete, namely, from the incipiently dying donor. Thus, surgical procurement of organs from the incipiently dying donor is the proximate cause of death, raising new questions on end-of-life organ donation. It is imperative to first and foremost care for the patient as a dying person. International Muslim scholars should reevaluate previous Islamic rulings and provide guidance about current practice of end-of-life organ donation.
N2 - Organ transplantation has become an established treatment option for end-stage organ disease. Both living and end-of-life (so called deceased) organ donation narrow the gap between supply and demand for transplantable organs. Advances in human biology prove that death occurs as a gradual process over time and not as a single discrete event. Declaring death with either neurological criteria (heart-beating organ donation) or circulatory criteria (non-heart-beating organ donation) enables the procurement of transplantable organs before human death is complete, namely, from the incipiently dying donor. Thus, surgical procurement of organs from the incipiently dying donor is the proximate cause of death, raising new questions on end-of-life organ donation. It is imperative to first and foremost care for the patient as a dying person. International Muslim scholars should reevaluate previous Islamic rulings and provide guidance about current practice of end-of-life organ donation. KW - Death KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Tissue and Organ Procurement SP - 882 EP - 886 SN - 0379-5284 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19618000 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9718 T1 - The perceived role of Islam in immigrant Muslim medical practice within the USA: an exploratory qualitative study JF - Journal of Medical Ethics JA - J Med Ethics M3 - 10.1136/jme.2007.021345 A1 - Padela,A I A1 - Shanawani,H A1 - Greenlaw,J A1 - Hamid,H A1 - Aktas,M A1 - Chin,N VL - 34 IS - 5 PY - 2008/05// N1 -Background: Islam and Muslims are underrepresented in the medical literature and the influence of physician’s cultural beliefs and religious values upon the clinical encounter has been understudied. Objective: To elicit the perceived influence of Islam upon the practice patterns of immigrant Muslim physicians in the USA. Design: Ten face-to-face, in-depth, semistructured interviews with Muslim physicians from various backgrounds and specialties trained outside the USA and practising within the the country. Data were analysed according to the conventions of qualitative research using a modified grounded-theory approach. Results: There were a variety of views on the role of Islam in medical practice. Several themes emerged from our interviews: (1) a trend to view Islam as enhancing virtuous professional behaviour; (2) the perception of Islam as influencing the scope of medical practice through setting boundaries on career choices, defining acceptable medical procedures and shaping social interactions with physician peers; (3) a perceived need for Islamic religious experts within Islamic medical ethical deliberation. Limitations: This is a pilot study intended to yield themes and hypotheses for further investigation and is not meant to fully characterise Muslim physicians at large. Conclusions: Immigrant Muslim physicians practising within the USA perceive Islam to play a variable role within their clinical practice, from influencing interpersonal relations and character development to affecting specialty choice and procedures performed. Areas of ethical challenges identified include catering to populations with lifestyles at odds with Islamic teachings, end-of-life care and maintaining a faith identity within the culture of medicine. Further study of the interplay between Islam and Muslim medical practice and the manner and degree to which Islamic values and law inform ethical decision-making is needed.
N2 - BACKGROUND: Islam and Muslims are underrepresented in the medical literature and the influence of physician's cultural beliefs and religious values upon the clinical encounter has been understudied. OBJECTIVE: To elicit the perceived influence of Islam upon the practice patterns of immigrant Muslim physicians in the USA. DESIGN: Ten face-to-face, in-depth, semistructured interviews with Muslim physicians from various backgrounds and specialties trained outside the USA and practising within the the country. Data were analysed according to the conventions of qualitative research using a modified grounded-theory approach. RESULTS: There were a variety of views on the role of Islam in medical practice. Several themes emerged from our interviews: (1) a trend to view Islam as enhancing virtuous professional behaviour; (2) the perception of Islam as influencing the scope of medical practice through setting boundaries on career choices, defining acceptable medical procedures and shaping social interactions with physician peers; (3) a perceived need for Islamic religious experts within Islamic medical ethical deliberation. Limitations: This is a pilot study intended to yield themes and hypotheses for further investigation and is not meant to fully characterise Muslim physicians at large. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrant Muslim physicians practising within the USA perceive Islam to play a variable role within their clinical practice, from influencing interpersonal relations and character development to affecting specialty choice and procedures performed. Areas of ethical challenges identified include catering to populations with lifestyles at odds with Islamic teachings, end-of-life care and maintaining a faith identity within the culture of medicine. Further study of the interplay between Islam and Muslim medical practice and the manner and degree to which Islamic values and law inform ethical decision-making is needed. KW - Adult KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Emigrants and Immigrants KW - Female KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Physicians KW - Pilot Projects KW - Professional Practice KW - Qualitative Research KW - Religion and Medicine KW - United States SP - 365 EP - 369 SN - 1473-4257 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18448718 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9719 T1 - Abortion and Islam: policies and practice in the Middle East and North Africa JF - Reproductive Health Matters JA - Reprod Health Matters M3 - 10.1016/S0968-8080(06)29279-6 A1 - Hessini,Leila VL - 15 IS - 29 PY - 2007/05// N1 -This paper provides an overview of legal, religious, medical and social factors that serve to support or hinder women’s access to safe abortion services in the 21 predominantly Muslim countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where one in ten pregnancies ends in abortion. Reform efforts, including progressive interpretations of Islam, have resulted in laws allowing for early abortion on request in two countries; six others permit abortion on health grounds and three more also allow abortion in cases of rape or fetal impairment. However, medical and social factors limit access to safe abortion services in all but Turkey and Tunisia. To address this situation, efforts are increasing in a few countries to introduce post-abortion care, document the magnitude of unsafe abortion and understand women’s experience of unplanned pregnancy. Religious fatawa have been issued allowing abortions in certain circumstances. An understanding of variations in Muslim beliefs and practices, and the interplay between politics, religion, history and reproductive rights is key to understanding abortion in different Muslim societies. More needs to be done to build on efforts to increase women’s rights, engage community leaders, support progressive religious leaders and government officials and promote advocacy among health professionals.
N2 - This paper provides an overview of legal, religious, medical and social factors that serve to support or hinder women's access to safe abortion services in the 21 predominantly Muslim countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where one in ten pregnancies ends in abortion. Reform efforts, including progressive interpretations of Islam, have resulted in laws allowing for early abortion on request in two countries; six others permit abortion on health grounds and three more also allow abortion in cases of rape or fetal impairment. However, medical and social factors limit access to safe abortion services in all but Turkey and Tunisia. To address this situation, efforts are increasing in a few countries to introduce post-abortion care, document the magnitude of unsafe abortion and understand women's experience of unplanned pregnancy. Religious fatāwa have been issued allowing abortions in certain circumstances. An understanding of variations in Muslim beliefs and practices, and the interplay between politics, religion, history and reproductive rights is key to understanding abortion in different Muslim societies. More needs to be done to build on efforts to increase women's rights, engage community leaders, support progressive religious leaders and government officials and promote advocacy among health professionals. KW - Abortion, Induced KW - Africa, Northern KW - Aftercare KW - Contraception KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Family Planning Services KW - Female KW - Health Policy KW - Health Services Accessibility KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Middle East KW - Patient Advocacy KW - Pregnancy KW - Women's Health KW - Women's Rights SP - 75 EP - 84 SN - 0968-8080 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17512379 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9720 T1 - Reproductive issues from the Islamic perspective JF - Human Fertility (Cambridge, England) JA - Hum Fertil (Camb) A1 - Husain,Fatima VL - 3 IS - 2 PY - 2000/// N1 -The Islamic faith is regarded by its followers, Muslims, as a complete way of life. A multitude of nationalities practice Islam and also various sects, and as a result there are various interpretations of Qur’anic guidance relating to almost every matter. Only a fully qualified jurist of the highest rank can issue edicts on problems that are not already clearly addressed in the Qur’an. This applies to contemporary issues and any Muslim is at liberty to debate and dialogue with the religious leader to obtain a ruling on a specific question. Marriage is described as half the faith in Islam and to have children is seen as a great blessing. There is no religious objection to an infertile married couple pursuing any form of infertility treatment including in vitro fertilization, surgical sperm retrieval and micro-assisted conception methods. However, there must be strict control to ensure that the gametes belong to the husband and wife. This relationship is described as ‘halal’ (permitted), whereas any union of gametes outside a marital bond, whether by adultery or in the laboratory, is ‘haraam’ (forbidden). Therefore, donor sperm pregnancies are strictly forbidden in all schools of Islamic law. The advent of ovum donation and surrogacy has led some Islamic scholars to allow this procedure between co-wives thereby avoiding the ‘haraam’ relationship between sperm and egg, but there is still debate on the definition of the mother. Similarly, treating any other situation outside a marriage relationship, for example fertilization of an ovum from cryopreserved sperm after divorce of the couple or death of the husband would be ‘haraam’ and strictly forbidden. The Qur’anic guidance is quite clear that the couple can pursue all permitted treatments but may need to accept that they may not achieve a pregnancy. Adoption is encouraged in Islam with the specific rule that the child must be able to identify its biological father by keeping his name. It must be emphasized that Muslims will vary on their degree of adherence to the faith and the practitioner should present all the options to the couple without assuming which treatments they will or will not accept.
N2 - The Islamic faith is regarded by its followers, Muslims, as a complete way of life. A multitude of nationalities practise Islam and also various sects, and as a result there are various interpretations of Qur'anic guidance relating to almost every matter. Only a fully qualified jurist of the highest rank can issue edicts on problems that are not already clearly addressed in the Qur'an. This applies to contemporary issues and any Muslim is at liberty to debate and dialogue with the religious leader to obtain a ruling on a specific question. Marriage is described as half the faith in Islam and to have children is seen as a great blessing. There is no religious objection to an infertile married couple pursuing any form of infertility treatment including in vitro fertilization, surgical sperm retrieval and micro-assisted conception methods. However, there must be strict control to ensure that the gametes belong to the husband and wife. This relationship is described as 'halal' (permitted), whereas any union of gametes outside a marital bond, whether by adultery or in the laboratory, is 'haraam' (forbidden). Therefore, donor sperm pregnancies are strictly forbidden in all schools of Islamic law. The advent of ovum donation and surrogacy has led some Islamic scholars to allow this procedure between co-wives thereby avoiding the 'haraam' relationship between sperm and egg, but there is still debate on the definition of the mother. Similarly, treating any other situation outside a marriage relationship, for example fertilization of an ovum from cryopreserved sperm after divorce of the couple or death of the husband would be 'haraam' and strictly forbidden. The Qur'anic guidance is quite clear that the couple can pursue all permitted treatments but may need to accept that they may not achieve a pregnancy. Adoption is encouraged in Islam with the specific rule that the child must be able to identify its biological father by keeping his name. It must be emphasized that Muslims will vary on their degree of adherence to the faith and the practitioner should present all the options to the couple without assuming which treatments they will or will not accept. SP - 124 EP - 128 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11844368 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9721 T1 - Islamic perspectives in human reproduction JF - Reproductive Biomedicine Online JA - Reprod. Biomed. Online A1 - Serour,G I VL - 17 Suppl 3 PY - 2008/// N1 -Assisted reproductive technology is widely practised around the world for the treatment of virtually all forms of infertility. The application of this technology in the Islamic world had been delayed for many years, based on the misconception that Islamic teachings do not approve assisted reproduction. The paper discusses derivation of Islamic rulings and its impact on the ethics of contemporary issues, including family formation and assisted reproduction. It clearly shows that Islam encourages family formation and assisted reproduction, when indicated, within the frame of marriage. It also discusses differences among Muslim sects, Sunni and Shi’aa. The paper also discusses Islamic rulings on the new emerging practices in assisted reproduction, including surrogacy, multifetal pregnancy reduction, cryopreservation, pregnancy in the post-menopausal period, sex selection and embryo implantation following the husband’s death. The moral status of the embryo in Islam is discussed. Organ differentiation and ensoulment are believed to occur at 42 days after fertilization at the earliest. As individuation of the embryo does not occur before 14 days from fertilization, research on surplus embryos during this period is allowed. Similarly, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, gene therapy and non-reproductive cloning for the benefit of humanity are ethically acceptable in Islam. This information should help physicians in their decision before conscientious objection to offering various modalities of assisted reproduction to their infertile patients.
N2 - Assisted reproductive technology is widely practised around the world for the treatment of virtually all forms of infertility. The application of this technology in the Islamic world had been delayed for many years, based on the misconception that Islamic teachings do not approve assisted reproduction. The paper discusses derivation of Islamic rulings and its impact on the ethics of contemporary issues, including family formation and assisted reproduction. It clearly shows that Islam encourages family formation and assisted reproduction, when indicated, within the frame of marriage. It also discusses differences among Muslim sects, Sunni and Shi'aa. The paper also discusses Islamic rulings on the new emerging practices in assisted reproduction, including surrogacy, multifetal pregnancy reduction, cryopreservation, pregnancy in the post-menopausal period, sex selection and embryo implantation following the husband's death. The moral status of the embryo in Islam is discussed. Organ differentiation and ensoulment are believed to occur at 42 days after fertilization at the earliest. As individuation of the embryo does not occur before 14 days from fertilization, research on surplus embryos during this period is allowed. Similarly, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, gene therapy and non-reproductive cloning for the benefit of humanity are ethically acceptable in Islam. This information should help physicians in their decision before conscientious objection to offering various modalities of assisted reproduction to their infertile patients. KW - Cloning, Organism KW - Cryopreservation KW - Female KW - Gene Therapy KW - Humans KW - Infertility KW - ISLAM KW - Male KW - Menopause KW - Posthumous Conception KW - Pregnancy KW - Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Reproduction KW - Reproductive Techniques, Assisted KW - Sex Preselection KW - Surrogate Mothers KW - Uterus SP - 34 EP - 38 SN - 1472-6491 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18983735 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9722 T1 - Perception of nursing care: views of Saudi Arabian female nurses JF - Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession JA - Contemp Nurse A1 - Mebrouk,Jette VL - 28 IS - 1-2 PY - 2008/04// N1 -Values are principles and standards that have meaning and worth to an individual, family, group, or community’ (Purnell & Paulanka 1998: p.3). Values are central to the care provided by nurses. The provision of nursing care within the context of value clarification, has been explored from various perspectives, however, as values vary within cultures, there is a limited range of studies reflecting on Saudi Arabian nurses’ perspectives of nursing care. Through a Heideggerian phenomenological research design, six nurses were enrolled through purposive sampling. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which were audio tape-recorded, were chosen as the methods of data collection. A seven stage framework approach was applied to analyse and organise the research findings in three conceptual themes: values in context of Islam, the nurse-patient relationship, and identity’s influence on being in the world of nursing. The findings of the research indicate that values in nursing and the perception of care are closely linked to the Islamic values of the informants. However, one of the most challenging aspects emerging from this study is related to these nurses’ experiences related to the public’s negative perception of nursing as a profession for Saudi Arabian women.
N2 - 'Values are principles and standards that have meaning and worth to an individual, family, group, or community' (Purnell & Paulanka 1998: p.3). Values are central to the care provided by nurses. The provision of nursing care within the context of value clarification, has been explored from various perspectives, however, as values vary within cultures, there is a limited range of studies reflecting on Saudi Arabian nurses' perspectives of nursing care. Through a Heideggerian phenomenological research design, six nurses were enrolled through purposive sampling. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which were audio tape-recorded, were chosen as the methods of data collection. A seven stage framework approach was applied to analyse and organise the research findings in three conceptual themes: values in context of Islam, the nurse-patient relationship, and identity's influence on being in the world of nursing. The findings of the research indicate that values in nursing and the perception of care are closely linked to the Islamic values of the informants. However, one of the most challenging aspects emerging from this study is related to these nurses' experiences related to the public's negative perception of nursing as a profession for Saudi Arabian women. KW - Data Collection KW - Female KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Male KW - Nurse-Patient Relations KW - Nurses KW - Nursing KW - SAUDI Arabia KW - Terminal Care SP - 149 EP - 161 SN - 1037-6178 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18844568 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9723 T1 - Science and Medicine in Islam: A Collection of Essays T3 - Collected studies CY - Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain A1 - Rosenthal,Franz PB - Variorum PY - 1990/// N1 -The achievements of medieval Muslim scholars in the fields of philosophy, science and medicine are now well recognized, and Franz Rosenthal’s work has been instrumental in helping us to understand these. In this third collection of his articles, he demonstrates the information to be gained from tracing the Greek roots of the science and medicine of the Islamic world in the Middle Ages. Of particular concern here are the Hellenistic or late Hellenistic authors such as Galen, Hippocrates or Ptolemy. These articles show how Muslim writers have preserved much that has been lost in the Greek and played a vital part in ensuring the continuity of the classical tradition, and examine some of the specific ways in which they reacted to and developed it. They also deal with questions such as the place of the physician in society and the medical attitude towards homosexuality. As previously, the opportunity has been taken to add extra notes, and there is further included, published for the first time, a complete bibliography of the author’s works.
KW - collected works KW - History KW - History of Medicine, Medieval KW - Islamic Empire KW - Medicine, Arab KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Science SN - 0860782824 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9724 T1 - The influence of Islam on AIDS prevention among Senegalese university students JF - AIDS Education and Prevention: Official Publication of the International Society for AIDS Education JA - AIDS Educ Prev M3 - 10.1521/aeap.2008.20.5.399 A1 - Gilbert,Sarah S VL - 20 IS - 5 PY - 2008/10// N1 -Few studies have attempted to quantify Islam’s contributions to HIV/AIDS prevention. Senegal has involved Muslim leaders in its prevention campaign for over a decade. Senegal also has the lowest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines how Islam influences AIDS prevention by testing whether Senegalese participants’ religiosity scores explain their risky decisions associated with sex, condom use, and drug use. Participants with higher religiosity scores were more likely to abstain from sex. However, participants high in religiosity were not more likely to report that they did not use condoms when sexually active.
N2 - Few studies have attempted to quantify Islam's contributions to HIV/AIDS prevention. Senegal has involved Muslim leaders in its prevention campaign for over a decade. Senegal also has the lowest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines how Islam influences AIDS prevention by testing whether Senegalese participants' religiosity scores explain their risky decisions associated with sex, condom use, and drug use. Participants with higher religiosity scores were more likely to abstain from sex. However, participants high in religiosity were not more likely to report that they did not use condoms when sexually active. KW - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome KW - Adolescent KW - Adult KW - Female KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Male KW - Questionnaires KW - Religion and Sex KW - Senegal KW - Sexual behavior KW - Students KW - Young Adult SP - 399 EP - 407 SN - 1943-2755 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18956981 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9725 T1 - The terminally ill Muslim: death and dying from the Muslim perspective JF - The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care JA - Am J Hosp Palliat Care A1 - Sarhill,N A1 - LeGrand,S A1 - Islambouli,R A1 - Davis,M P A1 - Walsh,D VL - 18 IS - 4 PY - 2001/08//Jul-undefined N1 -Islam holds life as sacred and belonging to God and that all creatures will die one day. Suicide is forbidden. Muslims believe death is only a transition between two different lives. The terminally ill Muslim desires to perform five ritual requirements. Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders are acceptable. A deceased Muslim must always be buried after being ritually washed and wrapped. There are different Muslim schools of thought, but they are united regarding their views on death and dying.
N2 - Islam holds life as sacred and belonging to God and that all creatures will die one day. Suicide is forbidden. Muslims believe death is only a transition between two different lives. The terminally ill Muslim desires to perform five ritual requirements. Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders are acceptable. A deceased Muslim must always be buried after being ritually washed and wrapped. There are different Muslim schools of thought, but they are united regarding their views on death and dying. KW - Attitude to Death KW - Attitude to Health KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Funeral Rites KW - Grief KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Patient Advocacy KW - Resuscitation Orders KW - Terminal Care KW - United States SP - 251 EP - 255 SN - 1049-9091 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11467099 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9726 T1 - Islam, Medicine, and Practitioners in Northern Nigeria T3 - Studies in African health and medicine CY - Lewiston A1 - Abdalla,Ismail Hussein PB - E. Mellen Press PY - 1997/// N1 -The author of this text argues that, although the Islamic and the pre-Islamic Hausa medical systems have much in common, their theoretical and conceptual frameworks are different. They operate from different understandings of the causes of disease and misfortune, and of the appropriate methods to be employed to restore health or alleviate suffering. The book also discusses another significant difference between the Islamic and non-Islamic Hausa medical systems: the mode of preserving and communicating medical knowledge. The early history of Islamic medicine is also described, and its theories, concepts and historical developments are explored.
KW - Hausa (African people) KW - History KW - ISLAM KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Arab KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Nigeria KW - Religion and Medicine KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0773486550 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9727 T1 - Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy JF - Psychology and Psychotherapy JA - Psychol Psychother M3 - 10.1348/147608309X467807 A1 - Weatherhead,Stephen A1 - Daiches,Anna PY - 2009/09/04/ N1 -Objectives: The aim of this research was to explore with a heterogeneous Muslim population their understanding of the concept of mental health and how any mental distress experienced by an individual can best be addressed. Design: A qualitative approach was taken. Participants were interviewed, and data analysed thematically. Methods: A sample of 14 Muslims was interviewed according to a semi-structured interview schedule. Participants were recruited via electronic mailing lists, and communications with local Muslim organizations. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Thematic analysis identified seven operationalizing themes that were given the labels ‘causes’, ‘problem management’, ‘relevance of services’, ‘barriers’, ‘service delivery’, ‘therapy content’, and ‘therapist characteristics’. Conclusions: The results highlight the interweaving of religious and secular perspectives on mental distress and responses to it. Potential barriers are discussed, as are the important characteristics of therapy, therapists, and service provision. Clinical implications are presented along with the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research.
SN - 1476-0835 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19735608 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9728 T1 - Cultural differences: practising medicine in an Islamic country JF - Clinical Medicine (London, England) JA - Clin Med A1 - Al-Kassimi,Mohammad VL - 3 IS - 1 PY - 2003/02//Jan-undefined N1 - @font-face { font-family: "Garamond"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.BibEntryAnnotation, li.BibEntryAnnotation, div.BibEntryAnnotation { margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }Islam and Muslims have been in the headlines recently for one reason or another. But the practice of medicine in an Islamic conservative country such as Saudi Arabia has not been adequately reported. Many questions about cultural differences in the practice of medicine have been directed at me by non-Muslim colleagues. Below, I have tried to answer some of them after practising at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia for the last 25 years.
KW - Abortion, Induced KW - Blood Transfusion KW - Female KW - Fertilization in Vitro KW - Hospitals, University KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Male KW - Organ Transplantation KW - Physician-Patient Relations KW - Pregnancy KW - Religion and Medicine KW - SAUDI Arabia KW - Sterilization, Reproductive SP - 52 EP - 53 SN - 1470-2118 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12617415 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9729 T1 - Islamic Medicine T3 - Islamic surveys CY - Edinburgh A1 - Ullmann,Manfred PB - Edinburgh University Press PY - 1978/// N1 -
This highly readable survey describes the development of Islamic medicine and its influence on Western medical thought. It explains the main features of Islamic medicine: its system of human physiology; its ideas about the nature of disease; its rules for diet and the use of drugs; and its relationship with astrology and the occult.
KW - Medicine, Arab SN - 0852243251 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9730 T1 - Health and healing in the Qur'an CY - Sa'adu Zungur Kano A1 - Ahmed,Musa PB - Triumph Pub. Co. Ltd. PY - 1998/// SN - 9789781880506 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9731 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Islamic Tradition: Change And Identity T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Rahman,Fazlur PB - Crossroad PY - 1987/// N1 -This is a pioneering attempt to portray the relationship of Islam as a system of faith and as a tradition to human health and health care. The author explores Wellness and Illness in the Islamic World view, the Religious Valuation of Medicine, The Prophetic Medicine, Medical Care, Medical Ethics and Passages.
KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0824507975 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9732 T1 - Allopathy Goes Native: Traditional Versus Modern Medicine in Iran T3 - International library of Iranian studies CY - London A1 - Loeffler,Agnes Gertrud PB - Tauris Academic Studies PY - 2007/// N1 -Allopathy is often described as “western” medicine, the antithesis of homeopathy. Allopathy Goes Native is an ethnographic investigation of how allopathic knowledge, theories and practice guidelines come to be understood and applied by native practitioners in a non-western context. Based on research among allopathic doctors in Iran, Loeffler describes how the system of allopathic medicine has adapted to indigenous explanations of health and disease and to the economic, social and religio-political realities framing contemporary Iranian life and culture. This approach simultaneously problematizes the view of allopathic medicine as a “western” entity exerting a hegemonic influence over non-western cultures and provides a rare glimpse of the complexities of life in modern Iran denied most western scholars. It is an essential supplement to the current anthropological literature on Iran.
KW - Anthropological aspects KW - Iran KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Public health KW - Social medicine KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9781850439424 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9733 T1 - Practice versus theory: tenth-century case histories from the Islamic Middle East JF - Social History of Medicine: The Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / SSHM JA - Soc Hist Med A1 - Alvarez-Millan,C VL - 13 IS - 2 PY - 2000/08// N1 -Medicine and disease in medieval Islam have thus far been approached through theoretic medical treatises, on the assumption that learned medical texts are a transparent account of reality. A question yet to be sufficiently explored is the extent to which the ideas and theoretical principles they contain were actually carried out in practice. This paper deals with the description of diseases occurring in a tenth-century Casebook (Kitab al-Tajarib) by Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya’ al-Razi (known to Europeans as Rhazes)-the largest and oldest collection of case histories, so far as is known, in medieval Islamic medical literature. Since the author was a prolific medical writer, this study also includes a review of his medical and therapeutic principles dealing with eye diseases, as described in his learned treatises, and a comparison with those therapies actually employed in his everyday practice, as exemplified by the Casebook. The comparative analysis shows that the medical knowledge and the therapeutic advice so meticulously described in theoretical works were not paralleled in the physician’s medical performance. On the contrary, it appears that learned treatises served other purposes than determining medical practice.
KW - Eye Diseases KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Medicine KW - Middle East KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Practice Management, Medical SP - 293 EP - 306 SN - 0951-631X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/14535258 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9734 T1 - How Islam changed medicine: Al-Nafis, Servetus, and Colombo JF - BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) JA - BMJ M3 - 10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120-c A1 - Cattermole,Giles N VL - 332 IS - 7533 PY - 2006/01/14/ KW - Blood Circulation KW - History, 16th Century KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Pulmonary Medicine SP - 120 EP - 121 SN - 1468-5833 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16410599 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9735 T1 - Historical perspectives on health. Early Arabic medicine JF - The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health JA - J R Soc Promot Health A1 - Brewer,Harry VL - 124 IS - 4 PY - 2004/07// N1 -The Arabian conquests during and after the 7th century led to a spread of Islam as well as the consequential influence of theology on health through the teachings of the Qur’an (Koran). Although traditional medicine was widely accepted and used, the character of early aggrandisement of Arabic medicine involved a facility for adapting and absorbing Graeco-Roman knowledge. The translation schools and libraries, famous in both the East and West, preserved and expanded the knowledge acquired. European academic learning owed much to the Arabs. Information came through Spain to Italy, France and, later on, England. The founding of hospitals, whilst not an Arab initiative, received a fillip from the religious prescriptions for care of the sick. The Military Orders developed specialist institutions for the sick, probably as a result of what they saw during their sojourn in the Middle East. The legacy of Arabic medical care is still with us today and deserves understanding and greater appreciation.
KW - Arab World KW - History of Nursing KW - History, Ancient KW - Hospitals KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Medicine, Traditional SP - 184 EP - 187 SN - 1466-4240 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15301318 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9736 T1 - Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East: historical development JF - Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Santé De La Méditerranée Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Ṣiḥḥīyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassiṭ JA - East. Mediterr. Health J A1 - Mohit,A VL - 7 IS - 3 PY - 2001/05// N1 -A brief account is given of attitudes towards mental health and the development of psychiatry in the Middle East from an historical perspective. The Middle East is considered as a cultural entity and the influence of the beliefs and practices of ancient times on the collective mind of the people of the Region is discussed.
KW - Arab World KW - Attitude to Health KW - Health Services Needs and Demand KW - History, 15th Century KW - History, 16th Century KW - History, 17th Century KW - History, 18th Century KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, 21st Century KW - History, Ancient KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - mental health KW - Mental Health Services KW - Middle East KW - Philosophy KW - Psychiatry KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religion and Psychology SP - 336 EP - 347 SN - 1020-3397 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12690751 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9737 T1 - How Islam changed medicine: Ibn Sina (Avicenna) saw medicine and surgery as one JF - BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) JA - BMJ M3 - 10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120-b A1 - Urquhart,John VL - 332 IS - 7533 PY - 2006/01/14/ KW - General Surgery KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, Medieval KW - ISLAM KW - Medicine, Arabic SP - 120 EP - 120 SN - 1468-5833 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16410600 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9738 T1 - The professional ethics of medieval pharmacists in the Islamic world JF - Medicine and Law JA - Med Law A1 - Chipman,Leigh N B VL - 21 IS - 2 PY - 2002/// N1 -Most work on Islamic medical ethics has been in relation to the physician, yet physicians are only one category of many health-related professionals. In view of its role as mediator between the layman and medication, pharmacy is of perhaps equal importance. In medieval Islam, there seems to have been a clear differentiation between the physician and the pharmacist. However, most of our sources reflect the physician’s point of view. A text which uniquely reflects that of the pharmacist is the thirteenth-century Minhaj al-dukkan by al-Kuhin al-’Attar of Cairo. A comparison between the ethical contents of this book, and of similar works aimed at physicians, can indicate what the differences and similarities were between the “good physician” and the “good pharmacist.” Interestingly, the language used to define the “go od” professional is religiously neutral--there is nothing to evince a particular identity, beyond a general monotheism, on the part of the writers.
KW - Ethics, Professional KW - History, Medieval KW - ISLAM KW - Pharmacy SP - 321 EP - 338 SN - 0723-1393 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12184610 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9739 T1 - Ibn Jazlah and his 11th century accounts (Taqwim al-abdan fi tadbir al-insan) of disease of the brain and spinal cord. Historical vignette JF - Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine JA - J Neurosurg Spine A1 - Tubbs,R Shane A1 - Loukas,Marios A1 - Shoja,Mohammadali M A1 - Ardalan,Mohammad A1 - Oakes,W Jerry VL - 9 IS - 3 PY - 2008/09// N1 -The 11th century was culturally and medicinally one of the most exciting periods in the history of Islam. Medicine of this day was influenced by the Greeks, Indians, Persians, Coptics, and Syriacs. One of the most prolific writers of this period was Ibn Jazlah, who resided in Baghdad in the district of Karkh. Ibn Jazlah made many important observations regarding diseases of the brain and spinal cord. These contributions and a review of the life and times of this early Muslim physician are presented.
KW - Books KW - Brain Diseases KW - History, Medieval KW - Iraq KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Spinal Cord Diseases SP - 314 EP - 317 SN - 1547-5654 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18928231 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9740 T1 - Anatomy of the eye from the view of Ibn Al-Haitham (965-1039). The founder of modern optics JF - Saudi Medical Journal JA - Saudi Med J A1 - Unal,Nedim A1 - Elcioglu,Omur VL - 30 IS - 3 PY - 2009/03// N1 -Ibn Al-Haitham (known as Alhazen in Latin [965 Basra, Iraq-1039, Cairo, Egypt]) was a scientist who played an important role in the middle age Islam world. He wrote many books and novels, but only 90 of them are known. His main book Kitab al-Manazir was translated into Western languages in the late twelfth century, and in the early thirteenth century. In this book, he formulated many hypotheses on optical science. The book, which is also known as Optic treasure (opticae thesaurus), affected many famous Western scientists. He became an authority until the seventeenth century in the Eastern and Western countries. Roger Bacon (1212-1294), who made radical changes in the Western optical traditions, reconfirmed Ibn Al-Haitham’s findings. Ibn al-Haitham began his book Kitab al-Manazir with the anatomy and physiology of the eye. He specifically described cornea, humor aqueous, lens, and corpus vitreum. He examined the effect of light on seeing. He caused changes in the prevailing ideas of his age, and suggested that light came from objects, not from the eye. He provided information regarding the optic nerve, retina, iris, and conjunctiva. He showed the system of the eye as a dioptric, and the relations between the parts of the eye. It is understood that he mastered all knowledge on the structure of the eye in his century. The best proof of this is the eye picture that he drew.
KW - Egypt KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Ophthalmology KW - Optics and Photonics KW - Reference Books, Medical SP - 323 EP - 328 SN - 0379-5284 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19271057 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9741 T1 - Egyptian contribution to the concept of mental health JF - Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Santé De La Méditerranée Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Ṣiḥḥīyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassiṭ JA - East. Mediterr. Health J A1 - Okasha,A VL - 7 IS - 3 PY - 2001/05// N1 -This paper provides an historical look at the Egyptian contribution to mental health from Pharaonic times through to the Islamic era and up to today. The current situation as regards mental health in Egypt is described.
KW - Arab World KW - Cultural Characteristics KW - Egypt KW - History, 20th Century KW - History, 21st Century KW - History, Ancient KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - mental health KW - Mental Health Services KW - Psychiatry SP - 377 EP - 380 SN - 1020-3397 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12690756 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9742 T1 - Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwan's Treatise, "On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt" CY - Berkeley A1 - ibn Ridwan,Ali A1 - Jamal,Adil Sulayman A2 - Dols,Michael W PB - University of California Press PY - 1984/// KW - ‘Al¯i ibn Ridw¯an KW - Medicine, Arab KW - Ris¯alah f¯i daf‘ mad¯arr al-abd¯an bi-ard Misr SN - 0520048369 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9743 T1 - Psychiatric therapy and pharmacology in medieval Islam JF - Medicina Nei Secoli JA - Med Secoli A1 - De Maio,Domenico VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 2002/// N1 -Although psychiatric therapy and pharmacology in Medieval Islam are based on the ancient Greek tradition, the original Arabic contribution in the introduction and employment of new substances is undeniable. Another important aspect which received a decisive impetus by Arab physicians was the concept of psychical therapy.
KW - History, Medieval KW - ISLAM KW - Pharmacology KW - Psychiatry KW - Religion and Medicine SP - 39 EP - 68 SN - 0394-9001 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12747380 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9744 T1 - Medicine of the Prophet CY - Cambridge A1 - Ibn Qayyim al-Jawz¯iyah,Muhammad ibn Ab¯i Bakr PB - Islamic Texts Society PY - 1998/// N1 -This book is a combination of religious and medical information, providing advice and guidance on the two aims of medicine - the preservation and restoration of health - in careful conformity with the teachings of Islam as enshrined in the Qur’an and the hadith, or sayings of the Prophet. Written in the fourteenth century by the renowned theologian Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751AH/1350AD) as part of his work Zad al-Ma’ad, this book is a mine of information on the customs and sayings of the Prophet, as well as on herbal and medical practices current at the time of the author. In bringing together these two aspects, Ibn Qayyim has produced a concise summary of how the Prophet’s guidance and teaching can be followed, as well as how health, sickness and cures were viewed by Muslims in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The original Arabic text offers an authoritative compendium of Islamic medicine and still enjoys much popularity in the Muslim world. This English translation is a more complete presentation than has previously been available and includes verification of all hadith references. Medicine of the Prophet will appeal not only to those interested in alternative systems of health and medicine, but also to people wishing to acquaint themselves with, or increase their knowledge of, hadith and the religion and culture of Islam.
KW - History of Medicine, Medieval KW - ISLAM KW - Medicine KW - Medicine in the Koran KW - Medicine, Arab KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Medicine, Medieval KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0946621195 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9745 T1 - Medieval Islamic Medicine CY - Washington, D.C A1 - Pormann,Peter E A1 - Savage-Smith,Emilie PB - Georgetown University Press PY - 2007/// N1 -The medical tradition that developed in the lands of Islam during the medieval period (c. 650-1500) has, like few others, influenced the fates and fortunes of countless human beings. It is the story of contact and cultural exchange across countries and creeds, affecting caliphs, kings, courtiers, courtesans, and the common crowd. This tradition formed the roots from which modern Western medicine arose. Contrary to the stereotypical picture, medieval Islamic medicine was not simply a conduit for Greek ideas, but a venue for innovation and change. The book is organized around five topics: the emergence of medieval Islamic medicine and its intense cross-pollination with other cultures; the theoretical medical framework; the function of physicians within the larger society; medical care as seen through preserved case histories; and the role of magic and devout religious invocations in scholarly as well as everyday medicine. A concluding chapter on the “afterlife” concerns the impact of this tradition on modern European medical practices, and its continued practice today. The book includes an index of persons and their books; a timeline of developments in East and West; and a chapter-by-chapter annotated bibliographic essay.
KW - History KW - History, Medieval KW - ISLAM KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Arab KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Medicine, Medieval KW - Religious aspects SN - 9781589011601 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9746 T1 - Female patients and practitioners in medieval Islam JF - Lancet JA - Lancet A1 - Pormann,Peter E VL - 373 IS - 9675 PY - 2009/05/09/ KW - Female KW - Gynecology KW - History, Medieval KW - Humans KW - ISLAM KW - Medicine in Literature KW - Medicine, Arabic KW - Obstetrics KW - Physicians, Women KW - Women's Health KW - Women's Rights SP - 1598 EP - 1599 SN - 1474-547X UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19437603 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9747 T1 - A tribute to Zakariya Razi (865 - 925 AD), an Iranian pioneer scholar JF - Archives of Iranian Medicine JA - Arch Iran Med A1 - Modanlou,Houchang D VL - 11 IS - 6 PY - 2008/11// N1 -The resurgence of Islamic Civilization in the Near East in the 7th century AD and its expansion to Persian Empire and Westward provided opportunities of access Persian, Hellenic, and Roman writings in philosophy and medicine. Based on their observations and experiences, Islamic physician-philosophers expanded upon those writings and at times challenged them. Among these physician-philosophers admiring and challenging Galen was Zakariya Razi described as the greatest physician of Islam and Medieval Ages. A search of electronic and written materials about early Islamic Medicine was carried out focusing on Persian physician-philosophers Zakariya Razi. Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known in the West as Rhazes, was born in 865 AD in the ancient city of Rey, Near Tehran. A musician during his youth he became an alchemist. He discovered alcohol and sulfuric acid. He classified substances as plants, organic, and inorganic. At age 30, he undertook the study of medicine. He was a prolific writer with more than 184 texts in medicine attributed to him with 40 of them currently available. Among them are Kitab al-Mansoori, Kitab al-Hawi, and Kitab al -Judari wa al-Hasabah. The latter is the first scientific description for the recognition and differentiation of smallpox and measles. The Bulletin of the World Health Organization of May 1970 pays tribute to Razi by stating “His writings on smallpox and measles show originality and accuracy, and his essay on infectious diseases was the first scientific treatise on the subject”. Razi established qualifications and ethical standards for the practice of medicine. Zakariya Razi was not only one of the most important Persian physician-philosophers of his era, but for centuries his writings became fundamental teaching texts in European medical schools. Some important aspects of his contributions to medicine are reviewed.
KW - History, Ancient KW - Humans KW - Iran KW - Male KW - Measles KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Smallpox SP - 673 EP - 677 SN - 1029-2977 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18976043 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9748 T1 - Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems in America: Issues of Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Gender CY - Madison, Wisconsin A1 - Baer,Hans A PB - The University of Wisconsin Press PY - 2001/// N1 -Examining medical pluralism in the United States from the Revolutionary War period through the end of the twentieth century, Hans Baer brings together in one convenient reference a vast array of information on healing systems as diverse as Christian Science, osteopathy, acupuncture, Santeria, southern Appalachian herbalism, evangelical faith healing, and Navajo healing. In a country where the dominant paradigm of biomedicine (medical schools, research hospitals, clinics staffed by M.D.s and R.N.s,) has been long established and supported by laws and regulations, the continuing appeal of other medical systems and subsystems bears careful consideration. Distinctions of class, Baer emphasizes, as well as differences in race, ethnicity, and gender, are fundamental to the diversity of beliefs, techniques, and social organizations represented in the phenomenon of medical pluralism. Baer traces the simultaneous emergence in the nineteenth century of formalized biomedicine and of homeopathy, botanic medicine, hydropathy, Christian Science, osteopathy, and chiropractic. He examines present-day osteopathic medicine as a system parallel to biomedicine with an emphasis on primary care; chiropractic, naturopathy, and acupuncture as professionalized heterodox medical systems; homeopathy, herbalism, bodywork, and lay midwifery in the context of the holistic health movement; Anglo-American religious healing; and folk medical systems, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. In closing, he focuses on the persistence of folk medical systems among working-class Americans and considers the growing interest of biomedical physicians, pharmaceutical and health care corporations, and government in the holistic health movement.
KW - Alternative medicine KW - Anthropology KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Cross-Cultural Comparison KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - Medical anthropology KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Social medicine KW - United States SN - 0299166902 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9749 T1 - Ritual healing in suburban America CY - New Brunswick A1 - McGuire,Meredith PB - Rutgers University Press PY - 1988/// SN - 9780813513126 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9750 T1 - Suffering presence : theological reflections on medicine, the mentally handicapped, and the church CY - Notre Dame Ind. A1 - Hauerwas,Stanley PB - University of Notre Dame Press PY - 1986/// SN - 9780268017217 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9751 T1 - How to Speak Postmodern: Medicine, Illness, and Cultural Change JF - The Hastings Center Report A1 - Morris,David B. VL - 30 IS - 6 PY - 2000/12//Nov N1 -The modernist “biomedical model” offers an inadequate understanding of illness. At the same time, some of the conceptual constructs that are offered to supplement the biomedical model are carelessly employed. Much that is said and written about empathy and healing, in particular, fails to reflect the historical and critical self-awareness of postmodern thinking at its best.
N2 - The modernist “biomedical model” offers an inadequate understanding of illness. At the same time, some of the conceptual constructs that are offered to supplement the biomedical model are carelessly employed. Much that is said and written about empathy and healing, in particular, fails to reflect the historical and critical self-awareness of postmodern thinking at its best. SP - 7 EP - 16 SN - 00930334 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3528447 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9752 T1 - The Sociopolitical Status of U. S. Naturopathy at the Dawn of the 21st Century T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Baer,Hans A. VL - 15 IS - 3 PY - 2001/09// N1 -Naturopathic medicine in the United States had its inception around the turn of the 20th century. Subsequently, it underwent a process of relatively rapid growth until around the 1930s, followed by a period of gradual decline almost to the point of extinction due to biomedical opposition and the advent of “miracle drugs.” Because its therapeutic eclecticism had preadapted it to fit into the holistic health movement that emerged in the 1970s, it was able to undergo a process of organizational rejuvenation during the last two decades of the century. Nevertheless, U.S. naturopathy as a professionalized heterodox medical system faces several dilemmas as it enters the new millennium. These include (1) the fact that it has succeeded in obtaining licensure in only two sections of the country, namely, the Far West and New England; (2) increasing competition from partially professionalized and lay naturopaths, many of whom are graduates of correspondence schools; and (3) the danger of cooptation as many biomedical practitioners adopt natural therapies.
N2 - Naturopathic medicine in the United States had its inception around the turn of the 20th century. Subsequently, it underwent a process of relatively rapid growth until around the 1930s, followed by a period of gradual decline almost to the point of extinction due to biomedical opposition and the advent of "miracle drugs." Because its therapeutic eclecticism had preadapted it to fit into the holistic health movement that emerged in the 1970s, it was able to undergo a process of organizational rejuvenation during the last two decades of the century. Nevertheless, U.S. naturopathy as a professionalized heterodox medical system faces several dilemmas as it enters the new millennium. These include (1) the fact that it has succeeded in obtaining licensure in only two sections of the country, namely, the Far West and New England; (2) increasing competition from partially professionalized and lay naturopaths, many of whom are graduates of correspondence schools; and (3) the danger of cooptation as many biomedical practitioners adopt natural therapies. SP - 329 EP - 346 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/649583 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9753 T1 - Unorthodox Medicine and American Religious Life JF - The Journal of Religion A1 - Fuller,Robert C. VL - 67 IS - 1 PY - 1987/01// SP - 50 EP - 65 SN - 00224189 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1203316 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9754 T1 - Homeopathy and the new fundamentalism: a critique of the critics JF - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.) JA - J Altern Complement Med M3 - 10.1089/acm.2007.0729 A1 - Milgrom,Lionel R VL - 14 IS - 5 PY - 2008/06// N1 -Though in use for over 200 years, and still benefiting millions of people worldwide today, homeopathy is currently under continuous attacks for being “unscientific.” The reasons for this can be understood in terms of what might be called a “New Fundamentalism,” emanating particularly but not exclusively from within biomedicine, and supported in some sections of the media. Possible reasons for this are discussed. New Fundamentalism’s hallmarks include the denial of evidence for the efficacy of any therapeutic modality that cannot be consistently “proven” using double-blind, randomized controlled trials. It excludes explanations of homeopathy’s efficacy; ignores, excoriates, or considers current research data supporting those explanations incomprehensible, particularly from outside biomedicine: it is also not averse to using experimental bias, hearsay, and innuendo in order to discredit homeopathy. Thus, New Fundamentalism is itself unscientific. This may have consequences in the future for how practitioners, researchers, and patients of homeopathy/complementary and alternative medicine engage and negotiate with primary health care systems.
N2 - Though in use for over 200 years, and still benefiting millions of people worldwide today, homeopathy is currently under continuous attacks for being "unscientific." The reasons for this can be understood in terms of what might be called a "New Fundamentalism," emanating particularly but not exclusively from within biomedicine, and supported in some sections of the media. Possible reasons for this are discussed. New Fundamentalism's hallmarks include the denial of evidence for the efficacy of any therapeutic modality that cannot be consistently "proven" using double-blind, randomized controlled trials. It excludes explanations of homeopathy's efficacy; ignores, excoriates, or considers current research data supporting those explanations incomprehensible, particularly from outside biomedicine: it is also not averse to using experimental bias, hearsay, and innuendo in order to discredit homeopathy. Thus, New Fundamentalism is itself unscientific. This may have consequences in the future for how practitioners, researchers, and patients of homeopathy/complementary and alternative medicine engage and negotiate with primary health care systems. KW - Biomedical Research KW - Complementary Therapies KW - Evidence-Based Medicine KW - Great Britain KW - Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice KW - Homeopathy KW - Humans KW - Mass Media KW - Meta-Analysis as Topic KW - Primary Health Care KW - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic KW - State Medicine SP - 589 EP - 594 SN - 1557-7708 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18564960 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9755 T1 - Human nature and the nature of reality: conceptual challenges from consciousness research JF - Journal of Psychoactive Drugs JA - J Psychoactive Drugs A1 - Grof,S VL - 30 IS - 4 PY - 1998/12//Oct-undefined N1 -Holotropic states (a large special subgroup of nonordinary states of consciousness) have been the focus of many fields of modern research, such as experiential psychotherapy, clinical and laboratory work with psychedelic substances, field anthropology, thanatology, and therapy with individuals undergoing psychospiritual crises (“spiritual emergencies”). This research has generated a plethora of extraordinary observations that have undermined some of the most fundamental assumptions of modern psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. Some of these new findings seriously challenge the most basic philosophical tenets of Western science concerning the relationship between matter, life, and consciousness. This article summarizes the most important major revisions that would have to be made in our understanding of consciousness and of the human psyche in health and disease to accommodate these conceptual challenges. These areas of changes include: a new understanding and cartography of the human psyche; the nature and architecture of emotional and psychosomatic disorders; therapeutic mechanisms and the process of healing; the strategy of psychotherapy and self-exploration; the role of spirituality in human life; and the nature of reality.
N2 - Holotropic states (a large special subgroup of nonordinary states of consciousness) have been the focus of many fields of modern research, such as experiential psychotherapy, clinical and laboratory work with psychedelic substances, field anthropology, thanatology, and therapy with individuals undergoing psychospiritual crises ("spiritual emergencies"). This research has generated a plethora of extraordinary observations that have undermined some of the most fundamental assumptions of modern psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. Some of these new findings seriously challenge the most basic philosophical tenets of Western science concerning the relationship between matter, life, and consciousness. This article summarizes the most important major revisions that would have to be made in our understanding of consciousness and of the human psyche in health and disease to accommodate these conceptual challenges. These areas of changes include: a new understanding and cartography of the human psyche; the nature and architecture of emotional and psychosomatic disorders; therapeutic mechanisms and the process of healing; the strategy of psychotherapy and self-exploration; the role of spirituality in human life; and the nature of reality. KW - Consciousness KW - Emotions KW - Humans KW - Psychology KW - Psychotherapy SP - 343 EP - 357 SN - 0279-1072 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924840 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9756 T1 - Health, healing, and religion : a cross-cultural perspective CY - Upper Saddle River N.J. A1 - Kinsley,David PB - Prentice Hall PY - 1996/// N1 -Explicitly dealing with the religious aspects of healing and healers, this unique and intriguing book examines illness, healing, and religion in cross-cultural perspective by looking at how sickness is understood and treated in a wide variety of cultures. Centered around three principle themes, the text: A) illustrates how crucial it is to frame illness in a meaningful context in every culture and how this process is almost always bound up with religious, spiritual, and moral concerns; B) shows how many beliefs, strategies, and practices that characterize traditional cultures also appear in Christianity, putting healing in the Christian tradition in a broad, rational context, and; C) discusses the continuities between traditional, explicitly religious, and modern medical cultures — demonstrating that many features of modern scientific medicine are symbolic and ritualistic, and that many aspects and practices of modern medicine are similar to healing as seen in traditional, pre-scientific medical cultures.
SN - 9780132127714 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9757 T1 - Moving Lines and Variable Criteria: Differences/Connections between Allpathic and Alternative Medicine JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Frohock,Fred M. VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N1 -The standard narratives of medicine recognize its origins in natural cures and in religious or spiritual discourses. The uneasy relationships of such practices (now designated as complementary or alternative medicine [CAM]) to conventional health care today can be tracked to the formation of medicine as a distinct profession based on modern science. The author accepts four statements as a framework for exploring CAM in the context of modern medicine. The first is that all versions of unconventional medicine depend for their identity on the existence of conventional medicine. The second is that the distinctions between alternative and conventional medicine are variables of time, place, and the attitudes of health care practitioners. Third, CAM today in the West occupies no sharp and distinctive category. There are instead continuums of various slopes and lengths on which types of complementary and alternative medicine are arrayed. Fourth, the turn to CAM may represent a chronic (and, to some, welcome) inclination of the human intellect to delimit the energies of material inquiries with metaphysical baselines and options.
N2 - The standard narratives of medicine recognize its origins in natural cures and in religious or spiritual discourses. The uneasy relationships of such practices (now designated as complementary or alternative medicine [CAM]) to conventional health care today can be tracked to the formation of medicine as a distinct profession based on modern science. The author accepts four statements as a framework for exploring CAM in the context of modern medicine. The first is that all versions of unconventional medicine depend for their identity on the existence of conventional medicine. The second is that the distinctions between alternative and conventional medicine are variables of time, place, and the attitudes of health care practitioners. Third, CAM today in the West occupies no sharp and distinctive category. There are instead continuums of various slopes and lengths on which types of complementary and alternative medicine are arrayed. Fourth, the turn to CAM may represent a chronic (and, to some, welcome) inclination of the human intellect to delimit the energies of material inquiries with metaphysical baselines and options. SP - 214 EP - 232 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049698 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9758 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Jewish Tradition: L'hayyim--to Life T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Feldman,David M PB - Crossroad PY - 1986/// KW - Abortion KW - Health KW - Marriage KW - Medical ethics KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 082450707X ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9759 T1 - Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions CY - New York A1 - Numbers,Ronald L A1 - Amundsen,Darrel W PB - Macmillan ; London : Collier Macmillan PY - 1986/// KW - Religion and Medicine SN - 0029192706 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9760 T1 - Christian Healing: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide CY - Grand Rapids, Mich A1 - Pearson,Mark A PB - Chosen Books PY - 1995/// KW - Health KW - Religious aspects KW - Spiritual healing SN - 0800792211 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9761 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: The Manipulative Therapies: Osteopathy and Chiropractic JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Vickers,Andrew A1 - Zollman,Catherine VL - 319 IS - 7218 PY - 1999/10/30/ SP - 1176 EP - 1179 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186229 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9762 T1 - Is homeopathy a science?--Continuity and clash of concepts of science within holistic medicine JF - The Journal of Medical Humanities JA - J Med Humanit M3 - 10.1007/s10912-009-9080-x A1 - Schmidt,Josef M VL - 30 IS - 2 PY - 2009/06// N1 -The question of whether homeopathy is a science is currently discussed almost exclusively against the background of the modern concept of natural science. This approach, however, fails to notice that homeopathy-in terms of history of science-rests on different roots that can essentially be traced back to two most influential traditions of science: on the one hand, principles and notions of Aristotelism which determined 2,000 years of Western history of science and, on the other hand, the modern concept of natural science that has been dominating the history of medicine for less than 200 years. While Aristotle’s “science of the living” still included ontologic and teleologic dimensions for the sake of comprehending nature in a uniform way, the interest of modern natural science was reduced to functional and causal explanations of all phenomena for the purpose of commanding nature. In order to prevent further ecological catastrophes as well as to regain lost dimensions of our lives, the one-sidedness and theory-loadedness of our modern natural-scientific view of life should henceforth be counterbalanced by lifeworld-practical Aristotelic categories. In this way, the ground would be ready to conceive the scientific character of homeopathy-in a broader, Aristotelian sense.
N2 - The question of whether homeopathy is a science is currently discussed almost exclusively against the background of the modern concept of natural science. This approach, however, fails to notice that homeopathy-in terms of history of science-rests on different roots that can essentially be traced back to two most influential traditions of science: on the one hand, principles and notions of Aristotelism which determined 2,000 years of Western history of science and, on the other hand, the modern concept of natural science that has been dominating the history of medicine for less than 200 years. While Aristotle's "science of the living" still included ontologic and teleologic dimensions for the sake of comprehending nature in a uniform way, the interest of modern natural science was reduced to functional and causal explanations of all phenomena for the purpose of commanding nature. In order to prevent further ecological catastrophes as well as to regain lost dimensions of our lives, the one-sidedness and theory-loadedness of our modern natural-scientific view of life should henceforth be counterbalanced by lifeworld-practical Aristotelic categories. In this way, the ground would be ready to conceive the scientific character of homeopathy-in a broader, Aristotelian sense. KW - Holistic Health KW - Homeopathy KW - Humans KW - Science SP - 83 EP - 97 SN - 1573-3645 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19148710 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9763 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Homoeopathy JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Vickers,Andrew A1 - Zollman,Catherine VL - 319 IS - 7217 PY - 1999/10/23/ SP - 1115 EP - 1118 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186167 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9764 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Eastern Orthodox Tradition: Faith, Liturgy, and Wholeness T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Harakas,Stanley S PB - Crossroad PY - 1990/// KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 082450934X ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9765 T1 - Health and Medicine Among the Latter-Day Saints: Science,sense, and Scripture T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Bush,Lester E PB - Crossroad PY - 1993/// KW - Christianity KW - Health KW - Hygiene, Mormon KW - Medicine KW - Membership KW - Mental Healing KW - Mormon Church KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religious aspects KW - Spiritual healing SN - 0824512197 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9766 T1 - Sickness or Sin: Spiritual Discernment and Differential Diagnosis CY - Brookline, MA A1 - Chirban,John T PB - Holy Cross Orthodox Press PY - 2001/// N1 -This book makes a tremendously important contribution to the dialogue between Christian faith and the healing professions. Noting that “knowing what to do and how and when to do it characterizes the essence of spiritual discernment and differential diagnosis,” John Chirban has focused this collection of articles around the critical issue of understanding in the therapeutic encounter. Drawing on the richness of the Orthodox Christian tradition, contributors identify rich resources to aid this process of therapeutic discernment. The result is a book that should be recognized for its value not only to Orthodox Christians but to all Christians with interest in under-standing the nature of personal formation, deformation and transformation.
KW - Discernment of spirits KW - DISEASES KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Psychology and religion KW - Religious aspects KW - Sin SN - 1885652496 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9767 T1 - Transforming Health: Christian Approaches to Healing And Wholeness CY - Monrovia, Calif., U.S.A ED - Ram,Eric PB - MARC PY - 1995/// KW - Health KW - HOLISTIC medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0912552891 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9768 T1 - A Comparison of Christian Science and Mainline Christian Healing Ideologies and Practices JF - Review of Religious Research A1 - Poloma,Margaret M. VL - 32 IS - 4 PY - 1991/06// N1 -Within the past decade there has been an increasing interest shown in the practice of spiritual healing. Evidence suggests that a sizable minority of Americans not only believe in spiritual healing but also that they have personally experienced such a healing. This article empirically explores the differences in ideology and practices of a group of Christian Scientists and another of Mainstream Christians who have experienced a physical healing as a result of prayer. It concludes with a discussion of the future of the two very different streams of the religious healing movement.
N2 - Within the past decade there has been an increasing interest shown in the practice of spiritual healing. Evidence suggests that a sizeable minority of Americans not only believe in spiritual healing but also that they have personally experienced such a healing. This article empirically explores the differences in ideology and practices of a group of Christian Scientists and another of Mainstream Christians who have experienced a physical healing as a result of prayer. It concludes with a discussion of the future of the two very different streams of the religious healing movement. SP - 337 EP - 350 SN - 0034673X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3511680 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9769 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Hypnosis and Relaxation Therapies JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Vickers,Andrew A1 - Zollman,Catherine VL - 319 IS - 7221 PY - 1999/11/20/ SP - 1346 EP - 1349 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186398 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9770 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Lutheran Tradition: Being Well CY - New York A1 - Marty,Martin E PB - Crossroad PY - 1983/// KW - Doctrines KW - Health KW - Lutheran Church KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0824506138 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9771 T1 - The Journey Toward Wholeness: A Christ-Centered Approach to Health and Healing CY - New York A1 - Bakken,Kenneth L A1 - Hofeller,Kathleen H PB - Crossroad PY - 1988/// KW - CHRISTIAN life KW - Health KW - Lutheran authors KW - Religious aspects KW - Spiritual healing SN - 0824508815 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9772 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Christian Science Tradition: Principle, Practice, and Challenge T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Peel,Robert PB - Crossroad PY - 1988/// KW - Christian Science KW - Doctrines KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0824508955 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9773 T1 - ABC of Complementary Medicine: Massage Therapies JF - BMJ: British Medical Journal A1 - Vickers,Andrew A1 - Zollman,Catherine VL - 319 IS - 7219 PY - 1999/11/06/ SP - 1254 EP - 1257 SN - 09598138 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186301 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9774 T1 - Despair, Sickness or Sin?: Hopelessness and Healing in the Christian Life CY - Nashville A1 - Bringle,Mary Louise PB - Abingdon Press PY - 1990/// KW - Despair KW - Health KW - hope KW - Laziness KW - Religious aspects KW - Sin SN - 0687104939 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9775 T1 - Healing Ministries: Conversations on the Spiritual Dimensions of Health Care CY - New York A1 - Fichter,Joseph Henry PB - Paulist Press PY - 1986/// KW - Health KW - INTERVIEWS KW - MEDICAL personnel KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0809128071 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9776 T1 - Christian Science Healing JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - Wardwell,Walter I. VL - 4 IS - 2 PY - 1965///Spring SP - 175 EP - 181 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1384135 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9777 T1 - The Christian Science Textbook: An Analysis of the Religious Authority of Science and Health by Mary Baker Eddy JF - The Harvard Theological Review A1 - Weddle,David L. VL - 84 IS - 3 PY - 1991/07// SP - 273 EP - 297 SN - 00178160 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1510020 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9778 T1 - Naming the silences : God, medicine, and the problem of suffering CY - Grand Rapids Mich. A1 - Hauerwas,Stanley PB - Wm. B. Eerdmans PY - 1990/// N1 -Hauerwas explores why we so fervently seek explanations for suffering and evil, and he shows how modern medicine has become a god to which we look--in vain--for deliverance from the evils of disease and mortality.
SN - 9780802804969 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9779 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Reformed Tradition: Promise, Providence, and Care CY - New York A1 - Vaux,Kenneth PB - Crossroad PY - 1984/// KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 082450612X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9780 T1 - Electric Medicine and Mesmerism JF - Isis A1 - Sutton,Geoffrey VL - 72 IS - 3 PY - 1981/09// SP - 375 EP - 392 SN - 00211753 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/230256 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9781 T1 - Health and Medicine in the Methodist Tradition: Journey Toward Wholeness T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Holifield,E. Brooks PB - Crossroad PY - 1986/// KW - Doctrines KW - Health KW - Medicine KW - Methodist Church KW - Religious aspects SN - 0824507924 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9782 T1 - Nature religion in America : from the Algonkian Indians to the New Age CY - Chicago A1 - Albanese,Catherine PB - University of Chicago Press PY - 1990/// N1 -This study reveals an unorganized and previously unacknowledged religion at the heart of American culture. Nature, Albanese argues, has provided a compelling religious center throughout American history.
SN - 9780226011455 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9783 T1 - A Philosophical Examination of the History and Values of Western Medicine CY - Lewiston, N.Y., USA A1 - Sharkey,Paul W PB - E. Mellen Press PY - 1992/// N1 -The study’s central thesis is that medicine reflects better than any other discipline the ethical crises of our age and that these are the natural result of the schism between “facts” and “values” brought about at the time of the scientific revolution. It offers a brief introduction to the philosophical history of medicine, argues that current ethical theory rests upon a fallacy of abstraction, calls for a more realistic appraisal of ethical responsibility, and challenges the notion that ethics is necessarily more “subjective” than science. The work goes on to examine the role of ethics in medical education, managing ethical issues in health-care delivery systems, medical economics, abortion, and sexually transmissible diseases, giving special attention to the realities of ethical responsibility in each case.
KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - Ethics, Medical KW - History KW - Medical ethics KW - Medicine KW - Philosophy KW - Philosophy, Medical KW - Religion and Medicine SN - 0773492100 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9784 T1 - Christian Science on Trial: Religious Healing in America T3 - Medicine, science, and religion in historical context CY - Baltimore A1 - Schoepflin,Rennie B PB - Johns Hopkins University Press PY - 2003/// KW - Christian Science KW - History KW - Law and legislation KW - Medical care KW - Medicine KW - Religious aspects KW - United States SN - 0801870577 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9785 T1 - Other healers : unorthodox medicine in America CY - Baltimore A1 - Gevitz,Norman PB - Johns Hopkins University Press PY - 1988/// N1 -Nine scholars examine the history of social dynamics of alternative health practices in this country. Editor Gevitz provides a historical and theoretical overview, followed by essays on botanical, health reform, and water-cure movements, homeopathy, osteopathy, chiropractic, Christian Science, divine healing, and contemporary folk medicine. Admirably nonpolemical, this book will be of interest to scholars in medical history, sociology, and anthropology; American and women’s studies (the water cure having feminist connections); and folklore.
SN - 9780801837104 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9786 T1 - American physicians in the nineteenth century : from sects to science CY - Baltimore A1 - Rothstein,William PB - Johns Hopkins University Press PY - 1992/// SN - 9780801844270 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9787 T1 - The social transformation of American medicine CY - New York A1 - Starr,Paul PB - Basic Books PY - 1982/// N1 -Winner of the 1983 Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in American History, this is a landmark history of how the entire American health care system of doctors, hospitals, health plans, and government programs has evolved over the last two centuries.
SN - 9780465079346 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9788 T1 - Blessed events : religion and home birth in America CY - Princeton A1 - Klassen,Pamela PB - Princeton University Press PY - 2001/// SN - 9780691087979 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9790 T1 - The five generations of American medical revolutions JF - The Journal of Family Practice JA - J Fam Pract A1 - Garrison,R L VL - 40 IS - 3 PY - 1995/03// N1 -Current medical authors frequently use the term “revolution,” yet American medicine is resisting change rather than embracing it. The last completed American medical revolutionary movement was the specialist-technologist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This paper describes a five-generational model of revolution. First-generation persons foment revolution; second-generation persons shape it into workable form and precipitate conflict; third-generation persons join the fight only when it appears to be all but won; fourth-generation persons enjoy the fruits of revolution; and fifth-generation persons, having risen to domination in the mature system, resist all attempts at reform by the next round of revolutionaries. In political revolutions, severe reactionary activity by the ruling party is often an indicator of an imminent overthrow by revolution. In scientific revolutions, the opposition of an established (specialist-technologist) paradigm to an emerging alternative (generalist) paradigm increases in intensity as the old order declines in strength; the opposition becomes most fierce just before the collapse of the old order. American specialist-technologist medicine, declining into its senescent fifth generation, will resist all but incremental change whenever possible, and accept major change only by force.
N2 - Current medical authors frequently use the term "revolution," yet American medicine is resisting change rather than embracing it. The last completed American medical revolutionary movement was the specialist-technologist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This paper describes a five-generational model of revolution. First-generation persons foment revolution; second-generation persons shape it into workable form and precipitate conflict; third-generation persons join the fight only when it appears to be all but won; fourth-generation persons enjoy the fruits of revolution; and fifth-generation persons, having risen to domination in the mature system, resist all attempts at reform by the next round of revolutionaries. In political revolutions, severe reactionary activity by the ruling party is often an indicator of an imminent overthrow by revolution. In scientific revolutions, the opposition of an established (specialist-technologist) paradigm to an emerging alternative (generalist) paradigm increases in intensity as the old order declines in strength; the opposition becomes most fierce just before the collapse of the old order. American specialist-technologist medicine, declining into its senescent fifth generation, will resist all but incremental change whenever possible, and accept major change only by force. KW - Family Practice KW - Health Care Reform KW - History, 18th Century KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, 20th Century KW - Specialties, Medical KW - Technology, Medical KW - United States SP - 281 EP - 287 SN - 0094-3509 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/7876786 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9791 T1 - Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America CY - Oxford A1 - Whorton,James C PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2002/// N1 -Esteemed medical historian Dr. James C. Whorton seeks to bring light to the flourishing of complementary and alternative medicine and provide its rich historical context in Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America. Whorton packs his book with historical information, primary research, detailed analysis, and the occasional apt poem to blend the diverse sections together into a comprehensive textbook that is both illuminating and accessible. It is a treasure for anyone, scholarly or not, who wants to learn about CAM, its history, and its place within American culture. While he seems to have fun with some of the more peculiar aspects of alternative medicine and its history, Whorton has a strong sympathy with the underlying worldview of CAM.
KW - 20th century KW - Alternative medicine KW - History KW - United States SN - 0195140710 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9792 T1 - Religion and Medicine in the Middle Ages T3 - York studies in medieval theology CY - Woodbridge, Suffolk ED - Biller,Peter ED - Ziegler,Joseph PB - York Medieval Press PY - 2001/// N1 -The sheer extent of crossover - medics as religious men, religious men as medics, medical language at the service of preaching and moral-theological language deployed in medical writings - is the driving force behind these studies. The book reflects the extraordinary advances which ‘pure’ history of medicine has made in the last twenty years: there is medicine at the levels of midwife and village practitioner, the sweep of the learned Greek and Latin tradition of over a millennium; there is control of midwifery by the priest, therapy through liturgy, medicine as an expression of religious life for heretics, medicine invading theologians’ discussion of earthly paradise; and so on.
KW - Catholicism KW - Health KW - History, Medieval KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Medieval KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 1903153077 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9793 T1 - Chiropractic in the United States: Trends and Issues JF - The Milbank Quarterly A1 - Cooper,Richard A. A1 - McKee,Heather J. VL - 81 IS - 1 PY - 2003/// N1 -Chiropractic is the best established of the alternative health care professions. Although marginalized for much of the 20th century, it has entered the mainstream of health care, gaining both legitimacy and access to third-party payers. However, the profession’s efforts to validate the effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy, its principal modality, have yielded only modest and often contrary results. At the same time, reimbursement is shrinking, the number of practitioners is growing, and competition from other healing professions is increasing. The profession’s efforts to establish a role in primary care are meeting resistance, and its attempts to broaden its activities in alternative medicine have inherent limitations. Although patients express a high level of satisfaction with chiropractic treatment and politicians are sympathetic to it, this may not be enough as our nation grapples to define the health care system that it can afford.
N2 - Chiropractic is the best established of the alternative health care professions. Although marginalized for much of the 20th century, it has entered the mainstream of health care, gaining both legitimacy and access to third-party payers. However, the profession's efforts to validate the effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy, its principal modality, have yielded only modest and often contrary results. At the same time, reimbursement is shrinking, the number of practitioners is growing, and competition from other healing professions is increasing. The profession's efforts to establish a role in primary care are meeting resistance, and its attempts to broaden its activities in alternative medicine have inherent limitations. Although patients express a high level of satisfaction with chiropractic treatment and politicians are sympathetic to it, this may not be enough as our nation grapples to define the health care system that it can afford. SP - 107 EP - 138 SN - 0887378X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3655821 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9794 T1 - The Body of Compassion: Ethics, Medicine, and the Church T3 - Radical traditions CY - Boulder, Colo A1 - Shuman,Joel James PB - Westview Press PY - 1999/// KW - Bioethics KW - Christian ethics KW - Christianity KW - Ethics, Medical KW - Health KW - Human body KW - Medical ethics KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Religious aspects SN - 0813367042 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9795 T1 - Health and medicine in the Anglican tradition : conscience, community, and compromise CY - New York A1 - Smith,David PB - Crossroad PY - 1986/// SN - 9780824507169 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9796 T1 - Hypnosis and surgery: past, present, and future JF - Anesthesia and Analgesia JA - Anesth. Analg M3 - 10.1213/01.ane.0000260616.49050.6d A1 - Wobst,Albrecht H K VL - 104 IS - 5 PY - 2007/05// N1 -Hypnosis has been defined as the induction of a subjective state in which alterations of perception or memory can be elicited by suggestion. Ever since the first public demonstrations of “animal magnetism” by Mesmer in the 18th century, the use of this psychological tool has fascinated the medical community and public alike. The application of hypnosis to alter pain perception and memory dates back centuries. Yet little progress has been made to fully comprehend or appreciate its potential compared to the pharmacologic advances in anesthesiology. Recently, hypnosis has aroused interest, as hypnosis seems to complement and possibly enhance conscious sedation. Contemporary clinical investigators claim that the combination of analgesia and hypnosis is superior to conventional pharmacologic anesthesia for minor surgical cases, with patients and surgeons responding favorably. Simultaneously, basic research of pain pathways involving the nociceptive flexion reflex and positron emission tomography has yielded objective data regarding the physiologic correlates of hypnosis. In this article I review the history, basic scientific and clinical studies, and modern practical considerations of one of the oldest therapeutical tools: the power of suggestion.
N2 - Hypnosis has been defined as the induction of a subjective state in which alterations of perception or memory can be elicited by suggestion. Ever since the first public demonstrations of "animal magnetism" by Mesmer in the 18th century, the use of this psychological tool has fascinated the medical community and public alike. The application of hypnosis to alter pain perception and memory dates back centuries. Yet little progress has been made to fully comprehend or appreciate its potential compared to the pharmacologic advances in anesthesiology. Recently, hypnosis has aroused interest, as hypnosis seems to complement and possibly enhance conscious sedation. Contemporary clinical investigators claim that the combination of analgesia and hypnosis is superior to conventional pharmacologic anesthesia for minor surgical cases, with patients and surgeons responding favorably. Simultaneously, basic research of pain pathways involving the nociceptive flexion reflex and positron emission tomography has yielded objective data regarding the physiologic correlates of hypnosis. In this article I review the history, basic scientific and clinical studies, and modern practical considerations of one of the oldest therapeutical tools: the power of suggestion. KW - Forecasting KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Hypnosis, Anesthetic KW - Surgical Procedures, Operative SP - 1199 EP - 1208 SN - 1526-7598 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17456675 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9797 T1 - On the Origin of Humoral Medicine in Latin America T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Foster,George M. VL - 1 IS - 4 PY - 1987/12// N1 -For the past half-century humoral medicine has been recognized by anthropologists to be the most important and widespread ethnomedical system in Latin America. While most scholars believe this system is largely a simplified folk variant of classical Greek and Persian humoral pathology, a small minority--particularly Audrey Butt Colson and Alfredo López Austin--argues for a New World origin. In this paper the author supports the former hypothesis by tracing the well-documented history of classical medicine from Greece and Persia to Latin America, where it was disseminated via formal medical education, hospitals and missionary orders, home medical guides and pharmacies. The fallacies in the arguments of Colson and López Austin are also pointed out.
N2 - For the past half-century humoral medicine has been recognized by anthropologists to be the most important and widespread ethnomedical system in Latin America. While most scholars believe this system is largely a simplified folk variant of classical Greek and Persian humoral pathology, a small minority--particularly Audrey Butt Colson and Alfredo López Austin--argues for a New World origin. In this paper the author supports the former hypothesis by tracing the well-documented history of classical medicine from Greece and Persia to Latin America, where it was disseminated via formal medical education, hospitals and missionary orders, home medical guides and pharmacies. The fallacies in the arguments of Colson and López Austin are also pointed out. SP - 355 EP - 393 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/648542 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9798 T1 - The therapeutic perspective : medical practice, knowledge, and identity in America, 1820-1885 CY - Cambridge Mass. A1 - Warner,John PB - Harvard University Press PY - 1986/// SN - 9780674883307 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9799 T1 - Early American mesmeric societies: a historical study JF - The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis JA - Am J Clin Hypn A1 - Gravitz,M A VL - 37 IS - 1 PY - 1994/07// N1 -Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mesmer to bring animal magnetism to the United States in 1784 through the Marquis de Lafayette, there was a period of little activity there for several decades. Then, concurrent with its revival in Europe and led by a few American practitioners who had been trained in France, several early societies of American magnetizers were founded beginning about 1815. These were initially organized in New York City and subsequently in New Orleans, Boston, Clinton, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Philadelphia. They played an important role in the development of hypnosis in America.
N2 - Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mesmer to bring animal magnetism to the United States in 1784 through the Marquis de Lafayette, there was a period of little activity there for several decades. Then, concurrent with its revival in Europe and led by a few American practitioners who had been trained in France, several early societies of American magnetizers were founded beginning about 1815. These were initially organized in New York City and subsequently in New Orleans, Boston, Clinton, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Philadelphia. They played an important role in the development of hypnosis in America. KW - History, 18th Century KW - History, 19th Century KW - Humans KW - Hypnosis KW - Societies KW - United States SP - 41 EP - 48 SN - 0002-9157 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8085545 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9801 T1 - An Ontology of Health: A Characterization of Human Health and Existence JF - Zygon M3 - 10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.00986.x A1 - Fante,Ryan J. VL - 44 IS - 1 PY - 2009/// N1 -The pursuit of health is one of the most basic and prevalent concerns of humanity. In order to better attain and preserve health, a fundamental and unified description of the concept is required. Using Paul Tillich’s ontological framework, I introduce a complete characterization of health and disease is that is useful to the philosophy of medicine and for health-care workers. Health cannot be understood merely as proper functioning of the physical body or of the separated levels of body, mind, and soul. Rather, the multidimensional unity that is the essence of human life requires a new understanding of health as balanced self-integration within the multiple human dimensions. The ontological description of health and disease has concrete implications for how health-care workers should approach healing. It calls for a multidimensional approach to healing in which particular healing is needed and helpful if it considers the other realms of the human. It reveals the importance of accepting limited health as well as the value of faith understood as an ultimate concern because of its ability to wholly integrate the person.
N2 - The pursuit of health is one of the most basic and prevalent concerns of humanity. In order to better attain and preserve health, a fundamental and unified description of the concept is required. Using Paul Tillich's ontological framework, I introduce a complete characterization of health and disease is that is useful to the philosophy of medicine and for health-care workers. Health cannot be understood merely as proper functioning of the physical body or of the separated levels of body, mind, and soul. Rather, the multidimensional unity that is the essence of human life requires a new understanding of health as balanced self-integration within the multiple human dimensions. The ontological description of health and disease has concrete implications for how health-care workers should approach healing. It calls for a multidimensional approach to healing in which particular healing is needed and helpful if it considers the other realms of the human. It reveals the importance of accepting limited health as well as the value of faith understood as an ultimate concern because of its ability to wholly integrate the person. SP - 65 EP - 84 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.00986.x ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9802 T1 - History of Medicine: A Very Short Introduction CY - Oxford A1 - Bynum,W. F PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2008/// N1 -Against the backdrop of unprecedented concern for the future of health care, this Very Short Introduction surveys the history of medicine from classical times, through the scholastic medieval tradition and the Enlightenment to the present day. Taking a thematic rather than strictly chronological approach, W.F. Bynum, explores the key turning points in the history of Western medicine-such as the first surgical procedures, the advent of hospitals, the introduction of anesthesia, X-Rays, vaccinations, and many other innovations, as well as the rise of experimental medicine. The book also explores Western medicine’s encounters with Chinese and Indian medicine, as well as nontraditional treatments such as homeopathy, chiropractic, and other alternative medicines. Covering a vast amount of information, this Very Short Introduction sheds new light on medicine’s past, while at the same time engaging with contemporary issues, discoveries, and controversies, such as the spiraling costs of health care, lack of health insurance for millions, breakthrough treatments, and much more.
KW - History KW - Medicine SN - 9780199215430 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9803 T1 - Reconsidering nature religion CY - Harrisburg Pa. A1 - Albanese,Catherine PB - Trinity Press International PY - 2002/// N1 -Nature religion is a much broader and more pervasive part of our culture than we may know. In the late twentieth century, for example, certain nature-based New Age perspectives and practices emerged—developments whose seeds were planted in the nature religion of nineteenth-century America. In Reconsidering Nature Religion, Catherine Albanese looks at the place where nature and religion come together, and explores how this operates in contemporary life and thinking. Nature, she says, functions as an absolute that grounds and orients life. Religion concerns the ways that people use this absolute of nature to form a meaningful life. And religion itself provides ways of interacting with nature. Nature religion is one essential way that people relate to the ordinary and extra-ordinary aspects of their worlds. It was so for people like the famous naturalist John Muir, and remains so for us today. For all of us, nature works in a religious way that informs and transforms life.
SN - 9781563383762 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9804 T1 - Healing logics : culture and medicine in modern health belief systems CY - Logan Utah A1 - Brady,Erika PB - Utah State University Press PY - 2001/// N1 -Healing Logics provides an extensive, multicultural look at folk and alternative beliefs and practices concerning health and medicine and examines the interplay between formal and folk health care. It contains the following original contributions by leading scholars in the fields of medical anthropology and folk medicine.
SN - 9780874214116 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9805 T1 - Mesmerized : powers of mind in Victorian Britain CY - Chicago A1 - Winter,Alison PB - University of Chicago Press PY - 1998/// SN - 9780226902197 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9806 T1 - Divergence and Convergence in Two Systems of Manual Medicine: Osteopathy and Chiropractic in the United States T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Baer,Hans A. VL - 1 IS - 2 PY - 1987/06// N1 -Although osteopathy and chiropractic emerged as medical revitalization movements with a similar disease theory during the late 19th century, osteopathy has evolved into osteopathic medicine and surgery, and chiropractic has evolved into a musculoskeletal speciality. In this article I attempt to explain the divergent evolution of these two schools of manual medicine in the United States by considering their respective roles in addressing various structural problems in American health care, their contrasting relationships with biomedicine, organized biomedicine’s stance toward the two alternative medical systems, and internal organizational conflicts within osteopathy and chiropractic. It will also show that both osteopathy and chiropractic were forced to some degree to converge with biomedicine both conceptually and therapeutically.
N2 - Although osteopathy and chiropractic emerged as medical revitalization movements with a similar disease theory during the late 19th century, osteopathy has evolved into osteopathic medicine and surgery, and chiropractic has evolved into a musculoskeletal speciality. In this article I attempt to explain the divergent evolution of these two schools of manual medicine in the United States by considering their respective roles in addressing various structural problems in American health care, their contrasting relationships with biomedicine, organized biomedicine's stance toward the two alternative medical systems, and internal organizational conflicts within osteopathy and chiropractic. It will also show that both osteopathy and chiropractic were forced to some degree to converge with biomedicine both conceptually and therapeutically. SP - 176 EP - 193 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/648756 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9808 T1 - The Coexistence of Traditional and Modern Medicine in Nigeria: An Example of Transitional Behavior in the Developing World A1 - Aryee,Augustine A PY - 1983/// KW - Medicine KW - Nigeria KW - TRADITIONAL medicine ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9810 T1 - Indigenous Medicine and Knowledge in African Society CY - New York A1 - Konadu,Kwasi PB - Routledge PY - 2007/// N1 -At the turn of the 20th century, African societies witnessed the suppression of indigenous healing specialists as missionary proselytization and colonial rule increased. Governments, medical practitioners and academics focused little attention or resources on the production of traditional medicine, despite its potential use for advancing health care delivery to millions of people in rural communities and providing the basis for a medicinal industry. Focusing on the case of Ghana, Indigenous Medicine and Knowledge in African Society investigates the ways in which healers and indigenous archives of cultural knowledge conceptualize and interpret medicine and healing. In order to unearth these prevailing concepts, Konadu utilizes in-depth interviews, plant samples, material culture, linguistics, and other sources. This groundbreaking study of indigenous knowledge has important implications for the study of medical and knowledge systems in Africa and the African Diaspora worldwide. By closely examining a range of multidisciplinary sources and utilizing fieldwork in the Takyiman district of central Ghana, the book contributes a new dimension to the study of health and healing systems in the African context and offers scholars, students, and general readers a vital reference.
KW - Africa KW - Medical anthropology KW - Medicinal plants KW - Social life and customs KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9780415956208 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9811 T1 - African Traditional Beliefs: Concepts of Health and Medical Practice CY - Ibadan A1 - Lambo,Thomas A A1 - University of Ibadan PB - Ibadan University Press PY - 1963/// KW - Africa KW - Medicine KW - TRADITIONAL medicine ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9812 T1 - African Philosophy, Culture, and Traditional Medicine T3 - Monographs in international studies CY - Athens, Ohio A1 - Makinde,M. Akin PB - Ohio University Center for International Studies PY - 1988/// KW - Africa, Sub-Saharan KW - Civilization KW - Philosophy, African KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0896801527 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9813 T1 - A History of Traditional Medicine and Health Care in Pre-Colonial East-Central Africa CY - Lewiston, N.Y A1 - Waite,Gloria Martha PB - E. Mellen Press PY - 1992/// N1 -This study reconstructs the medical history of people in eastern Zambia and the Kilombero valley in south-central Tanzania over a period of about 2000 years. It is based on written and personal interviews.
KW - Africa KW - Health Services, Indigenous KW - History KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Tanzania KW - TRADITIONAL medicine KW - Zambia SN - 0773497072 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9814 T1 - Working with Spirit: Experiencing Izangoma Healing in Contemporary South Africa T3 - Epistemologies of healing CY - New York A1 - Wreford,Jo Thobeka PB - Berghahn Books PY - 2008/// N1 -In the current model of health dispensation in South Africa there are two major paradigms, the spirit-inspired tradition of izangoma sinyanga, and biomedicine. These operate at best in parallel, but more often than not are at odds with one another. This book, based on the author s personal experience as a practitioner of traditional African medicine, considers the effects of the absence of spirit in biomedicine on collaborative relationships. Given the unprecedented challenge of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country, the author suggests that more cooperation is vital. Taking a critical look at the role of anthropology in this endeavor, she proposes the development of a language of spirit by means of which the spirit-inspired aetiology of izangoma sinyanga may be made comprehensible to academic scientists and applicable to medical interventions. The author discusses white izangoma in the context of current debates on healing and hybridity and insists that there exists a powerful role for izangoma in the realm of societal healing. Above all, the book constitutes a start in what the author hopes will develop into an ongoing intellectual conversation between traditional African healing, academe and biomedicine in South Africa.
KW - healing KW - Health Policy KW - Medicine, African Traditional KW - South Africa KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9781845454760 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9815 T1 - Different Drums: A Doctor's Forty Years in Eastern Africa CY - New York A1 - Wood,Michael A2 - Coulson,David PB - Clarkson N. Potter PY - 1987/// KW - Aeronautics in medicine KW - Africa, East KW - Biography KW - Kenya KW - Medical care KW - Physicians KW - Tanzania KW - TRADITIONAL medicine KW - Wood, Michael SN - 0517566559 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9816 T1 - Traditional Medicine in East Africa: The Search for a Synthesis CY - Hanover, N.H A1 - Miller,Norman N PB - American Universities Field Staff PY - 1980/// KW - Africa KW - TRADITIONAL medicine ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9817 T1 - Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being T3 - Vitality of indigenous religions CY - Aldershot, England A1 - Shoko,Tabona PB - Ashgate PY - 2007/// N1 -Tabona Shoko contends that religion and healing are intricately intertwined in African religions. This book on the religion of the Karanga people of Zimbabwe sheds light on important methodological issues relevant to research in the study of African religions. Analysing the traditional Karanga views of the causes of illness and disease, mechanisms of diagnosis at their disposal and the methods they use to restore health, Shoko discusses the views of a specific African Independent Church of the Apostolic tradition. The conclusion Shoko reaches about the central religious concerns of the Karanga people is derived from detailed field research consisting of interviews and participant observation. This book testifies that the centrality of health and well-being is not only confined to traditional religion but reflects its adaptive potential in new religious systems manifest in the phenomenon of Independent Churches. Rather than succumbing to the folly of static generalizations, Tabona Shoko offers important insights into a particular society upon which theories can be reassessed, adding new dimensions to modern features of the religious scene in Africa.
KW - Ancestor worship KW - Causes and theories of causation KW - DISEASES KW - Karanga (African people) KW - Mberengwa District (Zimbabwe) KW - Medicine KW - religion KW - Religious life and customs KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Social life and customs KW - TRADITIONAL medicine KW - Zimbabwe KW - Zimbawe SN - 9780754658818 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9818 T1 - Traditional Medicine in Africa JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Romero-Daza,Nancy VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N1 -Traditional medicine is the main, and often the only, source of medical care for a great proportion of the population of the developing world. Systems of traditional medicine are usually rooted in long-standing cultural traditions, take a holistic approach to health, and are community based. The World Health Organization has long recognized the central role traditional systems of care can play in efforts to provide primary health care, especially in rural areas. This article provides an overview of national policies adopted by African governments following World Health Organization recommendations for the incorporation of traditional and allopathic systems of care.
N2 - Traditional medicine is the main, and often the only, source of medical care for a great proportion of the population of the developing world. Systems of traditional medicine are usually rooted in long-standing cultural traditions, take a holistic approach to health, and are community based. The World Health Organization has long recognized the central role traditional systems of care can play in efforts to provide primary health care, especially in rural areas. This article provides an overview of national policies adopted by African governments following World Health Organization recommendations for the incorporation of traditional and allopathic systems of care. SP - 173 EP - 176 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049695 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9819 T1 - Traditional Medicine in Africa CY - Nairobi A2 - Chacha,Chacha Nyaigotti A2 - Kanunah,Mary Peter ED - Sindiga,Isaac PB - East African Educational Publishers PY - 1995/// N1 -The inaccessibility of biomedicine to most of Africa’s population because of escalating costs has necessitated a search for alternative ways of managing illnesses. Traditional medicine, which has always been practised in the indigenous cultures, is fast filling this therapeutic gap. This book is a collection of essays based on a multidisciplinary approach to traditional medicine in Africa. It has contributions from social scientists, natural resource experts, traditional medical practitioners, educationists, and medical scholars. It attempts to define the problems of traditional medicine in Africa, while also discussing the conceptual foundations of African ethnomedicine and medical pluralism.
KW - Africa KW - Social life and customs KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9966465480 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9820 T1 - The African Transformation of Western Medicine and the Dynamics of Global Cultural Exchange CY - Philadelphia A1 - Baronov,David PB - Temple University Press PY - 2008/// N1 -Beginning with the colonial era, Western biomedicine has radically transformed African medical beliefs and practices. Conversely, in using Western biomedicine, Africans have also transformed it. The African Transformation of Western Medicine and the Dynamics of Global Cultural Exchange contends that contemporary African medical systems—no less “biomedical” than Western medicine—in fact greatly enrich and expand the notion of biomedicine, reframing it as a global cultural form deployed across global networks of cultural exchange. The book analyzes biomedicine as a complex and dynamic sociocultural form, the conceptual premises of which make it necessarily subject to ongoing change and development as it travels the globe. David Baronov captures the complexities of this cultural exchange by using world-systems analysis in a way that places global cultural processes on equal footing with political and economic processes. In doing so, he both allows the story of Africa’s transformation of “Western” biomedicine to be told and offers new insights into the capitalist world system.
KW - 19th century KW - 20th century KW - Africa KW - Anthropology, Cultural KW - Ethnology KW - History KW - History of Medicine KW - History, 19th Century KW - History, 20th Century KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, African Traditional KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 1592139159 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9821 T1 - Traditional Medicine in Modern Zimbabwe CY - Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe A1 - Chavunduka,G. L KW - Social life and customs KW - TRADITIONAL medicine KW - Witchcraft KW - Zimbabwe SN - 0908307403 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9822 T1 - African Culture and Health CY - Ibadan, Nigeria A1 - Jegede,Ayodele Samuel PB - Stirling-Horden PY - 1998/// N1 -A book about African traditional perceptions of health, disease, illness, and sickness. Based on research study in Nigeria, the author surveys sociocultural factors influencing theraeutic choice, the role of education, information and communication in health care delivery. The author also discusses new ideas about health care programs and services.
KW - Attitude to Health KW - Community Health Services KW - Ethnology KW - HEALTH attitudes KW - Health Behavior KW - Immunization of children KW - Medical care KW - Nigeria KW - Social life and customs KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9782063525 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9823 T1 - African Traditional Medicine: Peculiarities CY - Ekpoma, Nigeria A1 - Dime,C. A PB - Edo State University Pub. House PY - 1995/// KW - Africa KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, African Traditional KW - Philosophy KW - Religious aspects KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9782100048 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9826 T1 - African Medicine and Magic in the Americas JF - Geographical Review A1 - Voeks,Robert VL - 83 IS - 1 PY - 1993/01// N1 -African-derived ethnomedical systems are visible elements of the New World cultural landscape. Rejected by Western medicine, African healing systems have survived and flourished in the Americas since the beginning of the slave trade. Historical introduction of African magico-medical systems, the social and economic factors that facilitated their survival, and the role of plant geography in their persistence are examined. Questions of origin, ethnomedical typology, religion, and syncretism, magic and power, and collective medicinal plant knowledge are considered.
N2 - African-derived ethnomedical systems are visible elements of the New World cultural landscape. Rejected by Western medicine, African healing systems have survived and flourished in the Americas since the beginning of the slave trade. Historical introduction of African magico-medical systems, the social and economic factors that facilitated their survival, and the role of plant geography in their persistence are examined. Questions of origin, ethnomedical typology, religion, and syncretism, magic and power, and collective medicinal plant knowledge are considered. SP - 66 EP - 78 SN - 00167428 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/215381 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9827 T1 - Illness and Shamanistic Curing in Zinacantan; an Ethnomedical Analysis CY - Stanford, Calif A1 - Fabrega,Horacio A2 - Silver,Daniel B PB - Stanford University Press PY - 1973/// KW - Folklore KW - Indians, South American KW - Medicine, Primitive KW - MEXICO KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0804708444 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9828 T1 - Wu and Shaman JF - Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London A1 - Boileau,Gilles VL - 65 IS - 2 PY - 2002/// N1 -Since Shangdai de shenhua yu wushu, Chen Mengjia’s article on Shang mythology, some sinological works have proposed that the Chinese wu was an equivalent of the Siberian shaman. I examine first the issues in anthropological comparatism involved in this problem and provide up-to-date information on Siberian shamanism. It must be noted that the Chinese texts are by no means equivalent to modern anthropological data and that these texts did not originate directly from the wu themselves; they are rather a collection of opinions or stories on the wu. Detailed study of the nature and social status of the Chinese wu, either in oracular inscriptions or late Zhou received texts, shows a systematic association of the wu with non-auspicious or negative events, like funerals, death or natural catastrophes. A further analysis of the data reveals that the wu’s activities in relation to natural phenomena were frequently presented in terms related to sexuality. This last point permits a comparison with Siberian shamans, whose activities are also linked to fecundity and sexuality, although the Chinese texts often associate the wu with sexual misbehaviour and blame them on moral grounds. They go as far as to treat them as dangerous sorcerers who must be weeded out. According to these data, the wu’s social function is linked to the handling of misfortune, either directly or by being associated with ritually unacceptable behaviours. On the whole, my conclusion is that even the common point between wu and Siberian shaman (the link with sexuality) is not sufficient to allow for a translation of ‘wu’ by ‘shaman’, especially in view of the differences of social and historical context.
N2 - Since Shangdai de shenhua yu wushu, Chen Mengjia's article on Shang mythology, some sinological works have proposed that the Chinese wu was an equivalent of the Siberian shaman. I examine first the issues in anthropological comparatism involved in this problem and provide up-to-date information on Siberian shamanism. It must be noted that the Chinese texts are by no means equivalent to modern anthropological data and that these texts did not originate directly from the wu themselves; they are rather a collection of opinions or stories on the wu. Detailed study of the nature and social status of the Chinese wu, either in oracular inscriptions or late Zhou received texts, shows a systematic association of the wu with non-auspicious or negative events, like funerals, death or natural catastrophes. A further analysis of the data reveals that the wu's activities in relation to natural phenomena were frequently presented in terms related to sexuality. This last point permits a comparison with Siberian shamans, whose activities are also linked to fecundity and sexuality, although the Chinese texts often associate the wu with sexual misbehaviour and blame them on moral grounds. They go as far as to treat them as dangerous sorcerers who must be weeded out. According to these data, the wu's social function is linked to the handling of misfortune, either directly or by being associated with ritually unacceptable behaviours. On the whole, my conclusion is that even the common point between wu and Siberian shaman (the link with sexuality) is not sufficient to allow for a translation of 'wu' by 'shaman', especially in view of the differences of social and historical context. SP - 350 EP - 378 SN - 0041977X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/4145619 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9829 T1 - Encyclopedia of Native American healing CY - Santa Barbara Calif A1 - Lyon,William PB - ABC-CLIO PY - 1996/// N1 -This monumental volume explores, explains, and honors the healing practices of Native Americans throughout North America, from the southwestern United States to the Arctic Circle. Designed for ease of use with maps, a detailed subject index, an extensive bibliography, and cross references, this book is sure to fascinate anyone interested in Native American culture and heritage.
SN - 9780874368529 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9830 T1 - Sorcery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru CY - Salt Lake City A1 - Joralemon,Donald A1 - Sharon,Douglas PB - University of Utah Press PY - 1993/// KW - Indians of South America KW - Medicine KW - Peru KW - Shamanism KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 087480423X ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9831 T1 - The Shaman as Psychologist JF - Asian Folklore Studies A1 - Demetrio,Francisco R. VL - 37 IS - 1 PY - 1978/// SP - 57 EP - 75 SN - 03852342 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1177583 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9832 T1 - Science, Shamanism and Hermeneutics: Recent Writing on Psychoanalysis JF - Anthropology Today A1 - Littlewood,Roland VL - 5 IS - 1 PY - 1989/02// SP - 5 EP - 11 SN - 0268540X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3032852 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9833 T1 - Spirits with Scalpels: The Cultural Biology of Religious Healing in Brazil CY - Walnut Creek, CA A1 - Greenfield,Sidney M PB - Left Coast Press PY - 2008/// N1 -“The first time I witnessed a Spiritist surgery, a young man named Jose Carlos Ribeiro inserted a used scalpel taken from a tray that I was holding, and plunged it into the eye of an elderly man. The patient did not move….” Decades of fieldwork later, Sidney Greenfield presents a riveting ethnography of the complex world of religious healing in Brazil that challenges readers to grapple with the most fundamental concepts of anthropology and cross-cultural experience. In a major contribution to cultural biology, he analyses the complex social, economic, and political landscape of Brazil to understand dramatic healing practices that seem to defy medical explanation. This engrossing and provocative book will put students and scholars alike on the edge of their seats.
KW - Brazil KW - Ethnobiology KW - healing KW - religion KW - Religious life and customs KW - Social life and customs KW - Spirit possession KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - Surgical Procedures, Operative KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9781598743678 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9834 T1 - Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America CY - Albuquerque A1 - Langdon,E. Jean Matteson ED - Baer,Gerhard PB - University of New Mexico Press PY - 1992/// KW - Hallucinogenic drugs and religious experience KW - Hallucinogens KW - Indians of South America KW - Indians, South American KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - religion KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism KW - South America KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0826313450 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9835 T1 - The Efficacy of Traditional Medicine: Current Theoretical and Methodological Issues T3 - New Series JF - Medical Anthropology Quarterly A1 - Waldram,James B. VL - 14 IS - 4 PY - 2000/12// N1 -The efficacy of traditional medicine is an issue that continues to vex medical anthropology. This article critically examines how the efficacy of traditional medicine has been conceived, operationalized, and studied and argues that a consensus remains elusive. Efficacy must be seen as fluid and shifting, the product of a negotiated, but not necessarily shared, understanding by those involved in the sickness episode, including physicians/healers, patients, and members of the community. Medical anthropology needs to return to the field to gather more data on indigenous understandings of efficacy to counteract the biases inherent in the utilization of biomedical understandings and methods characteristic of much previous work.
N2 - The efficacy of traditional medicine is an issue that continues to vex medical anthropology. This article critically examines how the efficacy of traditional medicine has been conceived, operationalized, and studied and argues that a consensus remains elusive. Efficacy must be seen as fluid and shifting, the product of a negotiated, but not necessarily shared, understanding by those involved in the sickness episode, including physicians/healers, patients, and members of the community. Medical anthropology needs to return to the field to gather more data on indigenous understandings of efficacy to counteract the biases inherent in the utilization of biomedical understandings and methods characteristic of much previous work. SP - 603 EP - 625 SN - 07455194 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/649723 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9836 T1 - Shamanic Healing and Ritual Drama: Health and Medicine in Native North American Religious Traditions T3 - Health/medicine and the faith traditions CY - New York A1 - Hultkrantz,Åke PB - Crossroad PY - 1992/// N1 -In this pioneering work, one of the world’s leading experts on Native American traditions offers a detailed survey of Native American practices and beliefs regarding health, medicine, and religion. In contrast to the sharp Euro-American division between medicine and religion, Native American medical beliefs and practices can only be assessed in their relation to their religious ideas.
KW - Health and hygiene KW - Indians of North America KW - Indians, North American KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Mythology KW - North America KW - religion KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Shamanism KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0824511883 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9837 T1 - Shamanism: The Key to Religion T3 - New Series JF - Man A1 - Riches,David VL - 29 IS - 2 PY - 1994/06// N1 -The article lays out in schematic fashion a composite of socio-intellectual processes, arguable evident in respect of all cosmologies, which might appropriately be labeled ‘religious’. It does so by applying deductive reasoning to shamanism, the prevalent religion in societies whose social structures are simple and in whose cosmologies religious process is conspicuous; here the Canadian Inuit (Eskimo) provide the ethnographic focus. The article assumes that religious process finds its basis in fundamental contradictions concerning the conditions of social existence, namely in the antithesis between social structure and communitas. Cosmology is generated as this contradiction is contemplated by, respectively, laypeople and specialists, both with their own interests in view. The argument also considers such central cultural and analytical issues as the existence of distinctive notions of the human person, and the pertinence for the study of religion of, variously, ‘secondary elaborations’, systems of classification, and religious edicts; and it joins with Barth in emphasizing the salience of the specialist in ‘cosmology-making’.
N2 - The article lays out in schematic fashion a composite of socio-intellectual processes, arguabley evident in respect of all cosmologies, which might appropriately be labelled 'religous'. It does so by applying deductive reasoning to shamanism, the prevalent religion in societies whose social structures are ssimple and in whose cosmologies religious process is conspicuous; here the Canadian Inuit (Eskimo) provide the ethnographic focus. The article assumes that religious process finds its basis in fundamental contradictions concerning the conditions of social existence, namely in the antithesis between social structure and communitas. Cosmology is generated as this contradiction is contemplated by, respectively, laypeople and specialist, both with their own interests in view. The argument also considers such central cultural and analytical isues as the existence of distinctive notions of the human person, and the pertinence for the study of religion of, variously, 'secondary elaborations', systems of classification, and religious edicts; and it joins with Barth in emphasizing the salience of the specialist in 'cosmology-making'. SP - 381 EP - 405 SN - 00251496 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2804479 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9838 T1 - Shamanism in Contemporary Society JF - Anthropology Today A1 - Woodman,Justin VL - 14 IS - 6 PY - 1998/12// SP - 23 EP - 24 SN - 0268540X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2783241 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9839 T1 - Medicine, Magic, and Religion: The Fitzpatrick Lectures Delivered Before the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1915 and 1916 T3 - Routledge classics CY - London A1 - Rivers,W. H. R PB - Routledge PY - 2001/// N1 -This work represents the Fitzpatrick lectures delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1915 and 1916. It represents perhaps the first attempt to interpret with real knowledge and sympathetic insight the thoughts and ideas that find expression in primitive medicine. It is therefore a contribution of unique value to the history of medicine.
KW - Magic KW - Medicine KW - religion KW - Religious aspects KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0415254035 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9840 T1 - Health Care in Maya Guatemala: Confronting Medical Pluralism in a Developing Country CY - Norman A1 - Adams,Walter Randolph A1 - Hawkins,John Palmer PB - University of Oklahoma Press PY - 2007/// N1 -Health Care in Maya Guatemala examines medical systems and institutions in three K’iche’ Maya communities to reveal the conflicts between indigenous medical care and Guatemalan biomedical system. The editors and contributors show how people in this rapidly modernizing society think about traditional practices--and reveal that health conditions in traditional communities deteriorate over time as long-standing medical practices erode in the face of Western encroachment. The contributors first consider cultural, institutional, and behavioral aspects of health care in Guatemala. Then they look closely at the nature and treatment of specific health issues, such as dentistry and mental health--especially depression. Finally they provide new insight on midwifery, nutrition, ethnomedicine, and other topics.
KW - Guatemala KW - Mayas KW - Medical care KW - Medicine KW - Social conditions KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9780806138596 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9841 T1 - Cherokee Medicine Man: The Life and Work of a Modern-Day Healer CY - Norman [Okla.] A1 - Conley,Robert J PB - University of Oklahoma Press PY - 2005/// N1 -Robert J. Conley did not set out to chronicle the life of Cherokee medicine man John Little Bear. Instead, the medicine man came to him. Little Bear asked Conley to write down his story, to reveal to the world “what Indian medicine is really about.” For Little Bear, as for the Cherokee ancestors who brought their traditions over the Trail of Tears to Indian Territory, the medicine is about helping people. Visitors from neighboring states and Mexico come to him, each one seeking help for a different kind of problem. Each seeker’s story is presented here exactly as it was told to Conley
KW - Cherokee Indians KW - Little Bear, John KW - religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - SHAMANS SN - 0806136650 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9842 T1 - Herbal and Magical Medicine: Traditional Healing Today CY - Durham ED - Kirkland,James PB - Duke University Press PY - 1992/// N1 -Herbal and Magical Medicine draws on perspectives from folklore, anthropology, psychology, medicine, and botany to describe the traditional medical beliefs and practices among Native, Anglo- and African Americans in eastern North Carolina and Virginia. In documenting the vitality of such seemingly unusual healing traditions as talking the fire out of burns, wart-curing, blood-stopping, herbal healing, and rootwork, the contributors to this volume demonstrate how the region’s folk medical systems operate in tandem with scientific biomedicine. The authors provide illuminating commentary on the major forms of naturopathic and magico-religious medicine practiced in the United States. Other essays explain the persistence of these traditions in our modern technological society and address the bases of folk medical concepts of illness and treatment and the efficacy of particular pratices. The collection suggests a model for collaborative research on traditional medicine that can be replicated in other parts of the country. An extensive bibliography reveals the scope and variety of research in the field.
KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - North Carolina KW - TRADITIONAL medicine KW - Virginia SN - 0822312085 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9843 T1 - The Role of Coca in the History, Religion, and Medicine of South American Indians JF - Economic Botany A1 - Martin,Richard T. VL - 24 IS - 4 PY - 1970/12//Oct SP - 422 EP - 438 SN - 00130001 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/4253177 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9844 T1 - American Indian Healing Arts: Herbs, Rituals, and Remedies for Every Season of Life CY - New York A1 - Kavasch,E. Barrie A1 - Baar,Karen PB - Bantam Books PY - 1999/// KW - Herbs KW - Indians of North America KW - Indians, North American KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - North America KW - Therapeutic use KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0553378813 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9845 T1 - The Performance of Healing CY - New York A1 - Laderman,Carol A2 - Roseman,Marina PB - Routledge PY - 1996/// N1 -Medical systems need to be understood from within, as experienced by healers, patients, and others whose minds and hearts have both become involved in this important human undertaking. Exploring how the performance of healing transforms illness to health, initiate to ritual specialist, the authors show that performance does not merely refer to, but actually does something in the world. These essays on the performance of healing in societies ranging from rainforest horticulturalists to dwellers in the American megalopolis will touch readers’ senses as well as their intellects.
KW - Folklore KW - Performance KW - Shamanism KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0415911990 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9846 T1 - American Indian Medicine A1 - Vogel,Virgil J. PB - University of Oklahoma Press PY - 1990/09// SN - 0806122935 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9847 T1 - Big Medicine from Six Nations T3 - The Iroquois and their neighbors CY - Syracuse, N.Y A1 - Williams,Ted C PB - Syracuse University Press PY - 2007/// KW - East (U.S.) KW - healing KW - History KW - History, 20th Century KW - Indians, North American KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism KW - TRADITIONAL medicine KW - Tuscarora Indians SN - 9780815608639 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9848 T1 - Jamaican Folk Medicine: A Source of Healing CY - Kingston, Jamaica A1 - Payne-Jackson,Arvilla A1 - Alleyne,Mervyn C PB - University of the West Indies Press PY - 2004/// N1 -This pioneering work is multi-disciplinary in approach as it examines the rich folk medicine of Jamaican. The authors analyse the historical and linguistic aspects of folk medicine, based on their research, extensive fieldwork and interviews. They explore the sociological and ethnological dimensions of common healing practices and Jamaica’s biodiversity, in both flora and in fauna. As is the case with other aspects of Jamaican traditional culture, Jamaican folk medicine is largely misunderstood and subject to negative pejorative attitudes. This comprehensive study challenges some of the myths and misinformation. Particular attention is paid to cultural transference from Africa and the use of herbals in African-Jamaican religions. The comprehensive book is of academic value to teachers, students and researchers, and can also aid practitioners and policy makers in the field of health and healing.
KW - Africa KW - African Continental Ancestry Group KW - Cultural Diversity KW - Health and hygiene KW - Jamaica KW - Jamaicans KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Plants, Medicinal KW - Social conditions KW - Socioeconomic Factors KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9766401233 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9849 T1 - Shamanism in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey JF - History of Religions A1 - Jones,Rex L. VL - 7 IS - 4 PY - 1968/05// SP - 330 EP - 347 SN - 00182710 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1061796 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9850 T1 - Healing Powers and Modernity: Traditional Medicine, Shamanism, and Science in Asian Societies CY - Westport, CT ED - Connor,Linda ED - Samuel,Geoffrey PB - Bergin & Garvey PY - 2000/// N1 -Connor and Samuel explore the present state of a range of healing traditions in their Asian locales. The peoples examined include relatively remote populations such as the Iban of Sarawak, the Temiar of Malaysia, and the Sasak of Lomboko, as well as rural South Indians and Malays, the people of South Korea’s modern industrial cities, and Tibetans both in Chinese-controlled Tibet and in the refugee settlements of North India.
KW - ASIA KW - healing KW - Shamanism KW - Social medicine KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0897897153 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9851 T1 - Shamanism, history, and the state CY - Ann Arbor A1 - Thomas,Nicholas PB - University of Michigan Press PY - 1994/// N1 -The literature on shamanism and related topics is extensive, but has in general been biased toward curing and trance; the political and historical significance of shamanic activities has been largely neglected. The contributors to Shamanism, History, and the State--distinguished anthropologists and historians from England, Australia, and France--show that shamanism is not static and stable, but always changing as a result of political dynamics and historical processes.
SN - 9780472105120 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9852 T1 - The Mixe of Oaxaca Religion, Ritual, and Healing CY - Austin A1 - Lipp,Frank J A1 - American Council of Learned Societies PB - University of Texas Press PY - 1998/// N1 -The Mixe of Oaxaca was the first extensive ethnography of the Mixe, with a special focus on Mixe religious beliefs and rituals and the curing practices associated with them. It records the procedures, design-plan, corresponding prayers, and symbolic context of well over one hundred rituals. Frank Lipp has written a new preface for this edition, in which he comments on the relationship of Mixe religion to current theoretical understandings of present-day Middle American folk religions.
KW - Medicine KW - MEXICO KW - Mixe Indians KW - Mixe mythology KW - Oaxaca (Mexico : State) KW - religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism KW - Social life and customs KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0292747055 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9853 T1 - Cherokee Healing: Myth, Dreams, and Medicine JF - American Indian Quarterly A1 - Irwin,Lee VL - 16 IS - 2 PY - 1992///Spring SP - 237 EP - 257 SN - 0095182X UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1185431 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9855 T1 - Magical Medicine: The Folkloric Component of Medicine In the Folk Belief, Custom, and Ritual of the Peoples of Europe and America: Selected Essays of Wayland D. Hand CY - Berkeley A1 - Hand,Wayland Debs PB - University of California Press PY - 1980/// KW - Europe KW - Medicine, Magic, mystic, and spagiric KW - TRADITIONAL medicine KW - United States SN - 0520041291 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9856 T1 - Murder, Magic, and Medicine CY - New York A1 - Mann,J. PB - Oxford University Press PY - 2000/// N1 -Pocket text presents how many of our modern medicines evolved from extracts that are poisonous, i.e. agents of murder, magic, and medicine. Topics include: arrow poisons, stimulants, antibacterial substances, and much more.
KW - History KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Pharmacology KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0198507445 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9857 T1 - Taming the Wind of Desire: Psychology, Medicine, and Aesthetics in Malay Shamanistic Performance T3 - Comparative studies of health systems and medical care CY - Berkeley, CA A1 - Laderman,Carol PB - University of California Press PY - 1991/// N1 -Charged with restoring harmony and relieving pain, the Malay shaman places his patients in trance and encourages them to express their talents, drives, personality traits – the “Inner Winds” of Malay medical lore – in a kind of performance. These healing ceremonies, formerly viewed by Western anthropologists as exotic curiosities, actually reveal complex multicultural origins and a unique indigenous medical tradition whose psychological content is remarkably relevant to contemporary Western concerns. Accepted as apprentice to a Malay shaman, Carol Laderman learned and recorded every aspect of the healing seance and found it comparable in many ways to the traditional dramas of Southeast Asia and of other cultures such as ancient Greece, Japan, and India. The Malay seance is a total performance, complete with audience, stage, props, plot, music, and dance. The players include the patient along with the shaman and his troupe. At the center of the drama are pivotal relationships among people, between humans and spirits, and within the self. The best of the Malay shamans are superb poets, dramatists, and performers as well as effective healers of body and soul.
KW - Kampong Merchang (Terengganu) KW - Malays (Asian people) KW - Medicine KW - religion KW - Shamanism KW - Social life and customs KW - Terengganu KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 0520069161 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9858 T1 - Shamanisms Today JF - Annual Review of Anthropology A1 - Atkinson,Jane Monnig VL - 21 PY - 1992/// SP - 307 EP - 330 SN - 00846570 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2155990 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9859 T1 - Shamanism and Medical Cures JF - Current Anthropology A1 - Nishimura,Kho VL - 28 IS - 4 PY - 1987/10//Aug SP - S59-S64 EP - S59-S64 SN - 00113204 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2743439 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9860 T1 - Native American Traditional and Alternative Medicine JF - Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science A1 - Johnston,Susan L. VL - 583 PY - 2002/09// N1 -Native American traditional medicine is alive and vibrant in many North American societies, although not all. These traditions coexist with other forms of healing, and the particular patterns of existence, interaction, and meaning vary among groups. The literature examining these issues is likewise diverse. This article explores, through a selective review of the recent literature, how social and behavioral scientists, among others, are focusing their investigations of traditional and alternative medicine in Native American communities of the United States and Canada today. Issues include how native practices have persisted and changed, how they are being used (e.g, in framing cultural identity), and how they interact with other systems, especially biomedicine and faith healing.
N2 - Native American traditional medicine is alive and vibrant in many North American societies, although not all. These traditions coexist with other forms of healing, and the particular patterns of existence, interaction, and meaning vary among groups. The literature examining these issues is likewise diverse. This article explores, through a selective review of the recent literature, how social and behavioral scientists, among others, are focusing their investigations of traditional and alternative medicine in Native American communities of the United States and Canada today. Issues include how native practices have persisted and changed, how they are being used (e. g., in framing cultural identity), and how they interact with other systems, especially biomedicine and faith healing. SP - 195 EP - 213 SN - 00027162 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049697 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9861 T1 - Shamanism: A Psychosocial Definition JF - Journal of the American Academy of Religion A1 - Porterfield,Amanda VL - 55 IS - 4 PY - 1987///Winter SP - 721 EP - 739 SN - 00027189 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1464682 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9862 T1 - Teachings from the American Earth: Indian Religion and Philosophy CY - New York A1 - Tedlock,Dennis ED - Tedlock,Barbara PB - Liveright PY - 1975/// N1 -This collection of writings is from authors who are either Indians who have tried to make themselves heard, or whites who have tried to hear Indians. The first part of the book emphasizes the practical and includes Isaac Tens’s “Career of the Medicine Man”. The second section concentrates on the theoretical and contains Benjamin Lee Whorf’s “American Indian Model of the Universe” and chapters on Indian metaphysics, among other things. In addition to an introductory essay on the Indian’s stance towards reality, the editors have contributed chapters entitled “The Clown’s Way” and “An American Indian View of Death”.
KW - Indian mythology KW - Indians of North America KW - North America KW - religion SN - 0871405597 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9863 T1 - Spirits Captured in Stone: Shamanism and Traditional Medicine Among the Taman of Borneo CY - Boulder, Colo A1 - Bernstein,Jay H PB - Lynne Rienner Publishers PY - 1997/// N1 -This work examines Shamanism and healing practices among the Taman of Borneo. It contributes to contemporary debates in cultural and medical anthropology, the anthropology of religion and magic, ritual, folklore, and Southeast Asian ethnography.
KW - Borneo KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism KW - Social life and customs KW - Taman (Bornean people) KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 1555876927 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9864 T1 - The Psychological Health of Shamans: A Reevaluation JF - Journal of the American Academy of Religion A1 - Walsh,Roger VL - 65 IS - 1 PY - 1997///Spring SP - 101 EP - 124 SN - 00027189 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1465820 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9865 T1 - Latina/o Healing Practices: Mestizo and Indigenous Perspectives CY - New York ED - McNeill,Brian ED - Cervantes,Joseph Michael PB - Routledge PY - 2008/// N1 -This edited volume focuses on the role of traditional or indigenous healers, as well as the application of traditional healing practices in contemporary counseling and therapeutic modalities with Latina/o people. The book offers a broad coverage of important topics, such as traditional healer’s views of mental/psychological health and well-being, the use of traditional healing techniques in contemporary psychotherapy, and herbal remedies in psychiatric practice. It also discusses common factors across traditional healing methods and contemporary psychotherapies, the importance of spirituality in counseling and everyday life, the application of indigenous healing practices with Latina/o undergraduates, indigenous techniques in working with perpetrators of domestic violence, and religious healing systems and biomedical models. The book is an important reference for anyone working within the general field of mental health practice and those seeking to understand culturally relevant practice with Latina/o populations.
KW - Hispanic Americans KW - Latin America KW - Latin Americans KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - religion KW - Spiritual Therapies KW - spirituality KW - TRADITIONAL medicine KW - United States SN - 9780415954204 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9866 T1 - Imagery in Healing: Shamanism and Modern Medicine CY - Boston A1 - Achterberg,Jeanne PB - New Science Library, Shambhala PY - 1985/// N1 -This influential book shows how the systematic use of mental imagery can have a positive influence on the course of disease and can help patients to cope with pain. In Imagery in Healing, Jeanne Achterberg brings together modern scientific research and the practices of the earliest healers to support her claim that imagery is the world’s oldest and most powerful healing resource. The book has become a classic in the field of alternative medicine and continues to be read by new generations of health care professionals and lay people. In Imagery in Healing, Achterberg explores in detail the role of the imagination in the healing process. She begins with an exploration of the tradition of shamanism, “the medicine of the imagination,” surveying this time-honored way of touching the nexus of the mind, body, and soul. She then traces the history of the use of imagery within Western medicine, including a look at contemporary examples of how health care professionals have drawn on the power of the imagination through such methods as hypnosis, biofeedback, and the placebo effect. Ultimately, Achterberg looks to the science of immunology to uncover the most effective ground for visualization, and she presents data demonstrating how imagery can have a direct and profound impact on the workings of the immune system. Drawing on art, science, history, anthropology, and medicine, Imagery in Healing offers a highly readable overview of the profound and complex relationship between the imagination and the body.
KW - Imagery (Psychology) KW - Medicine and psychology KW - Medicine, Psychosomatic KW - Mind and body SN - 0877733074 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9867 T1 - Native North American Shamanism: An Annotated Bibliography T3 - Bibliographies and indexes in American history CY - Westport, Conn A1 - Osterreich,Shelley Anne PB - Greenwood Press PY - 1998/// KW - Bibliography KW - Indians of North America KW - Medicine KW - North America KW - religion KW - Rites and ceremonies KW - Shamanism SN - 0313301689 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9868 T1 - Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions CY - Santa Barbara, Calif A1 - Hatfield,Gabrielle PB - ABC-CLIO PY - 2004/// KW - Alternative medicine KW - English KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 1576078744 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9869 T1 - I Choose Life: Contemporary Medical and Religious Practices in the Navajo World CY - Norman A1 - Schwarz,Maureen Trudelle PB - University of Oklahoma Press PY - 2008/// N1 -This book investigates how Navajos navigate their medically and religiously pluralistic world while coping with illness. Focusing on Navajo attitudes toward invasive procedures, Schwarz reveals the ideological conflicts experienced by Navajo patients and the reasons behind the choices they make to promote their own health and healing.
KW - Christianity and other religions KW - Indians, North American KW - Medicine KW - Medicine, Traditional KW - Navajo Indians KW - religion KW - Religion and Medicine KW - Shamanism KW - Southwest, New KW - Surgery KW - TRADITIONAL medicine SN - 9780806139418 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9870 T1 - Shamanism and Christianity: Modern-Day Tlingit Elders Look at the Past JF - Ethnohistory A1 - Kan,Sergei VL - 38 IS - 4 PY - 1991///Autumn N1 -Shamanism, a key element of the precontact Tlingit culture, was seen by Christian missionaries as one of the worst manifestations of paganism. A relentless campaign waged against the shamans by the missionaries, with the help of military and civil authorities, succeeded: by the final decades of the nineteenth century, the Tlingit had converted to Christianity, and by the 1930s most of the shamans had disappeared. In their effort to reconcile Christianity and the “traditional culture,” modern-day Tlingit elders construct various interpretations of shamanism. The article examines these accounts as indigenous history and as ideological statements that challenge the notion of the inferiority of the aboriginal Tlingit religion to Christianity.
N2 - Shamanism, a key element of the precontact Tlingit culture, was seen by Christian missionaries as one of the worst manifestations of paganism. A relentless campaign waged against the shamans by the missionaries, with the help of military and civil authorities, succeeded: by the final decades of the nineteenth century, the Tlingit had converted to Christianity, and by the 1930s most of the shamans had disappeared. In their effort to reconcile Christianity and the "traditional culture," modern-day Tlingit elders construct various interpretations of shamanism. The article examines these accounts as indigenous history and as ideological statements that challenge the notion of the inferiority of the aboriginal Tlingit religion to Christianity. SP - 363 EP - 387 SN - 00141801 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/482478 ER - TY - BOOK ID - 9872 T1 - Samoan Medical Belief and Practice A1 - Macpherson,Cluny A1 - Macpherson,La'arasa PB - University of Hawaii Press PY - 2007/01// N1 -This comprehensive study of Samoan medicine explores why traditional Samoan medical beliefs and treatments, in the hands of skilled practitioners, continue to flourish alongside Western medical practice.
SN - 0824831330 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9873 T1 - Trance, Initiation, and Psychotherapy in Tamang Shamanism JF - American Ethnologist A1 - Peters,Larry G. VL - 9 IS - 1 PY - 1982/02// N1 -The “calling” that inflicts the neophyte Tamang shaman is a “creative illness” reflecting an endogenous process that has the structure and function of a rite of passage. Shamanic apprenticeship includes the deliberate induction and mastery of trance states that originally afflicted the shaman. Mastery is equivalent to a psychotherapy, and Tamang initiation involves techniques that are also found in its Western and Eastern (yoga) counterparts. However, it is distinct from both in its social and psychological goals. [shamanism, altered states of consciousness, psychotherapy, religious experience, symbolism]
N2 - The "calling" that inflicts the neophyte Tamang shaman is a "creative illness" reflecting an endogenous process that has the structure and function of a rite of passage. Shamanic apprenticeship includes the deliberate induction and mastery of trance states that originally afflicted the shaman. Mastery is equivalent to a psychotherapy, and Tamang initiation involves techniques that are also found in its Western and Eastern (yoga) counterparts. However, it is distinct from both in its social and psychological goals. [shamanism, altered states of consciousness, psychotherapy, religious experience, symbolism] SP - 21 EP - 46 SN - 00940496 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/644310 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 9874 T1 - Shamanic Healing, Human Evolution, and the Origin of Religion JF - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion A1 - McClenon,James VL - 36 IS - 3 PY - 1997/09// N1 -It is likely that “Homo sapiens” practiced shamanic healing for many millennia. Studies within anthropology, folklore, hypnosis, medical history, psychoneuroimmunology, and religion support the argument that suggestions embedded within shamanic rituals have therapeutic effects. Shamanic/hypnotic suggestions may reduce pain, enhance healing, control blood loss, facilitate childbirth, and alleviate psychological disorders. Those more responsive to such suggestions are hypothesized to have a survival advantage over the less susceptible. As a consequence, shamanic rituals selected for genotypes associated with hypnotizability, a trait correlated with frequency of anomalous and religious experiences. With the evolution of psychophysiological structures associated with hypnotizability, modern forms of religious sentiment became possible.
N2 - It is likely that "Homo sapiens" practiced shamanic healing for many millennia. Studies within anthropology, folklore, hypnosis, medical history, psychoneuroimmunology, and religion support the argument that suggestions embedded within shamanic rituals have therapeutic effects. Shamanic/hypnotic suggestions may reduce pain, enhance healing, control blood loss, facilitate childbirth, and alleviate psychological disorders. Those more responsive to such suggestions are hypothesized to have a survival advantage over the less susceptible. As a consequence, shamanic rituals selected for genotypes associated with hypnotizability, a trait correlated with frequency of anomalous and religious experiences. With the evolution of psychophysiological structures associated with hypnotizability, modern forms of religious sentiment became possible. SP - 345 EP - 354 SN - 00218294 UR - http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1387852 ER - TY - JOUR ID - 10581 T1 - Magical medicine on television : Benin City, Nigeria JF - Journal of Ritual Studies A1 - Lyons,Andrew P. A1 - Lyons,Harriet D. VL - 1 IS - 1 PY - 1987///Wint KW - Edo National Church of God KW - Healing, Spiritual KW - Idahosa, Benson Andrew, Abp, 1938-1998 KW - Mass media in religion KW - National Religious Broadcasters KW - Nigeria--Religion KW - peer reviewed KW - Sects--Africa SP - 103 EP - 136 SN - 0890-1112 ER -