@article{alves_faunal_2011, title = {The faunal drugstore: Animal-based remedies used in traditional medicines in Latin America}, volume = {7}, issn = {1746-4269}, shorttitle = {The faunal drugstore}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385357}, doi = {10.1186/1746-4269-7-9}, abstract = {{ABSTRACT:} Zootherapy is the treatment of human ailments with remedies made from animals and their products. Despite its prevalence in traditional medical practices worldwide, research on this phenomenon has often been neglected in comparison to medicinal plant research. This review discusses some related aspects of the use of animal-based remedies in Latin America, identifies those species used as folk remedies, and discusses the implications of zootherapy for public health and biological conservation. The review of literature revealed that at least 584 animal species, distributed in 13 taxonomic categories, have been used in traditional medicine in region. The number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expansive and demonstrates the importance of zootherapy as an alternative mode of therapy in Latin America. Nevertheless, this number is certainly underestimated since the number of studies on the theme are very limited. Animals provide the raw materials for remedies prescribed clinically and are also used in the form of amulets and charms in magic-religious rituals and ceremonies. Zootherapeutic resources were used to treat different diseases. The medicinal fauna is largely based on wild animals, including some endangered species. Besides being influenced by cultural aspects, the relations between humans and biodiversity in the form of zootherapeutic practices are conditioned by the social and economic relations between humans themselves. Further ethnopharmacological studies are necessary to increase our understanding of the links between traditional uses of faunistic resources and conservation biology, public health policies, sustainable management of natural resources and bio-prospecting.}, journal = {Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine}, author = {Alves, Rômulo and Alves, Humberto N.}, year = {2011}, note = {{PMID:} 21385357}, pages = {9} }, @book{deshmukh_astonishing_2011, title = {The Astonishing Brain and Holistic Consciousness: Neuroscience and Vedanta Perspectives}, isbn = {1613242956}, shorttitle = {The Astonishing Brain and Holistic Consciousness}, publisher = {Nova Science Publishers}, author = {Deshmukh, Vinod D.}, month = apr, year = {2011} }, @article{abdel-khalek_islam_2011, title = {Islam and mental health: A few speculations.}, volume = {14}, issn = {13674676}, shorttitle = {Islam and mental health}, doi = {10.1080/13674676.2010.544867}, abstract = {The author reflects on the studies conducted by various researchers on the relationship of Islam and mental health. It is being stressed by the author that there is a positive relation between religiosity and both mental and subjective well-being, and a negative association between religiosity and psychopathology. It adds that the similarities between monotheistic religions overshadow the differences regarding the association between religiosity and mental health.}, number = {2}, journal = {Mental Health, Religion \& Culture}, author = {{Abdel-Khalek}, Ahmed M.}, month = feb, year = {2011}, keywords = {{ADJUSTMENT} {(Psychology)}, {ISLAM}, mental health, {RESEARCH} -- Methodology}, pages = {87--92} }, @article{martin_illness_2009, title = {Illness of the mind or illness of the spirit? Mental health-related conceptualization and practices of older Iranian immigrants}, volume = {34}, issn = {0360-7283}, shorttitle = {Illness of the mind or illness of the spirit?}, abstract = {The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore whether the way mental health is conceptualized by older Iranian immigrants can influence their mental health-related practices. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 Iranians who had immigrated to the United States after the age of 50. The findings from this study revealed that the older Iranian immigrants were reluctant to seek mental health care services in the United {States.This} resistance was largely attributed to the cultural differences in mental health conceptualization (language, definitions, and terminology) and lack of trust in the effectiveness ofpsychotropic medications. The findings of this study have implications for health and social service professionals who provide services to older immigrants, refugees, and minority populations whose mental health conceptualization may not be consistent with the biomedical model.}, number = {2}, journal = {Health \& Social Work}, author = {Martin, Shadi Sahami}, month = may, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19425341}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cultural Characteristics, Female, Healthcare Disparities, Holistic Health, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Iran, Male, mental health, Middle Aged, Qualitative Research, spirituality, Transients and Migrants}, pages = {117--126} }, @article{rosch_bioelectromagnetic_2009, title = {Bioelectromagnetic and subtle energy medicine: the interface between mind and matter}, volume = {1172}, issn = {1749-6632}, shorttitle = {Bioelectromagnetic and subtle energy medicine}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04535.x}, abstract = {The concept of a "life energy" can be found in many cultures in the present time, as well as in past eras reaching back to the ancients. Variously called qi (chi), ki, the "four humors,"prana, "archaeus,""cosmic aether,""universal fluid,""animal magnetism," and "odic force," among other names, this purported biofield is beginning to yield its properties and interactions to the scientific method. Subtle energy is the term used in this chapter, which traces the recent history of subtle energy studies from Harold Saxton Burr and Björn Nordenström to Jim Oschman and Jacques Benveniste. This work takes signaling in living systems from the chemical/molecular to the physical/atomic level of communication. Effects on heart rate variability, stress response, inflammation, and the vagus nerve have been demonstrated and raise the {question--Can} the power of subtle energies be harnessed for health enhancement? It is fully accepted that good health depends on good communication both within the organism and between the organism and its environment. Sophisticated imaging procedures brought to bear on telomere, stem cell, and genetic research are confirming the ability of meditation and some other traditional practices to promote optimal health through stress reduction.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, author = {Rosch, Paul J}, month = aug, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19735252}, keywords = {Complementary Therapies, Electromagnetic Phenomena, Heart Rate, Humans, Inflammation, Qi, Stress, Psychological, Vagus Nerve}, pages = {297--311} }, @article{dhondup_tibetan_2009, title = {Tibetan Medicine and Regeneration}, volume = {1172}, issn = {00778923}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04500.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04500.x}, abstract = {Multiple sclerosis is given as an example of how Tibetan medicine treats disease with its understanding of the interplay of the five elements, three humors, and their qualities and locations. The three-humor interpretation agrees with the microscopic three-humor description of demyelination. Treatments to promote regeneration include complementary medicine.}, number = {1}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, author = {Dhondup, Lobsang and Husted, Cynthia}, month = aug, year = {2009}, pages = {115--122} }, @article{abu_raiya_religiously_2010, title = {Religiously integrated psychotherapy with Muslim clients: From research to practice.}, volume = {41}, issn = {0735-7028}, shorttitle = {Religiously integrated psychotherapy with Muslim clients}, doi = {10.1037/a0017988}, abstract = {In this paper, we attempt to translate empirical findings from a program of research that developed a Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness {(PMIR)} into practical clinical applications. The findings from this program of research are complemented and illuminated by findings from other empirical research and clinical work with Muslims. Our recommendations can be summarized as follows. First, clinicians should inquire directly about the place of religion in the lives of their Muslim clients. Second, mental health professionals should ask about what Islam means to their clients and educate themselves about basic Islamic beliefs and practices. Third, clinicians should help their Muslim clients draw on Islamic positive religious coping methods to deal with stressors. Fourth, we recommend that clinicians assess for religious struggles, normalize them, help clients find satisfying solutions to these struggles and, if appropriate, refer clients who struggle to a Muslim pastoral counselor or religious leader. Finally, in order to overcome stigma associated with mental health issues, mental health professionals should educate the Islamic public about psychology, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. {(PsycINFO} Database Record (c) 2010 {APA}, all rights reserved). (from the journal abstract)}, number = {2}, journal = {Professional Psychology: Research and Practice}, author = {Abu Raiya, Hisham and Pargament, Kenneth I.}, month = apr, year = {2010}, keywords = {Coping Behavior, empirical research, mental health, {MUSLIMS}, positive religious coping, Psychological Assessment, psychological measures, Psychotherapy, religion, religious struggle, religiously integrated psychotherapy, stigma}, pages = {181--188} }, @article{anand_psychological_2009, title = {Psychological healing and faith in the doctrine of Karma.}, volume = {12}, issn = {13674676}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=45427285&site=ehost-live&scope=site}, doi = {10.1080/13674670903020889}, abstract = {The doctrine of Karma enjoys wide acceptance by all cross-sections of the Hindu population. The doctrine is frequently invoked while seeking explanations for various life crises. This study is an effort to delineate its role in the healing process. A narrative study was conducted on middle-to-late age women who had undergone major life crises. Their narratives threw light on how these women used this doctrine to make sense of their suffering and readapt to the changed reality. The belief in the doctrine facilitated acceptance of and emergence from their tragic life events. It was concluded that more systematic work is required to understand the mental representation of the doctrine and its various tenets, which affect the healing process. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}}, number = {8}, journal = {Mental Health, Religion \& Culture}, author = {Anand, Jyoti}, month = dec, year = {2009}, keywords = {Faith, healing, {HINDU} philosophy, {KARMA}, {MENTAL} representation}, pages = {817--832} }, @article{lucchetti_complementary_2011, title = {Complementary spiritist therapy: systematic review of scientific evidence}, volume = {2011}, issn = {1741-4288}, shorttitle = {Complementary spiritist therapy}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21687790}, doi = {10.1155/2011/835945}, abstract = {Spiritism is the third most common religion in Brazil, and its therapies have been used by millions worldwide. These therapies are based on therapeutic resources including prayer, laying on of hands, fluidotherapy (magnetized water), charity/volunteering, spirit education/moral values, and disobsession (spirit release therapy). This paper presents a systematic review of the current literature on the relationship among health outcomes and 6 predictors: prayer, laying on of hands, magnetized/fluidic water, charity/volunteering, spirit education (virtuous life and positive affect), and spirit release therapy. All articles were analyzed according to inclusion/exclusion criteria, {Newcastle-Ottawa} and Jadad score. At present, there is moderate to strong evidence that volunteering and positive affect are linked to better health outcomes. Furthermore, laying on of hands, virtuous life, and praying for oneself also seem to be associated to positive findings. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies on magnetized water and spirit release therapy. In summary, science is indirectly demonstrating that some of these therapies can be associated to better health outcomes and that other therapies have been overlooked or poorly investigated. Further studies in this field could contribute to the disciplines of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by investigating the relationship between body, mind, and soul/spirit.}, journal = {{Evidence-Based} Complementary and Alternative Medicine: {eCAM}}, author = {Lucchetti, Giancarlo and Lucchetti, Alessandra L Granero and Bassi, Rodrigo M and Nobre, Marlene Rossi Severino}, year = {2011}, note = {{PMID:} 21687790}, pages = {835945} }, @article{wicker_current_2009, title = {Current Concepts in Limb Regeneration}, volume = {1172}, issn = {00778923}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04413.x}, abstract = {This review covers historical perspectives of regeneration biology and current research regarding human extremity tissue regeneration. With a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in regeneration, cognitive-behavioral practices such as meditation and yoga may assist in achieving regeneration.}, number = {1}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, author = {Wicker, Jordan and Kamler, Kenneth}, month = aug, year = {2009}, pages = {95--109} }, @book{dawson_summoning_????, title = {Summoning the spirits: possession and invocation in contemporary religion}, isbn = {9781848851627}, publisher = {{I.B.} Tauris}, author = {Dawson, Andrew} }, @article{posadzki_tai_2009, title = {Tai chi and meditation: A conceptual (re)synthesis?}, volume = {27}, issn = {0898-0101}, shorttitle = {Tai chi and meditation}, doi = {10.1177/0898010108330807}, abstract = {The aim of this article is to review the literature on Tai Chi and meditation. A coherent construct is developed that includes a comparative analysis and conceptual synthesis of existing theories. The authors discuss a set of assumptions that justify this synthesis; they also argue that this construct would facilitate greater understanding of Tai Chi from the perspective of meditation. Such synthesis may bring "additional" benefits to Tai Chi practitioners as they could recognize that this mind-body technique holds the essence of meditation. Within the scope of this article, the evidence shows a majority of common features when concerning Tai Chi and meditation. These mutual similarities should be taken into account when performing this type of mind-body medicine by patients and/or therapists. Finally, the authors suggest that this inspiring compilation of movements and mindfulness can be used for practical purposes.}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Holistic Nursing: Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association}, author = {Posadzki, Paul and Jacques, Samantha}, month = jun, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19443697}, keywords = {Chronic Disease, Coronary Disease, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Holistic Health, Humans, Meditation, {Mind-Body} Therapies, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Pain, Self Efficacy, Stress, Psychological, Tai Ji}, pages = {103--114} }, @book{ferrari_health_2010, edition = {1}, series = {Routledge South Asian Religion Series}, title = {Health and Religious Rituals in South Asia: Disease, Possession and Healing}, isbn = {0415561450}, shorttitle = {Health and Religious Rituals in South Asia}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Ferrari, Fabrizio}, month = jun, year = {2010} }, @article{bazzano_buddha_2011, title = {The Buddha as a fully functioning person: toward a person-centered perspective on mindfulness}, volume = {10}, issn = {1477-9757}, shorttitle = {The Buddha as a fully functioning person}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14779757.2011.576560}, doi = {10.1080/14779757.2011.576560}, abstract = {The paper explores links between the person-centered approach {(PCA)} and meditation. It is divided into two parts. The first part begins with a description of the author's own experience of meditation. It is followed by a brief discussion of other approaches which similarly attempt the integration of meditation and psychotherapy: mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, transpersonal and psychodynamic models, and by what might constitute an alternative paradigm, one based on phenomenological principles which are central to the {PCA.} The second part outlines interviews and findings of a small-scale heuristic and phenomenological research (originally part of a dissertation) conducted among person-centered therapists who regularly practice meditation. Meditation is tentatively realized as a way of increasing organismic and phenomenological awareness, of cultivating and refining a way of being, of fostering a re-sacralization of the everyday and a greater appreciation of the existential dilemma of being human.}, number = {2}, journal = {{Person-Centered} \& Experiential Psychotherapies}, author = {Bazzano, Manu}, month = jun, year = {2011}, pages = {116--128} }, @article{hart_present_2010, title = {Present at the creation: the clinical pastoral movement and the origins of the dialogue between religion and psychiatry}, volume = {49}, issn = {1573-6571}, shorttitle = {Present at the creation}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/20300962}, doi = {10.1007/s10943-010-9347-6}, abstract = {The contemporary dialogue between religion and psychiatry has its roots in what is called the clinical pastoral movement. The early leaders of the clinical pastoral movement {(Anton} Boisen, Elwood Worcester, Helen Flanders Dunbar, and Richard Cabot) were individuals of talent, even genius, whose lives and work intersected one another in the early decades of the twentieth century. Their legacy endures in the persons they inspired and continue to inspire and in the professional organizations and academic programs that profit from their pioneering work. To understand them and the era of their greatest productivity is to understand some of what psychiatry and religion have to say to each other. Appreciating their legacy requires attention to the context of historical movements and forces current in America at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century that shaped religious, psychiatric, and cultural discourse. This essay attempts to provide an introduction to this rich and fascinating material. This material was first presented as a Grand Rounds lecture at The New York Presbyterian Hospital, Payne Whitney Westchester in the Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College.}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Religion and Health}, author = {Hart, Curtis W and Div, M}, month = dec, year = {2010}, note = {{PMID:} 20300962}, pages = {536--546} }, @article{wardlaw_american_2011, title = {American medicine as religious practice: care of the sick as a sacred obligation and the unholy descent into secularization}, volume = {50}, issn = {1573-6571}, shorttitle = {American medicine as religious practice}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20094797}, doi = {10.1007/s10943-010-9320-4}, abstract = {Modern medicine serves a religious function for modern Americans as a conduit through which science can be applied directly to the human body. The first half of this paper will focus on the theoretical foundations for viewing medicine as a religious practice arguing that just as a hierarchical structured authoritarian church historically mediated access to God, contemporary Western medicine provides a conduit by which the universalizable truths of science can be applied to the human being thereby functioning as a new established religion. I will then illustrate the many parallels between medicine and religion through an analysis of rituals and symbols surrounding and embedded within the modern practice of medicine. This analysis will pay special attention to the primacy placed on secret interior knowledge of the human body. I will end by responding to the hope for a "secularization of American medicine," exploring some of the negative consequences of secularization, and arguing that, rather than seeking to secularize, American medicine should strive to use its religious features to offer hope and healing to the sick, in keeping with its historically religious legacy.}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Religion and Health}, author = {Wardlaw, Margaret P}, month = mar, year = {2011}, note = {{PMID:} 20094797}, pages = {62--74} }, @book{adams_medicine_2010, address = {New York}, series = {Epistemologies of Healing}, title = {Medicine between science and religion: explorations on Tibetan grounds}, isbn = {9781845457587}, publisher = {Berghahn Books}, editor = {Adams, Vincanne and Schrempf, Mona and Craig, Sienna R.}, year = {2010} }, @article{mafimisebi_preparation_2010, title = {Preparation and use of plant medicines for farmers' health in Southwest Nigeria: socio-cultural, magico-religious and economic aspects}, volume = {6}, issn = {1746-4269}, shorttitle = {Preparation and use of plant medicines for farmers' health in Southwest Nigeria}, doi = {10.1186/1746-4269-6-1}, abstract = {{ABSTRACT:} Agrarian rural dwellers in Nigeria produce about 95\% of locally grown food commodities. The low accessibility to and affordability of orthodox medicine by rural dwellers and their need to keep healthy to be economically productive, have led to their dependence on traditional medicine. This paper posits an increasing acceptance of traditional medicine country-wide and advanced reasons for this trend. The fact that traditional medicine practitioners' concept of disease is on a wider plane vis-a-vis orthodox medicine practitioners' has culminated in some socio-cultural and magico-religious practices observed in preparation and use of plant medicines for farmers' health management. Possible scientific reasons were advanced for some of these practices to show the nexus between traditional medicine and orthodox medicine. The paper concludes that the psychological aspect of traditional medicine are reflected in its socio-cultural and magico-religious practices and suggests that government should fund research into traditional medicine to identify components of it that can be integrated into the national health system.}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine}, author = {Mafimisebi, Taiwo E and Oguntade, Adegboyega E}, month = jan, year = {2010}, note = {{PMID:} 20089149}, pages = {1}, annote = {Agrarian rural dwellers in Nigeria produce about 95\% of locally grown food commodities. The low accessibility to and affordability of orthodox medicine by rural dwellers and their need to keep healthy to be economically productive, have led to their dependence on traditional medicine. This paper posits an increasing acceptance of traditional medicine country-wide and advanced reasons for this trend. The fact that traditional medicine practitioners' concept of disease is on a wider plane vis-à-vis orthodox medicine practitioners' has culminated in some socio-cultural and magico-religious practices observed in preparation and use of plant medicines for farmers' health management. Possible scientific reasons were advanced for some of these practices to show the nexus between traditional medicine and orthodox medicine. The paper concludes that the psychological aspect of traditional medicine are reflected in its socio-cultural and magico-religious practices and suggests that government should fund research into traditional medicine to identify components of it that can be integrated into the national health system.} }, @article{coker_claiming_2009, title = {Claiming the Public Soul: Representations of Qur'anic Healing and Psychiatry in the Egyptian Print Media}, volume = {46}, issn = {1461-7471}, shorttitle = {Claiming the Public Soul}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/20028683}, doi = {10.1177/1363461509351390}, abstract = {Egyptian society is engaged in a culture-wide debate over definitions of abnormality, local constructions of which are rooted in ideas about the body and the soul in relation to society as a whole. This is reflected in the continuing recourse to religious healers or texts, as well as in heated debates over the moral, social, religious and legal status of religious healers, in particular the relatively recent and more orthodox {"Qur'anic} healers." The present study used a primarily qualitative analysis of Egyptian newspaper articles to explore media portrayals of this debate with a focus on how these contradictory cultural themes are situated and contested. The results show that psychiatric hegemony is reflected in media language that gives primacy to certain discourses over others, but that religious healing and religion in general exert an equal, if not more powerful influence on the form of these media portrayals. Different strategies used to negotiate the tensions between Qur'anic healing and psychiatry by those on both sides of the argument come across in the ways these arguments are portrayed in the media.}, number = {4}, journal = {Transcultural Psychiatry}, author = {Coker, Elizabeth M}, month = dec, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 20028683}, pages = {672--694} }, @article{posadzki_qi_2010, title = {Qi Gong's relationship to educational kinesiology: A qualitative approach}, volume = {14}, issn = {1532-9283}, shorttitle = {Qi Gong's relationship to educational kinesiology}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.11.002}, abstract = {This paper qualitatively reviews two complementary therapies; Qi Gong and educational kinesiology {(EK).} It is being suggested that Qi Gong and {EK} may be united through a qualitative convergence and a shared underlying concept. The authors hypothesize that a coherent rationale can be formed through this conceptual synthesis and propose that to some extent Qi Gong movements and {EK} can be considered to work in unison with each other. The logical synthesis of these two therapies is being presented to identify Qi Gong movements with concepts of brain gymnastics and also to explain how this new construct can be developed and implemented into practice. When verified, this hypothesis will allow individuals to better understand Chinese health exercises from the modern science perspective such as neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and psychoneuroimmunology.}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies}, author = {Posadzki, Paul and Parekh, Sheetal and {O'Driscoll}, {Marie-Luce} and Mucha, Dariusz}, month = jan, year = {2010}, note = {{PMID:} 20006292}, pages = {73--79} }, @article{mavundla_rationalization_2009, title = {Rationalization of indigenous male circumcision as a sacred religious custom: health beliefs of Xhosa men in South Africa}, volume = {20}, issn = {1043-6596}, shorttitle = {Rationalization of indigenous male circumcision as a sacred religious custom}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19587214}, doi = {10.1177/1043659609340801}, abstract = {This article presents research findings based on the meaning of indigenous circumcision to Xhosa men in South Africa. In South Africa, male circumcision is a rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood. The country has experienced serious problems associated with the practice of this rite ranging from dehydration to death in the traditional "bush" circumcision schools. A qualitative, endogenous research {DESIGN:} {"How} do you experience having a son who is undergoing the circumcision rite?" The study revealed cultural circumcision as a "sacred religious practice" with five themes, namely (a) readiness of Xhosa families to engage in the circumcision ritual, (b) the act of circumcision and preparation for manhood, (c) the importance of symbolic purity during the circumcision ritual, (d) celebrating acquired manhood, and (5) aspects of manhood and the rejection of clinical care. Secondary to this are health promotion recommendations made for individuals involved in this ritual.}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Transcultural Nursing: Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society}, author = {Mavundla, Thandisizwe Redford and Netswera, Fulufelo Godfrey and Bottoman, Brian and Toth, Ferenc}, month = oct, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19587214}, pages = {395--404}, annote = {This article presents research findings based on the meaning of indigenous circumcision to Xhosa men in South Africa. In South Africa, male circumcision is a rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood. The country has experienced serious problems associated with the practice of this rite ranging from dehydration to death in the traditional "bush" circumcision schools. A qualitative, endogenous research {DESIGN:} {"How} do you experience having a son who is undergoing the circumcision rite?" The study revealed cultural circumcision as a "sacred religious practice" with five themes, namely (a) readiness of Xhosa families to engage in the circumcision ritual, (b) the act of circumcision and preparation for manhood, (c) the importance of symbolic purity during the circumcision ritual, (d) celebrating acquired manhood, and (5) aspects of manhood and the rejection of clinical care. Secondary to this are health promotion recommendations made for individuals involved in this ritual.} }, @article{sharpnack_spiritual_2010, title = {Spiritual and alternative healthcare practices of the Amish}, volume = {24}, issn = {1550-5138}, doi = {10.1097/HNP.0b013e3181d39ade}, abstract = {Although the use of spiritual and alternative healthcare practices is increasing, knowledge of these practices among the Amish is limited. This study explored the spiritual and healthcare practices of 134 Amish. Information about the diversity and prevalence of these practices among the Amish may be useful to nurses in practice.}, number = {2}, journal = {Holistic Nursing Practice}, author = {Sharpnack, Patricia A. and Griffin, Mary T. Quinn and Benders, Alison M. and Fitzpatrick, Joyce J.}, month = apr, year = {2010}, note = {{PMID:} 20186016}, pages = {64--72} }, @article{newcombe_development_2009, title = {The Development of Modern Yoga: A Survey of the Field}, volume = {3}, shorttitle = {The Development of Modern Yoga}, url = {http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00171.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00171.x}, abstract = {Yoga is now found in urban centres and rural retreats across the world as well as in its historical home in the Indian subcontinent. What is now practiced as yoga across the globe has a long history of transnational intercultural exchange and has been considered by some as an outgrowth of {Neo-Hinduism.} Although the popularisation of yoga is often cited in theories about {'Easternization'} or the 're-enchantment' of the West since the late 20th century, most of these theories make little reference to the growing number of historical, sociological and anthropological studies of modern yoga. This article will consider how the apparent dichotomy between yoga as a physical fitness activity (often termed 'hatha yoga') and/or as a 'spiritual practice' developed historically and discuss recent trends in the research.}, number = {6}, journal = {Religion Compass}, author = {Newcombe, Suzanne}, month = dec, year = {2009}, pages = {986--1002} }, @article{george_my_2010, title = {My Ishvara is dead: spiritual care on the fringes}, volume = {49}, issn = {1573-6571}, shorttitle = {My Ishvara is dead}, doi = {10.1007/s10943-009-9285-3}, abstract = {Human suffering speaks differently to different lived contexts. In this paper, I have taken a metaphoric representation of suffering, Ishvara, from the lived context of a Hindu immigrant woman to show that suffering is experienced and expressed within one's lived context. Further, a dominant narrative from her world is presented to show that the same lived context can be a resource for spiritual care that could reconstruct her world that has fallen apart with a suffering experience. Having argued that suffering is experienced and expressed within one's lived context, and that lived context could be a resource, in this paper I present that spiritual care is an intervention into the predicaments of human suffering and its mandate is to facilitate certain direction and a meaningful order through which experiences and expectations are rejoined. Finally, I observe that spiritual care is an engagement between the lived context where suffering is experienced and the spiritual experience and orientation of the caregiver.}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Religion and Health}, author = {George, Titus}, month = dec, year = {2010}, note = {{PMID:} 19787453}, pages = {581--590} }, @book{soreq_stress_2009, address = {Weinheim; Chichester}, title = {Stress : from molecules to behaviour : a comprehensive analysis of the neurobiology of stress responses}, isbn = {9783527323746}, publisher = {{Wiley-VCH}}, author = {Soreq, H}, year = {2009} }, @article{vuckovic_journey_????, title = {Journey Into Healing: The Transformative Experience of Shamanic Healing on Women With Temporomandibular Joint Disorders}, volume = {6}, issn = {1550-8307}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MF9-51BY623-B/2/1446fb4026902b55074f16f8537653a8}, doi = {10.1016/j.explore.2010.08.005}, abstract = {Objective To evaluate participants' perceptions of illness, healing process, and experience of effects from shamanic treatment as reported from in-depth {interviews.Theoretical} Framework Consistent with a whole systems research model, qualitative methods were used to evaluate the outcomes and experiences of clinical trial participants. Quantitative results are reported {elsewhere.Method} Twenty participants completed five visits with a randomly assigned shamanic practitioner and completed pretreatment and posttreatment in-depth interviews conducted by trained, qualitative {researchers.Context} Some physical and psychological symptoms associated with temporomandibular joint disorders {(TMD)} may be indicative of the shamanic definition of soul loss. Because this was the first clinical trial of shamanic healing for {TMD} pain, a mixed-methods approach enabled researchers to capture a wide range of participants' {experiences.Participants} Eligible volunteers were women aged between 25 to 55 years, naive to shamanic healing, with a confirmed diagnosis of {TMD} and a pain level of three or higher on the Research Diagnostic Criteria Axis {II} {questionnaire.Data} Collection For consistency, interviewers followed a guide that allowed individual experiences to emerge. Interviews lasted about one hour, were recorded, and professionally {transcribed.Analysis} and Interpretation Following standard qualitative analysis procedures, researchers developed and applied thematic codes to transcribed text of interviews. Coded text was reviewed to generate summaries of thematic {content.Main} Results Although participants described physical changes, three times as much text was devoted to changes in self-awareness, capacity for coping, improvement in relationships, and taking better care of themselves. Their experience describes a process of transformation.}, number = {6}, journal = {{EXPLORE:} The Journal of Science and Healing}, author = {Vuckovic, Nancy and Schneider, Jennifer and Williams, Louise A. and Ramirez, Michelle}, month = nov, keywords = {Chronic pain, {QUALITATIVE} research, Shamanism, Spiritual healing, {TMD}, transformational experience}, pages = {371--379} }, @article{pandikumar_consensus_2011, title = {Consensus of local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional healers in Mayiladumparai block of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India}, volume = {134}, issn = {1872-7573}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193023}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.027}, abstract = {{AIM} {OF} {THE} {STUDY} The role of ethnobotany in drug discovery is huge but there are criticisms over such studies due to their qualitative nature. The present study is aimed at quantitatively abstracting the medicinal plant knowledge of the healers trained in traditional ways, in Mayiladumparai block of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India. {MATERIALS} {AND} {METHODS} The interviews and field observations were carried out in all the 18 village panchayaths from January to June 2010, consisting of 148 field days. The interviews were conducted with 80 traditional healers, after obtaining prior informed consent. Successive free listing was used to interview the informants. The informant consensus factor {(F(ic))} was calculated to estimate the use variability of medicinal plants. Fidelity index and Cultural importance index were also calculated to analyze the data. {RESULTS} This study recorded the ethno-medicinal usage of 142 ethno-species belonging to 62 families that were used to prepare 504 formulations. Jaundice had the highest F(ic) value than all the illness categories studied. Phyllanthus spp. was the highly cited medicinal plant to treat jaundice and had high fidelity index value. This was followed by Senna angustifolia and Terminalia chebula as laxatives. The highly cited medicinal plants in each group with high F(ic) value were Pongamia pinnata (antiseptic), Aerva lanata (antidote and snakebite), Blepharis maderaspatensis (cuts and wounds), Abutilon indicum (hemorrhoids), Ruta graveolens (spiritual medicine), Ocimum tenuiflorum (cough), and Solanum trilobatum (pulmonary ailments). Phyllanthus spp., was the most culturally significant species according to this index, followed by Borassus flebellifer. {CONCLUSION} The process of drug discovery has become highly expensive and post-approval and post-marketing withdrawal of drugs is continuing. In such scenario, reverse pharmacology is considered an attractive option. The medicinal plants enumerated in this study with high number of citations and high F(ic) values for illness categories might give some useful leads for further biomedical research.}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Ethnopharmacology}, author = {Pandikumar, P and Chellappandian, M and Mutheeswaran, S and Ignacimuthu, S}, month = mar, year = {2011}, note = {{PMID:} 21193023}, pages = {354--362} }, @book{doron_health_2009, address = {London}, title = {Health, culture and religion in South Asia: critical social science perspectives}, isbn = {9780415556095}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Doron, Assa}, year = {2009} }, @article{mistry_veiled_2009, title = {Veiled communication: is uncovering necessary for psychiatric assessment?}, volume = {46}, issn = {1461-7471}, shorttitle = {Veiled communication}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/20028681}, doi = {10.1177/1363461509351366}, abstract = {Facial expressions are significant to decipher information during a dialogue and more so in a clinical consultation. Veils {(Niqab)} worn by Muslim women may pose a clinical dilemma for the psychiatric assessment especially if clinicians are not aware of their religious significance. To investigate whether clinical judgment is affected if full facial expressions are not accessible, we conducted an email survey of psychiatrists and psychologists across the world who frequently work in these situations. Of 25 colleagues contacted 16 responded and 11 of them agreed for their comments to be included in the study. Nine out of 11 believed clinical assessment may be compromised, although respondents were aware of cultural sensitivity around the issue. Two out of 11 however, felt fully able to assess the mental state of a veiled woman. Some professionals reported that they feel unable to assess or treat if the request to take the veil off is declined. This small survey demonstrates the diverse opinions on whether unveiling is necessary for psychiatric assessment. Further qualitative examination of this area is needed to develop wider consensus and guidance to mental health care professionals who may be dealing with these groups.}, number = {4}, journal = {Transcultural Psychiatry}, author = {Mistry, Himanshu and Bhugra, Dinesh and Chaleby, Kutaiba and Khan, Farooq and Sauer, Justin}, month = dec, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 20028681}, pages = {642--650} }, @article{carlisle_wellbeing:_2009, title = {{'Wellbeing':} a collateral casualty of modernity?}, volume = {69}, issn = {1873-5347}, shorttitle = {{'Wellbeing'}}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19765875}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.029}, abstract = {In the now vast empirical and theoretical literature on wellbeing knowledge of the subject is provided mainly by psychology and economics, where understanding of the concept are framed in very different ways. We briefly rehearse these, before turning to some important critical points which can be made about this burgeoning research industry, including the tight connections between the meanings of the concept with the moral value systems of particular 'modern' societies. We then argue that both the 'science' of wellbeing and its critique are, despite their diversity, re-connected by and subsumed within the emerging environmental critique of modern consumer society. This places concerns for individual and social wellbeing within the broader context of global human problems and planetary wellbeing. A growing number of thinkers now suggest that Western society and culture are dominated by materialistic and individualistic values, made manifest at the political and social levels through the unending pursuit of economic growth, and at the individual level by the seemingly endless quest for consumer goods, regardless of global implications such as broader environmental harms. The escalating growth of such values is associated with a growing sense of individual alienation, social fragmentation and civic disengagement and with the decline of more spiritual, moral and ethical aspects of life. Taken together, these multiple discourses suggest that wellbeing can be understood as a collateral casualty of the economic, social and cultural changes associated with late modernity. However, increasing concerns for the environment have the potential to counter some of these trends, and in so doing could also contribute to our wellbeing as individuals and as social beings in a finite world.}, number = {10}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine}, author = {Carlisle, Sandra and Henderson, Gregor and Hanlon, Phil W}, month = nov, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19765875}, pages = {1556--1560} }, @book{winkelman_shamanism_2010, address = {Santa Barbara Calif.}, edition = {2nd ed.}, title = {Shamanism : a biopsychosocial paradigm of consciousness and healing}, isbn = {9780313381812}, publisher = {Praeger}, author = {Winkelman, Michael}, year = {2010} }, @article{bryant_all_2011, title = {{'All} is done by Allah'. Understandings of Down syndrome and prenatal testing in Pakistan}, volume = {72}, issn = {1873-5347}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21470731}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.036}, abstract = {Understanding the psychosocial impact of a congenital condition such as Down syndrome on affected individuals and their family requires an understanding of the cultural context in which they are situated. This study carried out in 2008 used {Q-Methodology} to characterize understandings of Down syndrome {(DS)} in Pakistan in a sample of health professionals, researchers and parents of children with the condition. Fifty statements originally developed for a {UK} study and translated into Urdu were Q-sorted by 60 participants. The use of factor analytic techniques identified three independent accounts and qualitative data collected during the Q-sorting exercise supported their interpretation. In two accounts, the 'will of God' was central to an understanding of the existence of people with {DS} although perceptions about the value and quality of life of the affected individual differed significantly between these accounts as did views about the impact on the family. The third account privileged a more 'scientific worldview' of {DS} as a genetic abnormality but also a belief that society can further contribute to disabling those affected. Attitudes towards prenatal testing and termination of pregnancy demonstrated that a belief in the will of Allah was not necessarily associated with a rejection of these technologies. Accounts reflect the religious, cultural and economic context of Pakistan and issues associated with raising a child with a learning disability in that country.}, number = {8}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, author = {Bryant, Louise D. and Ahmed, Shenaz and Ahmed, Mushtaq and Jafri, Hussain and Raashid, Yasmin}, month = apr, year = {2011}, note = {{PMID:} 21470731}, pages = {1393--1399} }, @article{zahn_neural_2009, title = {The neural basis of human social values: evidence from functional {MRI}}, volume = {19}, issn = {1460-2199}, shorttitle = {The neural basis of human social values}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18502730}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhn080}, abstract = {Social values are composed of social concepts (e.g., "generosity") and context-dependent moral sentiments (e.g., "pride"). The neural basis of this intricate cognitive architecture has not been investigated thus far. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects imagined their own actions toward another person (self-agency) which either conformed or were counter to a social value and were associated with pride or guilt, respectively. Imagined actions of another person toward the subjects (other-agency) in accordance with or counter to a value were associated with gratitude or indignation/anger. As hypothesized, superior anterior temporal lobe {(aTL)} activity increased with conceptual detail in all conditions. During self-agency, activity in the anterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex correlated with pride and guilt, whereas activity in the subgenual cingulate solely correlated with guilt. In contrast, indignation/anger activated lateral orbitofrontal-insular cortices. Pride and gratitude additionally evoked mesolimbic and basal forebrain activations. Our results demonstrate that social values emerge from coactivation of stable abstract social conceptual representations in the superior {aTL} and context-dependent moral sentiments encoded in fronto-mesolimbic regions. This neural architecture may provide the basis of our ability to communicate about the meaning of social values across cultural contexts without limiting our flexibility to adapt their emotional interpretation.}, number = {2}, journal = {Cerebral Cortex {(New} York, {N.Y.:} 1991)}, author = {Zahn, Roland and Moll, Jorge and Paiva, Mirella and Garrido, Griselda and Krueger, Frank and Huey, Edward D and Grafman, Jordan}, month = feb, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 18502730}, keywords = {Adult, Altruism, Brain, Female, Humans, Image Processing, {Computer-Assisted}, Individuality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Morals, Neural Pathways, Prosencephalon, Reaction Time, Reward, Social Values, Temporal Lobe}, pages = {276--283} }, @article{barua_cognitive_2010, title = {Cognitive Process: A Buddhist explanation of information process and its congruent reactions}, volume = {17}, issn = {1525-5050}, shorttitle = {65. Cognitive process}, doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.01.090}, abstract = {The author presents a Buddhist understanding of the cognitive process of incoming information, its circulation and its congruent reactions based on the Buddhist spiritual meditative tradition of South and Southeast Asia. He asserts that Buddha can be credited as the first cognitive psychologist who propounded one of the most comprehensive analytic systems of cognitive process with an ultimate aim of achieving an altered psychological state of positive change and equilibrium reaction. Abstract from a paper given at the Epilepsy, Brain and Mind conference in March 2010, in Prague, Czech Republic.}, number = {4}, journal = {Epilepsy \& Behavior}, author = {Barua, Ven. Sreemat Swapan Kumar}, month = apr, year = {2010}, pages = {598}, annote = {Applies Buddhist philosophy to cognitive processes; positions {BUddha} as a cognitive psychologist meditation The author presents a Buddhist understanding of the cognitive process of incoming information, its circulation and its congruent reactions based on the Buddhist spiritual meditative tradition of South and Southeast Asia. He asserts that Buddha can be credited as the first cognitive psychologist who propounded one of the most comprehensive analytic systems of cognitive process with an ultimate aim of achieving an altered psychological state of positive change and equilibrium reaction. Abstract from a paper given at the Epilepsy, Brain and Mind conference in March 2010, in Prague, Czech Republic.} }, @book{sutherland_chi_2011, title = {Chi for Children: A Practical Guide to Teaching Tai Chi and Qigong in Schools and the Community}, isbn = {1848190557}, shorttitle = {Chi for Children}, publisher = {Singing Dragon}, author = {Sutherland, Betty}, month = jun, year = {2011} }, @article{prabhakar_ayurvedic_2009, title = {Ayurvedic medicine in neurology}, volume = {285}, issn = {{0022-510X}}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/science/article/B6T06-4XK3X1N-84/2/aa080d0ae3e1bd9d39a2d4b3031a8918}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-510X(09)70243-6}, abstract = {Ayurvedic medicine in neurology S. Prabhakar, {J.S.} Chopra. Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Inst. of Medical Education \& Research, Chandigarh, India Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine native to India and is considered a form of complementary alternative medicine in West. Ayurveda focuses on exercise, yoga, meditation, massage in addition to medication. There is comprehensive treatment of neurological disorders in Ayurveda. Details will be discussed. Few of the commonly used Ayurvedic medicines are described. Brahmi {(Bacopa} monnieri) is creeping herb commonly found throughout India. Its constituents include Alkaloids resembling strychnine in therapeutic action but less toxic. Bacopa extract contains Bacosideand B known since 5000 {BC.} It is used in Neurology as nerve tonic, for treatment of insanity and epilepsy. It has been mentioned to improve process of learning, restoring memory, enhancing power of speech and imagination. Bacopa was documented to exert antiamnesic effect on diazepam induced anterograde amnesia in mice by the author. Brahmi has anti-oxidant effect, improving activities of defense enzymes. It has anti-stress activity in rat. Bacopa protects against electric shock seizures and chemoconvulsion. Tulsi {(Occimum} sanctum) called Holy Basil in West is known for its religious / spiritual sanctity. Included in Rigveda – 5000 {BC.} It is known to protect and reduce stress, enhance stamina, boost immune system and lessen aging factor. It has antibiotic, antioxidant and antiepileptic properties. Guggulipid {(Commiphora} mukul) is used in stroke to treat hyperlipidaemia. It reduces cholesterol production in liver. Sarapgandha {(Rauwolfia} sarpantina), Dashmool and Ashwagandha are also used in management of stroke. Ashwagandha is also used in Epilepsy. Mucuna pruriens and Vicia fava beans {(English} dwarf beans) have long been used in Parkinson’s disease, as natural source of L-dopa}, number = {Supplement 1}, journal = {Journal of the Neurological Sciences}, author = {Prabhakar, S. and Chopra, {J.S.}}, month = oct, year = {2009}, pages = {S51--S52} }, @article{brotto_yoga_2009, title = {Yoga and Sexual Functioning: A Review}, volume = {35}, issn = {{0092623X}}, shorttitle = {Yoga and Sexual Functioning}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.bu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=44032289&site=ehost-live&scope=site}, doi = {10.1080/00926230903065955}, abstract = {Yoga is an ancient practice with Eastern roots that involves both physical postures (asanas) and breathing techniques (pranayamas). There is also a cognitive component focusing on meditation and concentration, which aids in achieving the goal of union between the self and the spiritual. Although numerous empirical studies have found a beneficial effect of yoga on different aspects of physical and psychological functioning, claims of yoga's beneficial effects on sexuality derive from a rich but nonempirical literature. The goal of this article is to review the philosophy and forms of yoga, to review the nonempirical and (limited) empirical literatures linking yoga with enhanced sexuality, and to propose some future research avenues focusinging on yoga as a treatment for sexual complaints.}, number = {5}, journal = {Journal of Sex \& Marital Therapy}, author = {Brotto, Lori A. and Mehak, Lisa and Kit, Cassandra}, month = oct, year = {2009}, keywords = {{ASTANGA} yoga, Meditation, {PRANAYAMA}, {SEX} therapy, {SEXUAL} disorders -- Alternative treatment, {YOGA} -- Therapeutic use}, pages = {378--390} }, @article{ahammed_applying_2010, title = {Applying Qur’anic metaphors in counseling.}, volume = {32}, issn = {0165-0653}, doi = {10.1007/s10447-010-9104-2}, abstract = {In recent years there has been increased attention to the importance of appropriate and relevant counseling interventions with culturally and religiously diverse populations. In accordance with the fact that Muslims rely on Qur’anic verses when answering the larger questions of life, “metaphor therapy” comes across as a technique that counselors can employ with Muslim clients. Although several authors have suggested the use of therapeutic metaphors from various religious texts in a broad manner, relatively little has been published on the application of metaphors from the Qur’an in counseling. This article explains the value of Qur’anic metaphors as therapeutic tools in counseling. {(PsycINFO} Database Record (c) 2010 {APA}, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)}, number = {4}, journal = {International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling}, author = {Ahammed, Shaima}, month = dec, year = {2010}, keywords = {Counseling, Cross Cultural Counseling, Metaphor, Quran, Religious Literature, therapeutic tools}, pages = {248--255} }, @book{fuller_mesmerism_1982, address = {Philadelphia}, title = {Mesmerism and the American cure of souls}, isbn = {9780812278477}, publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, author = {Fuller, Robert}, year = {1982} }, @book{fuller_alternative_1989, address = {New York}, title = {Alternative Medicine and American Religious Life}, isbn = {0195057759}, lccn = {R733 {.F85} 1989}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Fuller, Robert C}, year = {1989}, keywords = {1960-, Alternative medicine, religion, United States}, annote = {The late 1980s have seen an explosion of interest in an unconventional, and sometimes bizarre, set of practices and beliefs commonly called the New Age movement. Led by such visible figures as Shirley {MacLaine}, thousands of Americans have turned to a wide range of self-help methods and philosophies geared toward spiritual fulfillment and, particularly, healing of the body, including acupuncture, channeling, and crystals. What all these methods seem to have in common is an attempt to eschew conventional medical treatments, to move beyond the mysteries of the body to those of the psyche and soul. But as Robert C. Fuller demonstrates in this fascinating and surprising new book, such “alternative” forms of healing are nothing new in American culture. Going back to the early nineteenth century, Fuller asserts, Americans have relied on a bewildering assortment of unorthodox medical systems that represent a characteristically American strain of religious thought--a belief that spiritual, physical, and even economic well-being flow from an individual’s rapport with the cosmos. Drawing on a wealth of historical, psychological, and sociological information, Fuller’s story begins with such early health reforms as homeopathy, hydropathy, and Thomsonianism (which held that all disease was caused by cold and could be cured by heat). Though fairly conventional in outlook, they signaled the appearance of metaphysical elements that were destined to erupt in later movements. Fuller then looks at mesmerism and Swedenborgianism, which sprang up in the 1830s and 40s. Both of these movements were extremely popular in America, promising a triumph of piety and spirituality over the weaknesses of the body and mind, and changing the way thousands of Americans looked at modern medicine. Fuller traces this increasing metaphysical dimension, first in the early practices of osteopathic and chiropractic medicine, and then throughout the twentieth century in such varied and colorful systems as crystal healing, rolfing, spirit channeling, holistic health, and even Alcoholics Anonymous. Fuller argues that these healing movements have played an important role in American religious life, offering people a more vivid experience of a “sacred reality” than do most organized religions. His fascinating and sympathetic look at this thriving, and peculiarly American, mode of religion will interest a wide range of readers interested in American religious, cultural, and medical history.} }, @book{falola_health_2008, address = {Durham, {N.C}}, title = {Health Knowledge and Belief Systems in Africa}, isbn = {1594602433}, lccn = {R651 {.H43} 2008}, publisher = {Carolina Academic Press}, author = {Falola, Toyin}, editor = {Heaton, Matthew M}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Africa, Medical care, Social medicine, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {Health care in {sub-Saharan} Africa is and will continue to be an issue of utmost importance in the twenty-first century. As the {HIV/AIDS} pandemic ravages the continent, the stakes heighten not only to provide effective and efficient health care to African communities, but also to disseminate knowledge about health-seeking behavior and to instill belief among people in the possibility of leading a healthy existence. Health Knowledge and Belief Systems in Africa raises questions and offers analysis on many issues related to how health and illness are understood by communities in Africa, as well as how health knowledge and beliefs are disseminated and utilized to provide health services to African populations. The chapters in this book derive from many different disciplinary approaches and cover regions across {sub-Saharan} Africa, thus offering a holistic glimpse at the knowledge and belief systems functioning in Africa and the ways that these systems contribute to health care access and delivery in the world’s most endangered continent.} }, @book{imperato_african_1977, address = {Baltimore}, title = {African Folk Medicine: Practices and Beliefs of the Bambara and Other Peoples}, isbn = {0912752084}, lccn = {{DT551.42} {.I46}}, shorttitle = {African Folk Medicine}, publisher = {York Press}, author = {Imperato, Pascal James}, year = {1977}, keywords = {Africa, West, Bambara {(African} people), Medicine, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {A study about culture and medicine in Mali, West Africa.} }, @book{good_ethnomedical_1987, address = {New York}, title = {Ethnomedical Systems in Africa: Patterns of Traditional Medicine in Rural and Urban Kenya}, isbn = {0898627796}, lccn = {{GR350} {.G6} 1987}, shorttitle = {Ethnomedical Systems in Africa}, publisher = {Guilford Press}, author = {Good, Charles M}, year = {1987}, keywords = {Africa, healing, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @book{hammond-tooke_rituals_1989, address = {Johannesburg}, series = {Paper books}, title = {Rituals and Medicines: Indigenous Healing in South Africa}, isbn = {0868521108}, lccn = {{GR350} {.H28} 1989}, shorttitle = {Rituals and Medicines}, publisher = {Ad. Donker}, author = {{Hammond-Tooke}, W. D}, year = {1989}, keywords = {Africa, Religious life and customs, Spirit possession, Spiritual healing, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @article{lex_context_1984, title = {The Context of Schizophrenia and Shamanism}, volume = {11}, issn = {00940496}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/644369}, number = {1}, journal = {American Ethnologist}, author = {Lex, Barbara W.}, month = feb, year = {1984}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Feb., 1984 / Copyright © 1984 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {191--192} }, @book{lewis_medicine_1990, address = {Lincoln}, series = {Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians}, title = {The Medicine Men: Oglala Sioux Ceremony and Healing}, isbn = {0803228902}, lccn = {{E99.O3} L49 1990}, shorttitle = {The Medicine Men}, publisher = {University of Nebraska Press}, author = {Lewis, Thomas H}, year = {1990}, keywords = {Medicine, Oglala Indians, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation {(S.D.)}, Rites and ceremonies, Social life and customs, South Dakota, Sun dance, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {For the residents of the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota, mainstream medical care is often supplemented or replaced by a host of traditional practices: the Sun Dance, the yuwipi sing, the heyok’a ceremony, herbalism, the Sioux Religion, the peyotism of the Native American Church, and other medicines, or sources of healing. Thomas H. Lewis, a psychiatrist and medical anthropologist, describes those practices as he encountered them in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During many months he studied with leading practitioners. He describes the healers—their techniques, personal histories and qualities, the problems addressed and results obtained—and examines past as well as present practices. The result is an engrossing account that may profoundly affect the way readers view the dynamics of therapy for mind and body.} }, @book{kuriyama_expressiveness_1999, address = {New York}, title = {The Expressiveness of the Body and the Divergence of Greek and Chinese Medicine}, isbn = {0942299884}, lccn = {R723 {.K87} 1999}, publisher = {Zone Books}, author = {Kuriyama, Shigehisa}, year = {1999}, keywords = {Greek World, History, Human body, {MEDICINE}, Chinese, Medicine, Chinese Traditional, Medicine, Greek and Roman, {Mind-Body} Relations {(Metaphysics)}, Philosophy, Philosophy, Medical, Social aspects} }, @article{zollman_abc_1999, title = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine: What Is Complementary Medicine?}, volume = {319}, issn = {09598138}, shorttitle = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25185762}, number = {7211}, journal = {{BMJ:} British Medical Journal}, author = {Zollman, Catherine and Vickers, Andrew}, month = sep, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Sep. 11, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 {BMJ} Publishing Group}, pages = {693--696} }, @book{sullivan_healing_1989, address = {New York}, title = {Healing and restoring : health and medicine in the world's religious traditions}, isbn = {9780029237915}, shorttitle = {Healing and restoring}, publisher = {Macmillan}, author = {Sullivan, Lawrence}, year = {1989} }, @book{bowker_problems_1970, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Problems of suffering in religions of the world.}, isbn = {9780521074124}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Bowker, John}, year = {1970}, annote = {A comparative general study of the problems of suffering as treated by Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Marxism, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism and Buddhism.} }, @book{fontanarosa_alternative_2000, address = {Chicago, Ill}, title = {Alternative Medicine: An Objective Assessment}, isbn = {1579470025}, shorttitle = {Alternative Medicine}, publisher = {American Medical Association}, author = {Fontanarosa, Phil B}, year = {2000}, keywords = {Alternative medicine} }, @book{sheikh_eastern_1989, address = {New York}, series = {Wiley series on health psychology/behavioral medicine}, title = {Eastern and Western Approaches to Healing: Ancient Wisdom and Modern Knowledge}, isbn = {0471628905}, lccn = {R726.5 {.E27} 1989}, shorttitle = {Eastern and Western Approaches to Healing}, publisher = {Wiley}, author = {Sheikh, Anees A and Sheikh, Katharina S}, year = {1989}, keywords = {{Cross-Cultural} Comparison, Medicine and psychology, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Medicine, Oriental, Medicine, Oriental Traditional, Mind and body, Psychiatry, Psychiatry, Transcultural, Psychology, Psychotherapy}, annote = {This book surveys the various approaches to health care as defined by the major Eastern and Western philosophies. Contains comments on the effect Eastern thought has had on Western medicine and psychology.} }, @article{vickers_abc_1999, title = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine: Herbal Medicine}, volume = {319}, issn = {09598138}, shorttitle = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186102}, number = {7216}, journal = {{BMJ:} British Medical Journal}, author = {Vickers, Andrew and Zollman, Catherine}, month = oct, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Oct. 16, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 {BMJ} Publishing Group}, pages = {1050--1053} }, @book{spiro_facing_1996, address = {New Haven}, title = {Facing Death: Where Culture, Religion, and Medicine Meet}, isbn = {0300063490}, shorttitle = {Facing Death}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, author = {Spiro, Howard M and Curnen, Mary G. {McCrea} and Wandel, Lee Palmer and Yale University and {Goethe-Institut} {(Boston}, Mass.)}, year = {1996}, keywords = {Death, Ethics, Professional, Moral and ethical aspects, Psychological aspects, Religion and Medicine, Religious aspects, Terminal Care, Terminally Ill}, annote = {This book brings together health professionals and distinguished authorities in the humanities to reflect on medical, cultural, and religious responses to death. Physicians and other caregivers describe their experiences witnessing death, and theologians, historians, anthropologists, literary scholars, and pastors tell how other cultures and religions perceive death and mourn. For medical personnel and for patients, this collection affirms that death is less an adversary than a defining part of life.} }, @article{zollman_abc_1999-1, title = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine: Complementary Medicine and the Doctor}, volume = {319}, issn = {09598138}, shorttitle = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186616}, number = {7224}, journal = {{BMJ:} British Medical Journal}, author = {Zollman, Catherine and Vickers, Andrew}, month = dec, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Dec. 11, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 {BMJ} Publishing Group}, pages = {1558--1561} }, @article{albanese_subtle_1999, title = {The Subtle Energies of Spirit: Explorations in Metaphysical and New Age Spirituality}, volume = {67}, issn = {00027189}, shorttitle = {The Subtle Energies of Spirit}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1465739}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion}, author = {Albanese, Catherine L.}, month = jun, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jun., 1999 / Copyright © 1999 American Academy of Religion}, pages = {305--325} }, @book{barnes_teaching_2006, address = {Oxford}, title = {Teaching Religion and Healing}, isbn = {{019517643X}}, lccn = {{BL41} {.T43} 2006}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Barnes, Linda L and Talamantez, Inés and American Academy of Religion}, year = {2006}, keywords = {Medicine, religion, Religious aspects, Spiritual healing, Study and teaching}, annote = {This volume is designed to help instructors incorporate discussion of healing into their courses and to encourage the development of courses focused on religion and healing. It brings together essays by leading experts in a range of disciplines and addresses the role of healing in many different religious traditions. The primary target audience comprises faculty in religious studies, divinity schools, anthropology, sociology, and ethnic studies. However, the volume also addresses the needs of educators training pre-med students and will be an invaluable resource for those involved in educating physicians, health care professionals, and chaplains, particularly in relation to what is referred to as “cultural competence” - the ability to work with multicultural and religiously diverse patient populations.} }, @article{zollman_abc_1999-2, title = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine: Users and Practitioners of Complementary Medicine}, volume = {319}, issn = {09598138}, shorttitle = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25185898}, number = {7213}, journal = {{BMJ:} British Medical Journal}, author = {Zollman, Catherine and Vickers, Andrew}, month = sep, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Sep. 25, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 {BMJ} Publishing Group}, pages = {836--838} }, @article{sharma_contextualizing_1993, title = {Contextualizing Alternative Medicine: The Exotic, the Marginal and the Perfectly Mundane}, volume = {9}, issn = {{0268540X}}, shorttitle = {Contextualizing Alternative Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2783450}, number = {4}, journal = {Anthropology Today}, author = {Sharma, Ursula}, month = aug, year = {1993}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Aug., 1993 / Copyright © 1993 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland}, pages = {15--18} }, @article{levin_esoteric_2008, title = {Esoteric healing traditions: a conceptual overview}, volume = {4}, issn = {1550-8307}, shorttitle = {Esoteric healing traditions}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316053}, doi = {10.1016/j.explore.2007.12.003}, number = {2}, journal = {Explore {(New} York, {N.Y.)}}, author = {Levin, Jeff}, month = apr, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 18316053}, keywords = {Complementary Therapies, {Evidence-Based} Medicine, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Holistic Health, Homeopathy, Humans, Medicine, Traditional, Meditation, {Mind-Body} Therapies, Naturopathy, Religion and Medicine, Shamanism, spirituality}, pages = {101--112}, annote = {This paper presents, for the first time, a comprehensive scholarly examination of the history and principles of major traditions of esoteric healing. After a brief conceptual overview of esoteric religion and healing, summaries are provided of eight major esoteric traditions, including descriptions of beliefs and practices related to health, healing, and medicine. These include what are termed the kabbalistic tradition, the mystery school tradition, the gnostic tradition, the brotherhoods tradition, the Eastern mystical tradition, the Western mystical tradition, the shamanic tradition, and the new age tradition. Next, commonalities across these traditions are summarized with respect to beliefs and practices related to anatomy and physiology; nosology and etiology; pathophysiology; and therapeutic modalities. Finally, the implications of this survey of esoteric healing are discussed for clinicians, biomedical researchers, and medical educators.} }, @article{francoeur_sexuality_1992, title = {Sexuality and spirituality: the relevance of eastern traditions}, volume = {20}, issn = {0091-3995}, shorttitle = {Sexuality and spirituality}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12343737}, number = {4}, journal = {{SIECUS} Report}, author = {Francoeur, R T}, month = may, year = {1992}, note = {{PMID:} 12343737}, keywords = {Behavior, Buddhism, {Cross-Cultural} Comparison, Culture, Hinduism, personality, Psychology, religion, Research, Sexuality}, pages = {1--8}, annote = {This article outlines some of the major Eastern sexual and spiritual traditions (primarily Hinduism, Taoism and Tantrism), and discusses their relevance for the contemporary Western world. The article begins by examining the sources of Eastern sexual traditions, before and after the {“Axial”} period, the turning point at which male consciousness and power gained ascendancy over the female principle. Although a phallocentric view of the world came to dominate the East, Eastern cultures -- unlike the West -- maintained a respect for nature. According to this view, health and spirituality are gained only when humanity respects its place in the cosmos and lives in harmony with nature. The article then examines the sexual traditions of Hinduism, in which sexual asceticism not only coexisted but also complimented the celebration of sexual desire and pleasure. The article then discusses the Taoist traditions, which, among other things, stressed the importance of female sexual satisfaction. Taoism argued that men cannot experience true sexual ecstasy unless they develop the ability to control their ejaculation. The Tantric sexual tradition, the article explains, maintained that ultimate sexual pleasure would enable one to experience the true nature of reality. The article then goes on to review variations of these traditions: the Hindu Tantric Doctrine {(Shaktism)}, the Buddhist Tantric Doctrine, and Tantra and Yoga. Finally, the article considers the relevance of these Eastern philosophies to the Western sexual tradition, which has tended to view sexuality as antagonistic to spiritual liberation.} }, @book{leslie_paths_1992, address = {Berkeley}, series = {Comparative studies of health systems and medical care}, title = {Paths to Asian Medical Knowledge}, isbn = {0520073177}, lccn = {R581 {.P38} 1992}, publisher = {University of California Press}, author = {Leslie, Charles M and Young, Allan and American Anthropological Association}, year = {1992}, keywords = {{ASIA}, Congresses, East Asia, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Medicine, Oriental, Medicine, Oriental Traditional}, annote = {The essays in this book ask how patients and practitioners know what they know-what evidence of disease or health they consider convincing and what cultural traditions and symbols guide their thinking. Whether discussing Japanese anatomy texts, Islamic humoralism, Ayurvedic clinical practice, or a variety of other subjects, the authors offer an exciting range of information and suggest new theoretical avenues for medical anthropology.} }, @book{kasulis_self_1993, address = {Albany}, series = {{SUNY} series, the body in culture, history, and religion}, title = {Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice}, isbn = {{079141079X}}, lccn = {{B105.B64} S45 1993}, publisher = {State University of New York Press}, author = {Kasulis, Thomas P and Aimes, Roger T and Dissanayake, Wimal}, year = {1993}, keywords = {{ASIA}, History, Human body {(Philosophy)}, Mind and body, Self {(Philosophy)}} }, @article{worsley_non-western_1982, title = {{Non-Western} Medical Systems}, volume = {11}, issn = {00846570}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2155785}, journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology}, author = {Worsley, Peter}, year = {1982}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 1982 / Copyright © 1982 Annual Reviews}, pages = {315--348} }, @article{foster_disease_1976, title = {Disease Etiologies in {Non-Western} Medical Systems}, volume = {78}, issn = {00027294}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/675143}, number = {4}, journal = {American Anthropologist}, author = {Foster, George M.}, month = dec, year = {1976}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Dec., 1976 / Copyright © 1976 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {773--782}, annote = {This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of {non-Western} medical systems. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and magic are inseparable; the most powerful curers have supernatural and magical powers, and their primary role is diagnostic. Correlated with naturalistic etiologies are the belief that disease causality has nothing to do with other misfortunes; religion and magic are largely unrelated to illness; the principal curers lack supernatural or magical powers, and their primary role is therapeutic.} }, @article{patwardhan_ayurveda_2005, title = {Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview}, volume = {2}, issn = {{1741-427X}}, shorttitle = {Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16322803}, doi = {10.1093/ecam/neh140}, number = {4}, journal = {{Evidence-Based} Complementary and Alternative Medicine: {eCAM}}, author = {Patwardhan, Bhushan and Warude, Dnyaneshwar and Pushpangadan, P and Bhatt, Narendra}, month = dec, year = {2005}, note = {{PMID:} 16322803}, pages = {465--473}, annote = {Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine {(TIM)} and traditional Chinese medicine {(TCM)} remain the most ancient yet living traditions. There has been increased global interest in traditional medicine. Efforts to monitor and regulate herbal drugs and traditional medicine are underway. China has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and science-based approach, while Ayurveda still needs more extensive scientific research and evidence base. This review gives an overview of basic principles and commonalities of {TIM} and {TCM} and discusses key determinants of success, which these great traditions need to address to compete in global markets.} }, @article{croizier_medicine_1970, title = {Medicine, Modernization, and Cultural Crisis in China and India}, volume = {12}, issn = {00104175}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/178238}, number = {3}, journal = {Comparative Studies in Society and History}, author = {Croizier, Ralph C.}, month = jul, year = {1970}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jul., 1970 / Copyright © 1970 Society for Comparative Studies in Society and History}, keywords = {Medicine, Ayurvedic, Medicine, Oriental}, pages = {275--291} }, @article{lad_introduction_1995, title = {An introduction to Ayurveda}, volume = {1}, issn = {1078-6791}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/9419799}, number = {3}, journal = {Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine}, author = {Lad, V}, month = jul, year = {1995}, note = {{PMID:} 9419799}, keywords = {Humans, Medicine, Ayurvedic}, pages = {57--63}, annote = {Ayurveda is a Sanskrit word derived from two roots: ayur, which means life, and veda, knowledge. Knowledge arranged systematically with logic becomes science. During the due course of time, Ayurveda became the science of life. It has its root in ancient vedic literature and encompasses our entire life, the body, mind, and spirit.} }, @article{murthy_dhanwantari:_1997, title = {Dhanwantari: the God of Hindu medicine}, volume = {27}, issn = {0304-9558}, shorttitle = {Dhanwantari}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12572586}, number = {1}, journal = {Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine {(Hyderabad)}}, author = {Murthy, A R}, month = jan, year = {1997}, note = {{PMID:} 12572586}, keywords = {History, Ancient, History, Early Modern 1451-1600, History, Medieval, History, Modern 1601-, India, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Religion and Medicine}, pages = {1--14}, annote = {The original conception of Ayurveda in its entirety is essentially linked to Dhanwantari who is considered as God of Hindu Medicine. Dhanwantari is considered a mythical deity born with ambrosia in one hand and Ayurveda on the other at the end of the churning of milk ocean. He reincarnated himself in the Chandra dynasty. He was born to King Dhanwa, learnt Ayurveda from Bharadwaja. His great grandson Divodasa was also known as Dhanwantari, but was specialised only in surgical branch of Ayurveda. Sushruta, is said to have learnt the art of science of surgery from Divodasa Dhanwantara.} }, @book{alter_yoga_2004, address = {Princeton {N.J.}}, title = {Yoga in modern India : the body between science and philosophy}, isbn = {9780691118734}, shorttitle = {Yoga in modern India}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, author = {Alter, Joseph}, year = {2004} }, @article{narayana_ayurveda_2005, title = {Ayurvĕda gleaned through Buddhism}, volume = {35}, issn = {0304-9558}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333669}, number = {2}, journal = {Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine {(Hyderabad)}}, author = {Narayana, Ala and Lavekar, G S}, month = dec, year = {2005}, note = {{PMID:} 17333669}, keywords = {Buddhism, History, Ancient, Humans, India, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Religion and Medicine}, pages = {131--146}, annote = {The Pali canon consists of three Pitakas (baskets), which replete the Buddhism and is known as Tripitaka, viz, Vinaya, Sutta and Abhidhamma Pitakas. The original phase of Tripitaka {(Buddhisim} started in 544 {B.C.} and lastly systematized up to 29 {B.C.} The Buddhist literature also possesses the esoteric material of Medical Science, which is practiced and conserved in India since centuries. It refers to the fundamentals of medicine, rules of good living, which lay considerable emphasis on the hygiene of body, mind. Internal Medicine, curative medicine including symptoms, methods of diagnosis, theories of causation, materia-medica, therapeutics and treatment and skills of Jivaka. Some famous and popular prescriptions are also dealt with.} }, @book{zysk_asceticism_1991, address = {New York}, title = {Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery}, isbn = {0195059565}, lccn = {R605 {.Z87} 1991}, shorttitle = {Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Zysk, Kenneth G}, year = {1991}, keywords = {Medicine, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Medicine, Buddhist, Monastic and religious life {(Buddhism)}, Religious aspects}, annote = {The rich Indian medical tradition is usually traced back to Sanskrit sources, the earliest of which cannot much antedate the common era. Zysk shows that the Buddhist scriptures some centuries older than this contain abundant information about medical practice, and are our earliest evidence for a rational approach to medicine in India. He argues that Buddhism and the medical tradition were mutually supportive: that Buddhist monks and people associated with them contributed to the development of medicine, while their skills as physical as well as spiritual healers enhanced their reputation and popular support. Drawing on a wide range of textual, archaeological, and secondary sources, Zysk first presents an overview of the history of Indian medicine in its religious context. He then examines primary literature from the Pali Buddhist Canon and from the Sanskrit treatises of Bhela, Caraka, and Susruta. By close comparison of these two bodies of literature Zysk convincingly shows how the theories delineated in the medical classics actually became practice.} }, @book{frawley_ayurvedic_1989, address = {Salt Lake City, Utah}, title = {Ayurvedic Healing: A Comprehensive Guide}, isbn = {1878423002}, lccn = {{WB} 50 {JI4} F8a 1989}, shorttitle = {Ayurvedic Healing}, publisher = {Passage Press}, author = {Frawley, David}, year = {1989}, keywords = {Herbal Medicine, India, Medicine, Ayurvedic}, annote = {The immensity of Ayurvedic material and the preexisting vitriol for any attempt at studying it are enough of a deterrent for anyone who wishes to make their mark on the academic community. Yet David Frawley has made a valiant effort with Ayurvedic Healing. Frawley’s presentation is solid, coherent, and contributive to the greater knowledge base both in religious studies and medicine. While topics such as astrology and gem therapy are so very difficult to present in the mainstream, these aspects of spiritual healing are simply part of the system; one cannot pick and choose parts when studying a whole. Therefore, even with the shortfalls of Frawley’s work, the underlying integral philosophy and suggestions for a new paradigm of medicine are paramount to progress in the field of spirituality, medicine, and health. In all, it is a very effective introduction to a subject that warrants more scholarly eyes.} }, @article{chopra_ayurvedic_2002, title = {Ayurvedic medicine. Core concept, therapeutic principles, and current relevance}, volume = {86}, issn = {0025-7125}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11795092}, number = {1}, journal = {The Medical Clinics of North America}, author = {Chopra, Arvind and Doiphode, Vijay V}, month = jan, year = {2002}, note = {{PMID:} 11795092}, keywords = {Arthritis, Disease, Humans, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Obesity, Plant Preparations}, pages = {75--89, vii}, annote = {In the prebiblical Ayurvedic origins, every creation inclusive of a human being is a model of the universe. In this model, the basic matter and the dynamic forces {(Dosha)} of the nature determine health and disease, and the medicinal value of any substance (plant and mineral). The Ayurvedic practices (chiefly that of diet, life style, and the Panchkarama) aim to maintain the Dosha equilibrium. Despite a holistic approach aimed to cure disease, therapy is customized to the individual's constitution {(Prakruti).} Numerous Ayurvedic medicines (plant derived in particular) have been tested for their biological (especially immunomodulation) and clinical potential using modern ethnovalidation, and thereby setting an interface with modern medicine. To understand Ayurvedic medicine, it would be necessary to first understand the origin, basic concept and principles of Ayurveda.} }, @book{mishra_fundamentals_1987, address = {New York, {N.Y}}, edition = {1987 ed}, title = {Fundamentals of Yoga: A Handbook of Theory, Practice, and Application}, isbn = {{051756422X}}, lccn = {{B132.Y6} M5 1987}, shorttitle = {Fundamentals of Yoga}, publisher = {Harmony Books}, author = {Mishra, Rammurti S}, year = {1987}, keywords = {yoga}, annote = {Dr. Mishra brings a medical reasoning and a guru’s practice to the ancient science of yoga. Concentration and meditation exercises make this an invaluable introduction to yoga.} }, @book{coward_yoga_2002, address = {Albany}, title = {Yoga and psychology : language, memory, and mysticism}, isbn = {9780791454992}, shorttitle = {Yoga and psychology}, publisher = {State University of New York Press}, author = {Coward, Harold}, year = {2002} }, @article{thomas_identity_1992, title = {Identity, ideology and medicine: health attitudes and behavior among Hindu religious renunciates}, volume = {34}, issn = {0277-9536}, shorttitle = {Identity, ideology and medicine}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/1604356}, number = {5}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, author = {Thomas, L E}, month = mar, year = {1992}, note = {{PMID:} 1604356}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attitude to Health, Humans, India, Male, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Philosophy, Religion and Medicine, Social Identification}, pages = {499--505}, annote = {In-depth interviews and participant observation was conducted with 14 Hindu religious renunciates, 70 years or older. Despite having taken vows renouncing concern for physical pain or comfort, respondents differed markedly in their attitudes toward pain and their rationale for utilizing medical treatment. They differed still further in their use of Ayurvedic and allopathic medicine, with the most culturally conservative accepting only Ayurvedic medicine. Rejection of allopathic medicine tended to be associated with a highly systematized religious world-view. The results are discussed in terms of both the ideological conflict between religious world-view and medical usage, and the need for sophisticated distinction of religious world-view if research on the religious factor of health care utilization is to prove fruitful.} }, @article{wilson_introduction_1976, title = {An Introduction to Yoga}, volume = {76}, issn = {{0002936X}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3423818}, number = {2}, journal = {The American Journal of Nursing}, author = {Wilson, Robin L.}, month = feb, year = {1976}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Feb., 1976 / Copyright © 1976 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.}, pages = {261--263} }, @book{heyn_ayurveda:_1990, edition = {1st Quality Paperback Ed}, title = {Ayurveda: The Indian Art of Natural Medicine and Life Extension}, isbn = {0892813334}, shorttitle = {Ayurveda}, publisher = {Healing Arts Press}, author = {Heyn, Birgit}, month = apr, year = {1990}, keywords = {Medicine, Ayurvedic} }, @book{fields_religious_2001, address = {Albany}, series = {{SUNY} series in religious studies}, title = {Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra}, isbn = {0791449157}, lccn = {R606 {.F53} 2001}, shorttitle = {Religious Therapeutics}, publisher = {State University of New York}, author = {Fields, Gregory P}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Human body, Medicine, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Religious aspects, Tantrism, yoga}, annote = {Religious Therapeutics explores the relationship between psychophysical health and spiritual health and presents a model for interpreting connections between religion and medicine in world traditions. This model emerges from the work’s investigation of health and religiousness in classical Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra--three Hindu traditions noteworthy for the central role they accord the body. Author Gregory P. Fields compares {Anglo-European} and Indian philosophies of body and health and uses fifteen determinants of health excavated from texts of ancient Hindu medicine to show that health concerns the person, not the body or body/mind alone. This book elucidates multifaceted views of health, and--in the context of spirituality and healing--explores themes such as mental health, meditation, and music.} }, @article{bhobe_integrated_2000, title = {Integrated approach to yoga}, volume = {91}, issn = {0029-6503}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15326755}, number = {2}, journal = {The Nursing Journal of India}, author = {Bhobe, S}, month = feb, year = {2000}, note = {{PMID:} 15326755}, keywords = {Holistic Health, Humans, Medicine, Ayurvedic, spirituality, yoga}, pages = {33, 42}, annote = {Yoga is a science of Holistic living and not merely a set of Asanas and Pranayama. It is a psycho physical and spiritual science, which aims at the harmonious development of the human body, mind and soul. Yoga is the conscious art of self-discovery. It is a process by which animal man ascends through the stages from normal man to super man and then the divine man. It is an expansion of the narrow constricted egoistic personality to an all-pervasive eternal and blissful state of reality. Yoga is an all round development of personality at physical, mental intellectual, emotional and spiritual level.} }, @article{naidoo_health_1989, title = {Health and health care--a Hindu perspective}, volume = {7}, issn = {0723-1393}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/2495404}, number = {6}, journal = {Medicine and Law}, author = {Naidoo, T}, year = {1989}, note = {{PMID:} 2495404}, keywords = {Attitude to Health, Holistic Health, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Religion and Medicine, South Africa}, pages = {643--647}, annote = {In the Hindu tradition, ‘health’ means the continued maintenance of the best possible working of the human body under normal, and sometimes even abnormal, environmental conditions. Hindu religious teaching on healthy living and ethical considerations culminate in spiritual objectives if the injunctions contained in the system are followed. Hatha yoga is a system of bodily care that is conducive to such health, which also corrects disease via the regulation of muscular action and in other ways. Other systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda and other traditional systems in Hindu culture, have been devised for the good of humanity. It is, however, the holistic approach to health in Hinduism that calls attention to such causes of ill health as climatic extremes, bacterial attack, nutritional deviance, stress, and other forms of emotional imbalance. A state of good health is within the reach of most persons if they cultivate habits that are conducive to physical and spiritual well-being. The concept of preventive medicine is probably also based on the tenet that the attainment of good health is a religious duty, and corresponding injunctions are found in abundance in Hindu scriptures. It is not the training of students in the medical profession that is most important for health care, but rather their concern for health and their willingness to apply themselves to the observation of the rules they would wish their patients to observe.} }, @article{bamber_metaphor_1987, title = {Metaphor and Illness Classification in Traditional Thai Medicine}, volume = {46}, issn = {03852342}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1178583}, number = {2}, journal = {Asian Folklore Studies}, author = {Bamber, Scott}, year = {1987}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 1987 / Copyright © 1987 Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture}, pages = {179--195} }, @book{sharma_history_1992, address = {New Delhi}, title = {History of Medicine in India, from Antiquity to 1000 {A.D}}, lccn = {R605}, publisher = {Indian National Science Academy}, author = {Sharma, P. V and Indian National Science Academy and David E. Pingree Collection {(Brown} University)}, year = {1992}, keywords = {History, History of Medicine, India, Medicine, Medicine, Ayurvedic} }, @article{mishra_ayurveda:_2001, title = {Ayurveda: a historical perspective and principles of the traditional healthcare system in India}, volume = {7}, issn = {1078-6791}, shorttitle = {Ayurveda}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11253415}, number = {2}, journal = {Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine}, author = {Mishra, L and Singh, B B and Dagenais, S}, month = mar, year = {2001}, note = {{PMID:} 11253415}, keywords = {History, Ancient, Humans, India, Medicine, Ayurvedic}, pages = {36--42}, annote = {Ayurveda, the science of life, is a comprehensive medical system that has been the traditional system of healthcare in India for more than 5000 years. This medical system was well established around 2500 to 600 {BC}, when it evolved into 2 schools: the School of Physicians and the School of Surgeons, similar to allopathy. Charak Samhita, Susrut Samhita, and Ashtang Hridaya Samhita are the Senior Triad texts, and Madhav Nidan Samhita, Sarangdhar Samhita, and Bhavprakash Samhita are the Junior Triad texts. Around 600 {BC.} Ayurveda was branched into internal medicine; pediatrics; psychiatry; surgery; eye, ear, nose, and throat; toxicology; geriatrics; and eugenics/aphrodisiacs. The body is composed of 3 body doshas, 3 mental doshas, 7 dhatus, and malas. The harmony among the body doshas of vata (nervous system), pitta (enzymes), and kapha (mucus) and the gunas, or mental doshas (which are human attributes: satogun [godly], rajas [kingly], and tamas [evil]), constitutes health, and their disharmony constitutes disease. The management of illness requires balancing the doshas back into a harmonious state through lifestyle interventions, spiritual nurturing, and treatment with herbo-mineral formulas based on one’s mental and bodily constitution.} }, @article{joshi_meaning_1965, title = {On the Meaning of Yoga}, volume = {15}, issn = {00318221}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1397408}, number = {1}, journal = {Philosophy East and West}, author = {Joshi, K. S.}, month = jan, year = {1965}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jan., 1965 / Copyright © 1965 University of Hawai'i Press}, pages = {53--64} }, @article{subhose_introduction_2006, title = {Introduction to Garudapurăna with reference to Ayurvĕda}, volume = {36}, issn = {0304-9558}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18175646}, number = {2}, journal = {Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine {(Hyderabad)}}, author = {Subhose, Varanasi and Narayana, Ala and Prasad, P V V and Rao, M Mruthyumjaya}, month = dec, year = {2006}, note = {{PMID:} 18175646}, keywords = {Encyclopedias as Topic, History, Ancient, India, Medicine, Ayurvedic}, pages = {97--116}, annote = {The Puranas are the encyclopedic works of the ancient and medieval Hindu religion, philosophy, history, politics, ethics, sciences etc. There are 18 {(Astadasa)} puranas, which are, considered as mahapuranas, among which Garudapurana is popular one. The Garudapurana is divided into two parts viz., Purvakhanda and Uttarakhanda. The first part, which is also called Acarakhanda consists of 240 chapters. The greater part of the Purvakhanda occupies the descriptions of Vratas (religious observances), sacred places dedicated to the Surya (sun), Lord Siva and Lord Visnu. It also contains treatises on various aspects like astrology, palmistry, politics, Sankhya, Yoga, anatomy, precious stones and extensive information on vedic medicine i.e., Ayurveda. The Uttarakhanda consists of two khandas viz. Dharmakhanda and Brahmakhanda, which are divided into 42 and 29 chapters, respectively. The Dharmakhanda is also known as the Pretakalpa which contains directions for the performance of obsequies rites. The Pretakalpa portion of the Garudapurana is generally recited during the period of mourning and so its importance is self-evident. It is almost impossible to narrate within such a small framework, the wide range of splendid truths scattered in the pages of this noble puranam. Little information is available from internal evidence to establish its exact period. However, it is supposed to be quite ancient in its origin.} }, @article{morley_inspiration_2001, title = {Inspiration and Expiration: Yoga Practice through {Merleau-Ponty's} Phenomenology of the Body}, volume = {51}, issn = {00318221}, shorttitle = {Inspiration and Expiration}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1400036}, number = {1}, journal = {Philosophy East and West}, author = {Morley, James}, month = jan, year = {2001}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jan., 2001 / Copyright © 2001 University of Hawai'i Press}, pages = {73--82}, annote = {An interpretation of the yoga practice of pranayama (breath control) that is influenced by the existential phenomenology of {Merleau-Ponty} is offered. The approach to yoga is less concerned with comparing his thought to the classical yoga texts than with elucidating the actual experience of breath control through the constructs provided by {Merleau-Ponty’s} philosophy of the lived body. The discussion of yoga can answer certain pedagogical goals but can never finally be severed from doing yoga. Academic discourse centered entirely on the theoretical concepts of yoga philosophies must to some extent remain incomplete. Patañjali’s {“Yoga} Sutra” is itself a manual of practice. For this reason, the commentary of the scholar-practitioner T. K. V. Desikachar has been chosen as the basis for this study, rather than a more exclusively theoretical commentary. In so doing, yoga will be approached as an experience or phenomenon, not just in the context of a series of academic debates.} }, @article{whicher_yoga_1998, title = {Yoga and Freedom: A Reconsideration of Patañjali's Classical Yoga}, volume = {48}, issn = {00318221}, shorttitle = {Yoga and Freedom}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1399829}, number = {2}, journal = {Philosophy East and West}, author = {Whicher, Ian}, month = apr, year = {1998}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Apr., 1998 / Copyright © 1998 University of Hawai'i Press}, pages = {272--322}, annote = {Rather than follow along the lines of many scholarly interpretations of Patañjali’s {“Yoga-Sutra},” which views Yoga as a radical separation or isolation of “spirit” or pure consciousness (purusa) from “matter” (prakrti), this essay suggests that the {“Yoga-Sutra”} seeks to “unite” or integrate these two principles by correcting a basic misalignment between them. Yoga thus does not advocate the abandonment or condemnation of the world, but supports a stance that enables one to live more fully in the world without being enslaved by worldly identification.} }, @article{dhyansky_indus_1987, title = {The Indus Valley Origin of a Yoga Practice}, volume = {48}, issn = {00043648}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3249853}, number = {1/2}, journal = {Artibus Asiae}, author = {Dhyansky, Yan Y.}, year = {1987}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 1987 / Copyright © 1987 Artibus Asiae Publishers}, pages = {89--108} }, @article{zysk_religious_1985, series = {New Series}, title = {Religious Healing in the Veda}, volume = {75}, issn = {00659746}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/20486646}, number = {7}, journal = {Transactions of the American Philosophical Society}, author = {Zysk, Kenneth G.}, year = {1985}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 1985 / Copyright © 1985 American Philosophical Society}, pages = {i--311} }, @book{phillips_yoga_2009, address = {New York}, title = {Yoga, karma, and rebirth : a brief history and philosophy}, isbn = {9780231144841}, shorttitle = {Yoga, karma, and rebirth}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, author = {Phillips, Stephen}, year = {2009} }, @article{zysk_science_1993, title = {The Science of Respiration and the Doctrine of the Bodily Winds in Ancient India}, volume = {113}, issn = {00030279}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/603025}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society}, author = {Zysk, Kenneth G.}, month = jun, year = {1993}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Apr. - Jun., 1993 / Copyright © 1993 American Oriental Society}, keywords = {Medicine, Ayurvedic}, pages = {198--213}, annote = {The following historical and philological study traces the science of respiration and the doctrine of the bodily winds through ancient Indian religious and technical literature. Basic notions about respiration and bodily winds appear in the literature of the vedic samhitas and brahmanas. By the end of the principal upanisads these early ideas begin to be codified into two separate systems. One, emphasizing a physiology of bodily winds, reaches its traditional formulation in the classical medical literature of Ayurveda, the other, focusing on respiration, attains its classical formulation in Yoga. The two unite later, when Yoga integrates medical theory into its science of respiration. Asceticism is the common thread connecting the various stages in the development of respiration and bodily winds.} }, @article{zysk_evolution_1986, title = {The Evolution of Anatomical Knowledge in Ancient India, with Special Reference to {Cross-Cultural} Influences}, volume = {106}, issn = {00030279}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/603532}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society}, author = {Zysk, Kenneth G.}, month = dec, year = {1986}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Oct. - Dec., 1986 / Copyright © 1986 American Oriental Society}, pages = {687--705}, annote = {Ludwig Edelstein’s study of the history of Greek anatomy will be used as a model to examine the evolution of anatomical knowledge in ancient India. The earliest evidence of Indian anatomy is found in the Vedic literature, dating from 1500 B. C. to 200 B. C. It provides a clear picture of the acquisition of anatomical knowledge by means of the sacrifice of animals, principally the horse, and of men; chance observations contributed a comparatively small amount to the body of anatomical knowledge. As a result of these sacrificial rites quite accurate lists of bodily structures of the horse and of man have been recorded and transmitted by means of the traditional religious texts. These catalogues remained the principal sources of anatomy until the first centuries of the Christian era, when we find a codification of Indian medical knowledge in the surgical text, Susruta Saṃhitā. Isolated in a chapter on anatomy, a new approach to the study of the bodily parts is recommended: in order to acquire the most complete understanding of the human body the author prescribes that first-hand observation of the parts should be combined with textual learning and proceeds to detail the correct method to dissect a cadaver. This precept, reflecting a characteristically {non-Indian} attitude, may well have had its origin in the Alexandrian school of medicine, in particular in the teachings of Herophilus in the first half of the third century B. C. The instruction which added a wholly new dimension to Indian anatomical thought could have been transmitted to India around the time of Alexander. As in the Hellenistic world, scientific dissection was not readily accepted by the Indian medical community and its practice quickly vanished. During the short time it was known and performed in India, some advances seem to have been made in the understanding of the inner parts of the human body, increasing the store-house of anatomical knowledge already possessed by the Indian physicians. A similar technique of dissection is detailed in the twelfth century Salernitan anatomical text, Anatomia magistri Nicolai phisici. This remarkable occurrence poses questions, the answers to which cannot be definitely given until more evidence becomes available. The paper concludes with a critical translation of chapter five on the “enumeration and distinction of the bodily parts” in the book of anatomy of the Susruta Samhita.} }, @article{engler_science_2003, title = {{"Science"} vs. {"Religion"} in Classical Ayurveda}, volume = {50}, issn = {00295973}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3270507}, number = {4}, journal = {Numen}, author = {Engler, Steven}, year = {2003}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 2003 / Copyright © 2003 {BRILL}}, keywords = {Medicine, Ayurvedic, Science and religion}, pages = {416--463}, annote = {This paper evaluates claims that classical Ayurveda was scientific, in a modern western sense, and that the many religious and magical elements found in the texts were all either stale Vedic remnants or later brahminic impositions. It argues (1) that Ayurveda did not manifest standard criteria of “science” (e.g., materialism, empirical observation, experimentation, falsification, quantification, or a developed conception of proof) and (2) that Vedic aspects of the classical texts are too central to be considered inauthentic or marginal. These points suggest that attempting to apply the modern western categories of “science” and “religion” to ancient South Asian medical texts at best obscures more important issues and, at worst, imports inappropriate orientalist assumptions. Having set aside the distraction of “science” vs. “religion” in classical Ayurveda, the paper finds support for claims that brahminic elements were later additions to the texts. It concludes by arguing that this is best explained not in terms of a conceptual tension between religion and science but in terms of social and economic tensions between physicians and brahmins.} }, @article{narayana_medical_1995, title = {Medical science in ancient Indian culture with special reference to Atharvaveda}, volume = {25}, issn = {0304-9558}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11618829}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine {(Hyderabad)}}, author = {Narayana, A}, year = {1995}, note = {{PMID:} 11618829}, keywords = {History, Ancient, India, Medicine, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Science}, pages = {100--110}, annote = {A high quality of Medical Knowledge was prevalent in ancient India. The present day Archaeological evidences of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa imparts the high civilization in matters of sanitation and hygiene. An analysis of the material in the Vedas reveals that, all the four Vedas replete the references regarding various aspects of medicine. The Atharva Veda is deemed to be an encyclopaedia for medicine {“Interalia”}, and Ayurveda (the science of life) is considered as Upa Veda (supplementary subject) of the Atharva Veda. A few glimpses of medical Science as prevalent in the ancient India have been presented here.} }, @article{kesarcodi-watson_samadhi_1982, title = {Samādhi in Patañjali's Yoga Sūtras}, volume = {32}, issn = {00318221}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1398753}, number = {1}, journal = {Philosophy East and West}, author = {{Kesarcodi-Watson}, Ian}, month = jan, year = {1982}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jan., 1982 / Copyright © 1982 University of Hawai'i Press}, pages = {77--90} }, @article{larson_ayurveda_1987, title = {Āyurveda and the Hindu Philosophical Systems}, volume = {37}, issn = {00318221}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1398518}, number = {3}, journal = {Philosophy East and West}, author = {Larson, Gerald James}, month = jul, year = {1987}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jul., 1987 / Copyright © 1987 University of Hawai'i Press}, keywords = {Medicine, Ayurvedic}, pages = {245--259} }, @book{funderburk_science_1977, address = {Glenview, Ill.}, title = {Science Studies Yoga: A Review of Physiological Data}, isbn = {{089389026X}}, lccn = {{RC1220.Y64} F86 1977}, shorttitle = {Science Studies Yoga}, publisher = {Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science \& Philosophy of {USA}}, author = {Funderburk, James}, year = {1977}, keywords = {Hatha yoga, Physiological aspects} }, @article{alter_gandhis_1996, title = {Gandhi's Body, Gandhi's Truth: Nonviolence and the Biomoral Imperative of Public Health}, volume = {55}, issn = {00219118}, shorttitle = {Gandhi's Body, Gandhi's Truth}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2943361}, number = {2}, journal = {The Journal of Asian Studies}, author = {Alter, Joseph S.}, month = may, year = {1996}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: May, 1996 / Copyright © 1996 Association for Asian Studies}, pages = {301--322}, annote = {Joseph S. Alter offers a novel reading of Mahatma Gandhi’s writings on diet, sex, and hygiene. By arguing “that nonviolence was, for him, as much an issue of public health as an issue of politics, morality, and religion,” this reading challenges previous studies that delink Gandhi’s preoccupation with issues of health from his political ideas and agenda as well as works that treat those links together but only in terms of psychological and sociopsychological meta-interpretations. Alter also takes a different line on the Mahtama’s conception of health by contextualizing it within the framework of what he terms “late imperialism,” a framework which enables the author to view his subject’s personal convictions “in the context of colonialism’s impact on subject bodies.” In other words, Gandhi’s personal “experiments with truth,” whether they centered on dietetics, celibacy, hygiene, and nature cure, cannot be separated from his search for truth, or from his belief in nonviolence, or his campaign for sociopolitical reform.} }, @article{obeyesekere_ayurveda_1970, title = {Ayurveda and Mental Illness}, volume = {12}, issn = {00104175}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/178239}, number = {3}, journal = {Comparative Studies in Society and History}, author = {Obeyesekere, Gananath}, month = jul, year = {1970}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jul., 1970 / Copyright © 1970 Society for Comparative Studies in Society and History}, keywords = {Medicine, Ayurvedic}, pages = {292--296} }, @article{joshi_biostatistical_2004, title = {A biostatistical approach to ayurveda: quantifying the tridosha}, volume = {10}, issn = {1075-5535}, shorttitle = {A biostatistical approach to ayurveda}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15650478}, doi = {10.1089/acm.2004.10.879}, number = {5}, journal = {Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine {(New} York, {N.Y.)}}, author = {Joshi, Rajani R}, month = oct, year = {2004}, note = {{PMID:} 15650478}, keywords = {Algorithms, Biometry, Complementary Therapies, Humans, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Qi, Regression Analysis}, pages = {879--889}, annote = {Objective: To compute quantitative estimates of the tridosha--the qualitative characterization that constitutes the core of diagnosis and treatment in Ayurveda--to provide a basis for biostatistical analysis of this ancient Indian science, which is a promising field of alternative medicine. {SUBJECTS:} The data sources were 280 persons from among the residents and visitors/training students at the Brahmvarchas Research Centre and Shantikuj, Hardwar, India. {DESIGN/METHODOLOGY:} A quantitative measure of the tridosha level (for vata, pitta, and kapha) is obtained by applying an algorithmic heuristic approach to the exhaustive list of qualitative features/factors that are commonly used by Ayurvedic doctors. A knowledge-based concept of worth coefficients and fuzzy multiattribute decision functions are used here for regression modeling. {VALIDATION} {AND} {APPLICATIONS:} Statistical validation on a large sample shows the accuracy of this study’s estimates with statistical confidence level above 90\%. The estimates are also suited for diagnostic and prognostic applications and systematic drug-response analysis of Ayurvedic (herbal and rasayanam) medicines. An application with regard to the former is elucidated, extensions of which might also be of use in investigating the role of nadis in Ayurvedic healing vis-a-vis acupuncture and acupressure techniques. The importance and scope of this novel approach are discussed. Conclusions: This pioneering study shows that the concept of tridosha has a sound empirical basis that could be used for the scientific establishment of Ayurveda in a new light.} }, @article{rastogi_ayurveda_2009, title = {Ayurveda for comprehensive healthcare}, volume = {6}, issn = {0974-8466}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19517655}, number = {2}, journal = {Indian Journal of Medical Ethics}, author = {Rastogi, Sanjeev}, month = jun, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19517655}, keywords = {Comprehensive Health Care, Humans, India, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Models, Organizational}, pages = {101--102} }, @article{thatte_pharmacovigilance_2008, title = {Pharmacovigilance of ayurvedic medicines in India}, volume = {40}, url = {http://www.ijp-online.com/article.asp?issn=0253-7613;year=2008;volume=40;issue=7;spage=10;epage=12;aulast=Thatte}, number = {Supp. 1}, journal = {Indian Journal of Phamacology}, author = {Thatte, Urmila and Bhalerao, Supriya}, month = feb, year = {2008}, keywords = {Medicine, Ayurvedic}, pages = {S10--S12} }, @article{patwardhan_ayurveda_2009, title = {The Ayurveda Education in India: How Well are the Graduates Exposed to Basic Clinical Skills?}, issn = {{1741-427X}}, shorttitle = {The Ayurveda Education in India}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19687194}, doi = {10.1093/ecam/nep113}, journal = {{Evidence-Based} Complementary and Alternative Medicine: {eCAM}}, author = {Patwardhan, Kishor and Gehlot, Sangeeta and Singh, Girish and Rathore, H C S}, month = aug, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19687194}, annote = {Ayurveda’ is an ancient system of healthcare that is native to India. At present, in India, there are more than 240 colleges that offer a graduate-level degree {(Bachelor} of Ayurvedic Medicine and {Surgery-BAMS)} in Ayurveda. Even though the Central Council of Indian Medicine, the governing body that monitors the matters related to Ayurveda education, has imposed various educational norms and regulations, the standard of education has been a cause of concern in recent years. The mushrooming of substandard Ayurvedic colleges is the most important factor that is being held responsible for this kind of erosion in the standards. The present study is a mailed survey, which was carried out to evaluate the {‘Extent} of exposure to basic clinical skills during {BAMS} course’ as perceived by the sample groups of students and teachers drawn from 32 Ayurvedic educational institutions spread all over India. A methodically validated questionnaire was used as the tool in the study, to which 1022 participants responded. The study indicates that there are some serious flaws in the existing system of the graduate-level Ayurveda education. Since the Ayurvedic graduates play an important role in the primary healthcare delivery system of the country, governing bodies are required to take necessary steps to ensure the adequate exposure of the students to basic clinical skills. Along with the strict implementation of all the regulatory norms during the process of recognition of the colleges, introducing some changes in the policy model may also be required to tackle the situation.} }, @article{chattopadhyay_religion_2007, title = {Religion, spirituality, health and medicine: Why should Indian physicians care?}, volume = {53}, issn = {0022-3859}, url = {http://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2007/53/4/262/33967}, doi = {10.4103/0022-3859.33967}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Postgraduate Medicine}, author = {Chattopadhyay, S}, year = {2007}, keywords = {India}, pages = {262}, annote = {Religion, spirituality, health and medicine have common roots in the conceptual framework of relationship amongst human beings, nature and God. Of late, there has been a surge in interest in understanding the interplay of religion, spirituality, health and medicine, both in popular and scientific literature. A number of published empirical studies suggest that religious involvement is associated with better outcomes in physical and mental health. Despite some methodological limitations, these studies do point towards a positive association between religious involvement and better health. When faced with disease, disability and death, many patients would like physicians to address their emotional and spiritual needs, as well. The renewed interest in the interaction of religion and spirituality with health and medicine has significant implications in the Indian context. Although religion is translated as dharma in major Indian languages, dharma and religion are etymologically different and dharma is closer to spirituality than religion as an organized institution. Religion and spirituality play important roles in the lives of millions of Indians and therefore, Indian physicians need to respectfully acknowledge religious issues and address the spiritual needs of their patients. Incorporating religion and spirituality into health and medicine may also go a long way in making the practice of medicine more holistic, ethical and compassionate. It may also offer new opportunities to learn more about Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine and have more enriched understanding and collaborative interaction between different systems of medicine. Indian physicians may also find religion and spirituality significant and fulfilling in their own lives.} }, @article{holden_maharishi_1975, series = {New Series}, title = {Maharishi International University: {"Science} of Creative Intelligence"}, volume = {187}, issn = {00368075}, shorttitle = {Maharishi International University}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1739479}, number = {4182}, journal = {Science}, author = {Holden, Constance}, month = mar, year = {1975}, note = {{ArticleType:} notice\_news / Full publication date: Mar. 28, 1975 / Copyright © 1975 American Association for the Advancement of Science}, pages = {1176--1180} }, @article{salgado_sickness_1997, title = {Sickness, Healing, and Religious Vocation: Alternative Choices at a Theravāda Buddhist Nunnery}, volume = {36}, issn = {00141828}, shorttitle = {Sickness, Healing, and Religious Vocation}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3773986}, number = {3}, journal = {Ethnology}, author = {Salgado, Nirmala S.}, year = {1997}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Summer, 1997 / Copyright © 1997 University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education}, pages = {213--226}, annote = {This essay examines alternative religious vocations and choices of cures that are open to women in the Sri Lankan Buddhist context. The focus of the investigation is a Theravada Buddhist hermitage that was studied over an eleven-year period. The article presents case histories of nuns who are representative of the individuals living at the hermitage, and demonstrates how the illnesses they suffer concurrently with their ecstatic trances (interpreted as spirit possession) receive meaning and can be cured within the framework of Buddhist asceticism in Sri Lanka.} }, @article{hausman_making_2002, title = {Making medicine indigenous: homeopathy in South India}, volume = {15}, issn = {{0951-631X}}, shorttitle = {Making medicine indigenous}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12638553}, number = {2}, journal = {Social History of Medicine: The Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / {SSHM}}, author = {Hausman, Gary J}, month = aug, year = {2002}, note = {{PMID:} 12638553}, keywords = {Colonialism, History, 20th Century, Homeopathy, India, Medicine, Traditional, Political Systems, Science}, pages = {303--322}, annote = {Historical studies of homeopathy in Europe and the {USA} have focused on practitioners’ attempts to emphasize ‘modern’ and ‘scientific’ approaches. Studies of homeopathy in India have focused on a process of Indianization. Arguing against such unilineal trajectories, this paper situates homeopathy in South India within the context of shifting relations between ‘scientific’ and ‘indigenous’ systems of medicine. Three time periods are considered. From 1924 through 1934, homeopathy was singled out by Government of Madras officials as ‘scientific’, as contrasted with the ‘indigenous’ Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine. From 1947 through 1960, both ‘indigenous’ and ‘scientific’ interpretations of homeopathy were put forward by different factions. An honorary director of homeopathy proposed the Indianization of homeopathy, and its reconciliation with Ayurveda; this view conflicted with the Madras government’s policy of expanding the ‘scientific’ medical curriculum of the Government College of Indigenous Medicine. It was not until the early 1970s that homeopathy was officially recognized in Tamilnadu State. By then, both homeopathy and Ayurveda had become conceptualized as {non-Tamil}, in contrast with promotion of the Tamil Siddha system of ‘indigenous’ medicine. Thus, constructs of ‘indigenous’ and ‘scientific’ systems of medicine are quite malleable with respect to homeopathy in South India.} }, @article{dev_ancient-modern_1999, title = {{Ancient-Modern} Concordance in Ayurvedic Plants: Some Examples}, volume = {107}, issn = {00916765}, shorttitle = {{Ancient-Modern} Concordance in Ayurvedic Plants}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3454574}, number = {10}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, author = {Dev, Sukh}, month = oct, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Oct., 1999 / Copyright © 1999 The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences {(NIEHS)}}, keywords = {Medicine, Ayurvedic}, pages = {783--789} }, @article{conboy_ayurveda_2009, title = {Ayurveda and Panchakarma: measuring the effects of a holistic health intervention}, volume = {9}, issn = {{1537-744X}}, shorttitle = {Ayurveda and Panchakarma}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19412555}, doi = {10.1100/tsw.2009.35}, journal = {{TheScientificWorldJournal}}, author = {Conboy, Lisa and Edshteyn, Ingrid and Garivaltis, Hilary}, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19412555}, keywords = {Adult, Female, Health Behavior, Holistic Health, Humans, Life Style, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Middle Aged, Perception, Quality of Life, social support}, pages = {272--280}, annote = {Ayurveda, the traditional medical system of India, is understudied in western contexts. Using data gathered from an Ayurvedic treatment program, this study examined the role of psychosocial factors in the process of behavior change and the salutogenic process. This observational study examined associations with participation in the 5-day Ayurvedic cleansing retreat program, Panchakarma. Quality of life, psychosocial, and behavior change measurements were measured longitudinally on 20 female participants. Measurements were taken before the start of the program, immediately after the program, and 3 months postprogram. The program did not significantly improve quality of life. Significant improvements were found in self-efficacy towards using Ayurveda to improve health and reported positive health behaviors. In addition, perceived social support and depression showed significant improvements 3 months postprogram after the subjects had returned to their home context. As a program of behavior change, our preliminary results suggest that the complex intervention Panchakarma may be effective in assisting one’s expected and reported adherence to new and healthier behavior patterns.} }, @article{bhatt_clinical_2001, title = {Clinical research on ayurvedic therapeutics: myths, realities and challenges}, volume = {49}, issn = {0004-5772}, shorttitle = {Clinical research on ayurvedic therapeutics}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11361273}, journal = {The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India}, author = {Bhatt, A D}, month = may, year = {2001}, note = {{PMID:} 11361273}, keywords = {{Dose-Response} Relationship, Drug, Humans, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Phytotherapy, Plants, Medicinal, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Research, Treatment Outcome}, pages = {558--562}, annote = {Globally there is an increasing interest in alternative routes to health such as ayurveda. There is a need to conduct globally acceptable clinical research in ayurvedic therapeutics {(AT).} Some of the issues in investigating {AT} in randomised clinical trials {(CT)} are: selection of appropriate {AT}, non-drug and/or drug {AT}, identification of objective outcomes, devising adequate placebo/positive controls, difficulties of blinding, guarding against bias, duration of trials, number of patients, dose optimisation, etc. There is also a need to establish reasonable safety of this therapy in {CT.} If {AT} has to complete with new chemical entities and biotechnology products, clinical research and development of {AT} should be focussed on unmet medical needs utilising principles and practices of modern {CT} approaches.} }, @article{satow_exploring_2008, title = {Exploring the prevalence of Ayurveda use among Asian Indians}, volume = {14}, issn = {1557-7708}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19123878}, doi = {10.1089/acm.2008.0106}, number = {10}, journal = {Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine {(New} York, {N.Y.)}}, author = {Satow, Yumi E and Kumar, Praveena D and Burke, Adam and Inciardi, John F}, month = dec, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 19123878}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Attitude to Health, California, Cultural Characteristics, Female, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Herbal Medicine, Humans, India, Male, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Middle Aged, Phytotherapy, Questionnaires}, pages = {1249--1253}, annote = {Objective: Despite a growing body of literature on complementary and alternative medicine, there is still limited information on the use of Ayurveda in the United States. Because Ayurveda is one of the world’s major traditional medical systems, knowledge of its use is important. In particular, information on utilization by Asian Indians living in the United States is needed due to increased immigration from India and related regions. Recent reports of heavy metal contamination of some imported Ayurveda products underscore this need. For this reason, an exploratory survey was conducted. Design: A semistructured 21-item questionnaire was administered using face-to-face interviews. {PARTICIPANTS} {AND} Setting: The study comprised a convenience sample of 64 Asian Indians living in Northern California. Outcome measures: Main outcome measures included sociodemographic variables, questions on awareness, knowledge and use of Ayurvedic products or services, use of other nutritional/herbal products, and reasons for use. Results: In the sample, 95\% of the participants were aware of Ayurveda, 78\% had knowledge of Ayurvedic products or treatments, and about 59\% had used or were currently using Ayurveda. Only 18\% of those using Ayurveda had informed their Western medical doctors. Conclusions: Given its common use in the United States by Asian Indians, its cultural relevance, potential therapeutic value, and possible safety concerns, physician and consumer education along with more empirical research is warranted.} }, @book{langford_fluent_2002, address = {Durham}, title = {Fluent bodies : Ayurvedic remedies for postcolonial imbalance}, isbn = {9780822329312}, shorttitle = {Fluent bodies}, publisher = {Duke University Press}, author = {Langford, Jean}, year = {2002}, annote = {Fluent Bodies examines the modernization of the indigenous healing practice, Ayurveda, in India. Combining contemporary ethnography with a study of key historical moments as glimpsed through early-twentieth-century texts, Jean M. Langford argues that as Ayurveda evolved from an eclectic set of healing practices into a sign of Indian national culture, it was reimagined as a healing force not simply for bodily disorders but for colonial and postcolonial ills.} }, @article{singh_bias_2000, title = {The bias against India in western literature on history of medicine: with special emphasis on public health}, volume = {30}, issn = {0304-9558}, shorttitle = {The bias against India in western literature on history of medicine}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12578015}, number = {1}, journal = {Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine {(Hyderabad)}}, author = {Singh, A}, month = jun, year = {2000}, note = {{PMID:} 12578015}, keywords = {Historiography, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Modern 1601-, India, Public health, Publication Bias, Western World}, pages = {41--58}, annote = {The article describes a systematic bias against India in Western literature on history of medicine. While many authors have ignored the contributions of India in development of medicine altogether, the others have relegated India’s role much behind other civilizations. Unnecessary and deliberate controversies on dating and origin of Ayurveda, primacy of Greek vs. Hindu Medicine and the origin of the practice of variolation have been elaborated by Western authors. Some medical historians, like Siegrist, have tried to give India its due place in the history of medicine. Suitable references of Indian authors have also been quoted to give a comparative and balanced picture. The need for settling this controversy has been emphasized.} }, @article{narayana_standardization_2005, title = {Standardization of Ayurvĕdic formulations : a scientific review}, volume = {35}, issn = {0304-9558}, shorttitle = {Standardization of Ayurvĕdic formulations}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333659}, number = {1}, journal = {Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine {(Hyderabad)}}, author = {Narayana, Ala and Subhose, Varanasi}, month = jun, year = {2005}, note = {{PMID:} 17333659}, keywords = {Drug Compounding, Formularies as Topic, History, Medieval, Humans, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Plant Preparations}, pages = {21--32}, annote = {Safety and efficacy of a drug mainly depends on the method of preparation. To assess the quality of a finished product, there should be some basic standards as well as methods of preparation. There are several parameters for testing the quality of a chemical drug, which have, are true indicators. So, there is no problem in assessing a synthetic drug’s quality. As far as the preparation used in Ayurvedic system of medicine, a drug formulation or design may not be a problem, because many formulations are well documented in classical texts. But, there is confusion with respect to standards to be followed while preparing a formulation as well as basic parameters to assess the quality of the finished product. In Ayurveda, pañcavidhakasayakalpana are the basic pharmaceutical preparations, from which all the other preparations are developed. A specific method for each and every preparation and some basic standards of finished products are mentioned in Ayurvedic texts to maintain their quality. This information may some times vary from text to text. To overcome this problem Sarangdhara mentioned detailed information about various formulations with respect to their methods of preparation as well as basic standards and are documented in Sarangdhara Samhita.} }, @article{subhose_basic_2005, title = {Basic principles of pharmaceutical science in Ayurvĕda}, volume = {35}, issn = {0304-9558}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17333665}, number = {2}, journal = {Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine {(Hyderabad)}}, author = {Subhose, Varanasi and Srinivas, Pitta and Narayana, Ala}, month = dec, year = {2005}, note = {{PMID:} 17333665}, keywords = {Formularies as Topic, History, Ancient, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Pharmacy, Plant Preparations, Plants, Medicinal}, pages = {83--92}, annote = {Pharmaceutical is one of the allied branches of science, which is closely associated with Medical science. Today pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy are playing important role in treatment for a disease and its prevention. Herbal medicines are being used by about 80\% of the world population mostly in the developing countries in the primary health care. There has been an upsurge in demand for the Phyto-pharmaceutical products of Ayurveda in western nations, because of the fact that the synthetic drugs are considered to be unsafe. Due to this many national and multinational pharmaceutical companies are now concentrating on manufacturing of Ayurvedic Phyto-pharmaceutical products. Ayurveda is the Indian traditional system of medicine, which also deals about pharmaceutical science. The Ayurvedic knowledge of the pharmaceutical science is scattered in Ayurvedic classical texts. Saranghadhara Samhita, which is written by Saranghadhara, explain systematically about the information of the Ayurvedic pharmaceutical science and also updated it. Industrialized manufacturing of Ayurvedic dosage forms has brought in new challenges like deviation from basic concepts of medicine preparation. Saranghadhara Samrhita the devout text on pharmaceutics in Ayurveda comes handy to solve such problems, as the methods described are very lucid and easy to follow.} }, @article{tripathi_molecular_2000, title = {Molecular approach to ayurveda}, volume = {38}, issn = {0019-5189}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11272402}, number = {5}, journal = {Indian Journal of Experimental Biology}, author = {Tripathi, Y B}, month = may, year = {2000}, note = {{PMID:} 11272402}, keywords = {Alzheimer Disease, Arteriosclerosis, Free Radicals, Humans, Medicine, Ayurvedic, Models, Biological, Molecular Biology}, pages = {409--414}, annote = {In ayurvedic system of medicine, it is considered that a living system is made of panch-mahabuta, in the form of Vata, pitta and kapha at the physical level and satwa, raja and tama at the mental level. This covers the psychosomatic constitution and commonly known as the Tridosh theory. The imbalance in these body humours is the basic cause of any type of disease manifestation. Till date, several objective parameters have been proposed to monitor the level of these basic humours but none of them is complete. In this exercise, now it is proposed to consider free radical theory of diseases as one of the objective parameters. To be more specific, vata can be monitored in terms of membrane bound signal transduction, pitta as the process of phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation of different proteins (signalling moieties and enzymes) and kapha can be viewed as the degree of gene expression as protein synthesis. This can be correlated with the ojas of the body or total body defence mechanism.} }, @article{hutchinson_karma_2008, title = {Karma, reincarnation, and medicine: Hindu perspectives on biomedical research}, volume = {2}, issn = {1871-7934}, shorttitle = {Karma, reincarnation, and medicine}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19479363}, doi = {10.1007/s11568-009-9079-4}, number = {3-4}, journal = {Genomic Medicine}, author = {Hutchinson, Janis Faye and Sharp, Richard}, month = dec, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 19479363}, pages = {107--111}, annote = {Prior to the completion of the Human Genome Project, bioethicists and other academics debated the impact of this new genetic information on medicine, health care, group identification, and peoples’ lives. A major issue is the potential for unintended and intended adverse consequences to groups and individuals. When conducting research in, for instance, American Indian and Alaskan native {(AI/AN)} populations, political, cultural, religious and historical issues must be considered. Among African Americans, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment is a reminder of racism and discrimination in this country. The goal of the current study is to understand reasons for participating, or not, in genetic research such as the {HapMap} project and other genetic/medical research from the perspective of the Indian American community in Houston, Texas. In this article, we report on a topic central to this discussion among Indian Americans: karma and reincarnation. Both concepts are important beliefs when considering the body and what should happen to it. Karma and reincarnation are also important considerations in participation in medical and genetic research because, according to karma, what is done to the body can affect future existences and the health of future descendants. Such views of genetic and medical research are culturally mediated. Spiritual beliefs about the body, tissue, and fluids and what happens to them when separated from the body can influence ideas about the utility and acceptability of genetic research and thereby affect the recruitment process. Within this community it is understood that genetic and environmental factors contribute to complex diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer; and acknowledgment of the significance of environmental stressors in the production of disease. A commitment to service, i.e. “betterment of humanity,” karmic beliefs, and targeting environmental stressors could be prominent avenues for public health campaigns in this population. This study suggests that minority status does not automatically indicate unwillingness to participate in genetic or medical research. Indian Americans were not skeptical about the potential benefits of biomedical research in comparison to other ethnic minority communities in the United States.} }, @book{hillier_health_1983, address = {London}, title = {Health Care and Traditional Medicine in China, 1800-1982}, isbn = {0710094256}, lccn = {R601 {.H5} 1983}, publisher = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, author = {Hillier, S. M and Jewell, J. A}, year = {1983}, keywords = {China, History, Medical care, Medicine, {MEDICINE}, Chinese}, annote = {Beginning with the period of the early expansion of Western missionary medicine, this account covers the chaotic years of Nationalist rule to the foundations of the People’s Republic in 1949. It trances the major influences on health care since then and describes the conflicts of State bureaucracy, Party and medical profession in their attempts to match political objectives in health care to resources available.} }, @article{qiu_medicine--art_1988, title = {Medicine--the art of humaneness: on ethics of traditional Chinese medicine}, volume = {13}, issn = {0360-5310}, shorttitle = {Medicine--the art of humaneness}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/3058852}, number = {3}, journal = {The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy}, author = {Qiu, R Z}, month = aug, year = {1988}, note = {{PMID:} 3058852}, keywords = {Beneficence, Confucianism, Ethical Theory, Ethics, Medical, History, Medieval, History, Modern 1601-, Human Characteristics, Humanism, Intention, Medicine, Chinese Traditional, Moral Obligations, Paternalism, Religious Philosophies, Trust, Value of Life, Virtues}, pages = {277--299}, annote = {This essay discusses the ethics of traditional Chinese medicine. After a brief remark on the history of traditional Chinese medical ethics, the author outlines the Confucian ethics which formed the cultural context in which traditional Chinese medicine was evolving and constituted the core of its ethics. Then he argued that how Chinese physicians applied the principles of Confucian ethics in medicine and prescribed the attitude a physician should take to himself, to patients and to his colleagues. In the last part of the essay he discusses the characteristics of traditional Chinese medical ethics.} }, @book{barnes_needles_2005, address = {Cambridge Mass.}, title = {Needles, herbs, gods, and ghosts : China, healing, and the West to 1848}, isbn = {9780674018723}, shorttitle = {Needles, herbs, gods, and ghosts}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, author = {Barnes, Linda}, year = {2005} }, @article{birdwhistell_medicine_1995, title = {Medicine and History as Theoretical Tools in a Confucian Pragmatism}, volume = {45}, issn = {00318221}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1399507}, number = {1}, journal = {Philosophy East and West}, author = {Birdwhistell, Anne D.}, month = jan, year = {1995}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jan., 1995 / Copyright © 1995 University of Hawai'i Press}, pages = {1--28} }, @article{alter_rethinking_2008, title = {Rethinking the history of medicine in Asia: Hakim Mohammed Said and the Society for the Promotion of Eastern Medicine}, volume = {67}, issn = {0021-9118}, shorttitle = {Rethinking the history of medicine in Asia}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19149016}, number = {4}, journal = {The Journal of Asian Studies}, author = {Alter, Joseph S}, month = nov, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 19149016}, keywords = {China, Colonialism, Historiography, History of Medicine, History, 20th Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Medicine, Chinese Traditional, Medicine, Unani, Pakistan}, pages = {1165--1186}, annote = {In 1963 Hakim Mohammed Said took a Pakistani delegation from the Society for the Promotion of Eastern Medicine on a monthlong trip to China to meet with and learn from practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine. This essay focuses on Said’s interpretation of the history of medicine in Asia, which was inspired by his trip and informed by a broad, global understanding of how Unani medicine developed from the eighth century to the present. Said’s advocacy of Eastern Medicine provides a way to think about the history of medicine and medical revitalization that is not limited by colonial, postcolonial, or nationalist assumptions and priorities.} }, @book{unschuld_medicine_1985, address = {Berkeley}, title = {Medicine in China: A History of Ideas}, isbn = {0520050231}, lccn = {R602 {.U56} 1985}, shorttitle = {Medicine in China}, publisher = {University of California Press}, author = {Unschuld, Paul U}, year = {1985}, keywords = {{MEDICINE}, Chinese, Philosophy}, annote = {In the first comprehensive and analytical study of therapeutic concepts and practices in China, Paul Unschuld traces the history of documented health care from its earliest extant records to present developments.} }, @article{schiffeler_origin_1976, title = {The Origin of Chinese Folk Medicine}, volume = {35}, issn = {03852342}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1177648}, number = {1}, journal = {Asian Folklore Studies}, author = {Schiffeler, John Wm.}, year = {1976}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 1976 / Copyright © 1976 Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture}, pages = {17--35} }, @article{janes_transformations_1995, series = {New Series}, title = {The Transformations of Tibetan Medicine}, volume = {9}, issn = {07455194}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/648555}, number = {1}, journal = {Medical Anthropology Quarterly}, author = {Janes, Craig R.}, month = mar, year = {1995}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Mar., 1995 / Copyright © 1995 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {6--39}, annote = {This article presents a cultural and historical analysis of 20th-century Tibetan medicine. In its expansion into the state bureaucracy, Tibetan medicine has acceded to institutional modernity through transformations in theory, practice, and methods for training physicians. Despite Chinese rule in Tibet, however, Tibetan medicine has not yielded completely to state interests. With the collapsing of the traditionally pluralistic Tibetan health system into the professional sector of Tibetan medicine, contemporary Tibetan medicine has become to the laity a font of ethnic revitalization and resistance to the modernization policies of the Chinese state. These processes are particularly evident in the elaboration of disorders of rlung, a class of sicknesses that, collectively, have come to symbolize the suffering inherent in rapid social, economic, and political change.} }, @article{vickers_abc_1999-1, title = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine: Acupuncture}, volume = {319}, issn = {09598138}, shorttitle = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186035}, number = {7215}, journal = {{BMJ:} British Medical Journal}, author = {Vickers, Andrew and Zollman, Catherine}, month = oct, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Oct. 9, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 {BMJ} Publishing Group}, pages = {973--976} }, @book{kohn_daoist_2006, address = {Magdalena, {NM}}, title = {Daoist Body Cultivation: Traditional Models and Contemporary Practices}, isbn = {1931483051}, lccn = {{RA776.5} {.D327} 2006}, shorttitle = {Daoist Body Cultivation}, publisher = {Three Pines Press}, author = {Kohn, Livia}, year = {2006}, keywords = {Health, Hygiene, Taoist, Religious aspects}, annote = {Presented by a group of dedicated scholars and practitioners, this volume covers the key practices of medical healing, breathing techniques, diets and fasting, healing exercises, sexual practices, Qigong, and Taiji quan.} }, @article{shinnick_qigong:_2006, title = {Qigong: where did it come from? Where does it fit in science? What are the advances?}, volume = {12}, issn = {1075-5535}, shorttitle = {Qigong}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16722782}, doi = {10.1089/acm.2006.12.351}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine {(New} York, {N.Y.)}}, author = {Shinnick, Phillip}, month = may, year = {2006}, note = {{PMID:} 16722782}, keywords = {Attitude to Health, Breathing Exercises, China, {Evidence-Based} Medicine, Humans, {Mind-Body} Relations {(Metaphysics)}, Qi, Research Design, Tai Ji, United States}, pages = {351--353} }, @book{holland_voices_2000, title = {Voices of Qi: An Introductory Guide to Traditional Chinese Medicine}, isbn = {9781556433269}, publisher = {North Atlantic Books}, author = {Holland, Alex}, year = {2000}, annote = {The physiological systems through which traditional Chinese medicine works are discussed, as well as acupuncture, moxibustion, Chinese herbal medicine, and how to select a practitioner.} }, @book{strickmann_chinese_2002, address = {Stanford Calif.}, title = {Chinese magical medicine}, isbn = {9780804734493}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, author = {Strickmann, Michel}, year = {2002}, annote = {This book argues that the most profound and far-reaching effects of Buddhism on Chinese culture occurred at the level of practice, specifically in religious rituals designed to cure people of disease, demonic possession, and bad luck. This practice would leave its most lasting imprint on the liturgical tradition of Taoism. In focusing on religious practice, it provides a corrective to traditional studies of Chinese religion, which overemphasize metaphysics and spirituality.} }, @article{adams_sacred_2001, title = {The Sacred in the Scientific: Ambiguous Practices of Science in Tibetan Medicine}, volume = {16}, issn = {08867356}, shorttitle = {The Sacred in the Scientific}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/656648}, number = {4}, journal = {Cultural Anthropology}, author = {Adams, Vincanne}, month = nov, year = {2001}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Issue Title: Anthropology and/in/of Science / Full publication date: Nov., 2001 / Copyright © 2001 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {542--575} }, @article{hinrichs_new_1998, series = {2nd Series}, title = {New Geographies of Chinese Medicine}, volume = {13}, issn = {03697827}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/301886}, journal = {Osiris}, author = {Hinrichs, T. J.}, year = {1998}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Issue Title: Beyond Joseph Needham: Science, Technology, and Medicine in East and Southeast Asia / Full publication date: 1998 / Copyright © 1998 The University of Chicago Press}, pages = {287--325} }, @article{xu_body_1999, title = {Body, Discourse, and the Cultural Politics of Contemporary Chinese Qigong}, volume = {58}, issn = {00219118}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2658492}, number = {4}, journal = {The Journal of Asian Studies}, author = {Xu, Jian}, month = nov, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Nov., 1999 / Copyright © 1999 Association for Asian Studies}, pages = {961--991} }, @article{li_chinese_2008, title = {Chinese medicine and its modernization demands}, volume = {39}, issn = {0188-4409}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18164973}, doi = {10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.09.011}, number = {2}, journal = {Archives of Medical Research}, author = {Li, {Wei-Feng} and Jiang, {Jian-Guo} and Chen, Jian}, month = feb, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 18164973}, keywords = {Humans, Medicine, Chinese Traditional}, pages = {246--251}, annote = {As a typical naturally derived drug, traditional Chinese medicine {(TCM)} has developed for several thousands of years and accumulated abundant human pharmacological information and experience to form an integrated theory system. However, the problems of lower product quality, substandard codes and standards, and under-enhancement of fundamental research have restricted its further development and acceptance internationally. In this review, we explain the origin and developmental history of {TCM}, species involved in {TCM}, and their distributions in biotaxy. According to the status and problems, it is concluded that {TCM} modernization has become necessary and urgent. Modernization of {TCM} means the combination of {TCM} with modern technology, modern academic thoughts, and modern scientific culture, in which the most important point is to elucidate the active component of {TCM}, especially the material foundation of compound prescriptions and their pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Technology of analytical chemistry {(HPLC}, {HPCE}, {HSCCC}, etc.) and molecular biology (patch clamp, gene clamp, gene chip, fluorescent probe, {DNA} {TUNEL} assay, in situ hybridization, etc.) are useful tools to realize the modernization of {TCM.} Based on those studies and achievements and coupled with computer technology, all {TCM} products will achieve digitalization and normalization. {TCM} modernization will provide the world with useful reference information on traditional medicines.} }, @book{jia_chinese_1997, title = {Chinese medicine in {post-Mao} China : standardization and the context of modern science}, shorttitle = {Chinese medicine in {post-Mao} China}, author = {Jia, Huanguang}, year = {1997} }, @article{zhan_does_2001, title = {Does It Take a Miracle? Negotiating Knowledges, Identities, and Communities of Traditional Chinese Medicine}, volume = {16}, issn = {08867356}, shorttitle = {Does It Take a Miracle?}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/656646}, number = {4}, journal = {Cultural Anthropology}, author = {Zhan, Mei}, month = nov, year = {2001}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Issue Title: Anthropology and/in/of Science / Full publication date: Nov., 2001 / Copyright © 2001 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {453--480} }, @article{gale_falungong:_2003, title = {Falungong: recent developments in Chinese notions of healing}, volume = {10}, issn = {1071-5568}, shorttitle = {Falungong}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15000055}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Cultural Diversity}, author = {Gale, Deborah Dysart and {Gorman-Yao}, W M}, year = {2003}, note = {{PMID:} 15000055}, keywords = {Anomie, Asian Americans, Attitude to Health, Buddhism, China, Confucianism, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health promotion, Health Status, Humans, Medicine, Chinese Traditional, Morale, Morals, Nurse's Role, Philosophy, Medical, Religious Philosophies, Social Change, spirituality, Transcultural Nursing, Unemployment}, pages = {124--127}, annote = {Transcultural nursing literature provides a rich picture of prominent Chinese health-related beliefs derived from the traditions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. However, these traditional beliefs are being challenged and modified in response to public discussion of a new spiritual movement, Falungong (also spelled Falun Gong). This movement calling for personal and social renewal has arisen in reaction to significant political and economic upheavals in Chinese society. This paper presents an overview of the Falungong movement and the health beliefs it advances. Implications for {U.S.} nursing practice are discussed.} }, @article{scheid_remodeling_2002, title = {Remodeling the Arsenal of Chinese Medicine: Shared Pasts, Alternative Futures}, volume = {583}, issn = {00027162}, shorttitle = {Remodeling the Arsenal of Chinese Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049693}, journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science}, author = {Scheid, Volker}, month = sep, year = {2002}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Issue Title: Global Perspectives on Complementary and Alternative Medicine / Full publication date: Sep., 2002 / Copyright © 2002 American Academy of Political and Social Science}, pages = {136--159}, annote = {The discourse on alternative medicine assumes that medical practices exist as distinctive medical systems that compete with each other in plural health care systems. Anthropological and historical research clearly demonstrates, however, that this is not so. Many so-called traditional medicines are revealed as inventions of distinctly modern regimes of knowledge and institutional practice, while the political needs of healers and the epistemological desires of researchers converge in the construction of distinctive medical practices for description, classification, and comparison. This article draws on genealogy as a possible way out of this impasse. It shows how different generations of physicians of Chinese medicine employed the same four core concepts to reflect on their practice, imbuing them with ever new meanings to relate them to the changing demands of clinical and political practice. Examining these core concepts reveals something about the essence of Chinese medicine without reducing our analysis to a misguided search for cultural essences.} }, @article{normile_new_2003, series = {New Series}, title = {The New Face of Traditional Chinese Medicine}, volume = {299}, issn = {00368075}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3833313}, number = {5604}, journal = {Science}, author = {Normile, Dennis}, month = jan, year = {2003}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jan. 10, 2003 / Copyright © 2003 American Association for the Advancement of Science}, pages = {188--190} }, @article{fei_gambling_2005, title = {{"Gambling} for Qi": Suicide and Family Politics in a Rural North China County}, issn = {13249347}, shorttitle = {{"Gambling} for Qi"}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/20066064}, number = {54}, journal = {The China Journal}, author = {Fei, Wu}, month = jul, year = {2005}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jul., 2005 / Copyright © 2005 Contemporary China Center, Australian National University}, pages = {7--27} }, @article{zhang_medicine_2000, title = {Medicine Is a Humane Art The Basic Principles of Professional Ethics in Chinese Medicine}, volume = {30}, issn = {00930334}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3527656}, number = {4}, journal = {The Hastings Center Report}, author = {Zhang, Daqing and Cheng, Zhifan}, month = aug, year = {2000}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jul. - Aug., 2000 / Copyright © 2000 The Hastings Center}, pages = {S8--S12}, annote = {The value system of medical ethics in China has a long tradition that can be traced back to ancient times. Those values are reflected in the {(Confucian)} precept that “medicine is a humane art.” That is, medicine is not only a means to save people’s lives, but also a moral commitment to love people and free them from suffering through personal caring and medical treatment. Although this precept has been well accepted as the basic principle of professional ethics as general principle that emphasizes doctors’ self-accomplishment and self-restraint, there has never been a universally accepted professional code and binding principles in Chinese medicine comparable to the Hippocratic Oath in western medicine.} }, @article{bahar_effects_2005, title = {The effects of Islam and traditional practices on women's health and reproduction}, volume = {12}, issn = {0969-7330}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16312085}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Islam as a religion and culture on Turkish women's health. The study included 138 household members residing in the territory of three primary health care centers in Turkey: Güzelbahçe, Fahrettin Altay and Esentepe. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire prepared by a multidisciplinary team that included specialists from the departments of public health, psychiatric nursing and sociology. We found that the women's health behavior changed from traditional to rational as education levels increased, and that religious and traditional attitudes and behaviors were predominant in the countryside, especially practices related to pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, induced abortion and family planning. One of the most important prerequisites for the improvement of women's health is that nurses should know the religious practices and culture of the society for which they provide care, so that their efforts to protect and improve women's health will be effective.}, number = {6}, journal = {Nursing Ethics}, author = {Bahar, Zuhal and Okçay, Hale and Ozbiçakçi, S and Beşer, Ayse and Ustün, Besti and Oztürk, Meryem}, month = nov, year = {2005}, note = {{PMID:} 16312085}, keywords = {Abortion, Induced, Adult, Attitude to Health, Culture, Educational Status, Family Planning Services, Female, Humans, {ISLAM}, Maternal Health Services, Questionnaires, Religion and Medicine, Turkey, Women's Health}, pages = {557--570}, annote = {The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Islam as a religion and culture on Turkish women’s health. The study included 138 household members residing in the territory of three primary health care centers in Turkey: Güzelbahçe, Fahrettin Altay and Esentepe. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire prepared by a multidisciplinary team that included specialists from the departments of public health, psychiatric nursing and sociology. We found that the women’s health behavior changed from traditional to rational as education levels increased, and that religious and traditional attitudes and behaviors were predominant in the countryside, especially practices related to pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, induced abortion and family planning. One of the most important prerequisites for the improvement of women’s health is that nurses should know the religious practices and culture of the society for which they provide care, so that their efforts to protect and improve women’s health will be effective.} }, @article{baasher_islam_2001, title = {Islam and mental health}, volume = {7}, issn = {1020-3397}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12690755}, number = {3}, journal = {Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Santé De La Méditerranée Orientale = {Al-Majallah} Al-Ṣiḥḥīyah {Li-Sharq} {Al-Mutawassiṭ}}, author = {Baasher, T A}, month = may, year = {2001}, note = {{PMID:} 12690755}, keywords = {Alcoholism, Attitude to Health, Cultural Characteristics, Health Behavior, Health promotion, Humans, {ISLAM}, Mental Disorders, mental health, Religion and Medicine, Religion and Psychology}, pages = {372--376}, annote = {This paper discusses the importance of a spiritual element in health with particular reference to mental health and Islam. The Islamic spiritual quest is outlined and some directives described. Specific examples are given of their application to health.} }, @article{turgut_islamic_2009, title = {Islamic legacy of cardiology: Inspirations from the holy sources}, issn = {1874-1754}, shorttitle = {Islamic legacy of cardiology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19857908}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.470}, abstract = {The main source of all inspirational knowledge in Islam is indeed the Holy Qur'an. The verses of the Qur'an as well as the Hadeeth and Sunnah literature have also accumulated a number of teachings and practices in relation to cardiovascular medicine. Islam is actually a comprehensive system of life, which provides mankind with the best forms of balance between the mundane and the spiritual. Early era of Islamic medicine has generated some very famous and notable physicians. The greatest physician of this era was Avicenna who devoted a substantial section of his classic magnum opus, the Canon of Medicine, to cardiovascular disorders. The empirical guidelines and principles of the Qur'an and Sunnah might contribute to the understanding and evaluation of various disturbances of the heart and vessels. Islamic legacy will still continue to inspire the contemporary cardiology in investigating cardiovascular diseases.}, journal = {International Journal of Cardiology}, author = {Turgut, Okan and Yalta, Kenan and Tandogan, Izzet}, month = oct, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19857908}, annote = {The main source of all inspirational knowledge in Islam is indeed the Holy Qur’an. The verses of the Qur’an as well as the Hadeeth and Sunnah literature have also accumulated a number of teachings and practices in relation to cardiovascular medicine. Islam is actually a comprehensive system of life, which provides mankind with the best forms of balance between the mundane and the spiritual. Early era of Islamic medicine has generated some very famous and notable physicians. The greatest physician of this era was Avicenna who devoted a substantial section of his classic magnum opus, the Canon of Medicine, to cardiovascular disorders. The empirical guidelines and principles of the Qur’an and Sunnah might contribute to the understanding and evaluation of various disturbances of the heart and vessels. Islamic legacy will still continue to inspire the contemporary cardiology in investigating cardiovascular diseases.} }, @article{ally_south_2008, title = {South African Muslim Faith Healers perceptions of mental illness: understanding, aetiology and treatment}, volume = {47}, issn = {1573-6571}, shorttitle = {South African Muslim Faith Healers perceptions of mental illness}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19105000}, doi = {10.1007/s10943-007-9133-2}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Religion and Health}, author = {Ally, Yaseen and Laher, Sumaya}, month = mar, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 19105000}, keywords = {Faith Healing, Humans, Interviews as Topic, {ISLAM}, Mental Disorders, Religion and Psychology, South Africa}, pages = {45--56}, annote = {The important role that religious beliefs may have on perceptions of mental illness cannot be ignored. Many religions including Islam advocate witchcraft and spirit possession--all of which are thought to influence the behaviour of a person so as to resemble that of a mentally ill individual. Thus this research explored Muslim Faith Healers perceptions of mental and spiritual illness in terms of their understanding of the distinctions between the two, the aetiologies and the treatments thereof. Six Muslim Healers in the Johannesburg community were interviewed and thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. From the results it is clear that the faith healers were aware of the distinction between mental and spiritual illnesses. It was also apparent that Islam has a clear taxonomy that distinguishes illness and the causes thereof. Treatments are then advised accordingly. Thus this paper argues that the predominant Western view of the aetiology and understanding of mental illness needs to acknowledge the various culturally inclined taxonomies of mental illness so as to better understand and aid clients.} }, @article{ajlouni_values_2003, title = {Values, qualifications, ethics and legal standards in Arabic {(Islamic)} medicine}, volume = {24}, issn = {0379-5284}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12939664}, abstract = {Many historians claim that the Western world pioneered in the setting of ethical, legal and professional standards in the practice of medicine. Informed medical consent is proposed by some as an American invention. Others claim that patient rights and legal protection propose have stated in the early decades of the 20th century. This review is an attempt to uncover the facts regarding the way Arabs practiced medicine during the golden era of Islam. Eight hundred to fifteen hundred {AD} this includes the qualification of physicians according to a well designed curricula covering the science and humanity of medicine. The rules governing the quality control of health care delivery system and to some degree the principles of informed medical consent and to a lesser degree the principles of litigation are discussed. We hope that this paper will be a call to all humanity loving persons to end prejudices against other people and to stop stereotyping.}, number = {8}, journal = {Saudi Medical Journal}, author = {Ajlouni, Kamel M}, month = aug, year = {2003}, note = {{PMID:} 12939664}, keywords = {Arab World, Ethics, Medical, Female, History, 20th Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, {ISLAM}, Liability, Legal, Male, Medicine, Arabic, Moral Obligations, Quality of Health Care, Social Values}, pages = {820--826}, annote = {Many historians claim that the Western world pioneered in the setting of ethical, legal and professional standards in the practice of medicine. Informed medical consent is proposed by some as an American invention. Others claim that patient rights and legal protection propose have stated in the early decades of the 20th century. This review is an attempt to uncover the facts regarding the way Arabs practiced medicine during the golden era of Islam. Eight hundred to fifteen hundred {AD} this includes the qualification of physicians according to a well designed curricula covering the science and humanity of medicine. The rules governing the quality control of health care delivery system and to some degree the principles of informed medical consent and to a lesser degree the principles of litigation are discussed. We hope that this paper will be a call to all humanity loving persons to end prejudices against other people and to stop stereotyping.} }, @article{rady_islam_2009, title = {Islam and end-of-life organ donation. Asking the right questions}, volume = {30}, issn = {0379-5284}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19618000}, abstract = {Organ transplantation has become an established treatment option for end-stage organ disease. Both living and end-of-life (so called deceased) organ donation narrow the gap between supply and demand for transplantable organs. Advances in human biology prove that death occurs as a gradual process over time and not as a single discrete event. Declaring death with either neurological criteria (heart-beating organ donation) or circulatory criteria (non-heart-beating organ donation) enables the procurement of transplantable organs before human death is complete, namely, from the incipiently dying donor. Thus, surgical procurement of organs from the incipiently dying donor is the proximate cause of death, raising new questions on end-of-life organ donation. It is imperative to first and foremost care for the patient as a dying person. International Muslim scholars should reevaluate previous Islamic rulings and provide guidance about current practice of end-of-life organ donation.}, number = {7}, journal = {Saudi Medical Journal}, author = {Rady, Mohamed Y and Verheijde, Joseph L}, month = jul, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19618000}, keywords = {Death, Humans, {ISLAM}, Religion and Medicine, Tissue and Organ Procurement}, pages = {882--886}, annote = {Organ transplantation has become an established treatment option for end-stage organ disease. Both living and end-of-life (so called deceased) organ donation narrow the gap between supply and demand for transplantable organs. Advances in human biology prove that death occurs as a gradual process over time and not as a single discrete event. Declaring death with either neurological criteria (heart-beating organ donation) or circulatory criteria (non-heart-beating organ donation) enables the procurement of transplantable organs before human death is complete, namely, from the incipiently dying donor. Thus, surgical procurement of organs from the incipiently dying donor is the proximate cause of death, raising new questions on end-of-life organ donation. It is imperative to first and foremost care for the patient as a dying person. International Muslim scholars should reevaluate previous Islamic rulings and provide guidance about current practice of end-of-life organ donation.} }, @article{padela_perceived_2008, title = {The perceived role of Islam in immigrant Muslim medical practice within the {USA:} an exploratory qualitative study}, volume = {34}, issn = {1473-4257}, shorttitle = {The perceived role of Islam in immigrant Muslim medical practice within the {USA}}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18448718}, doi = {10.1136/jme.2007.021345}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND:} Islam and Muslims are underrepresented in the medical literature and the influence of physician's cultural beliefs and religious values upon the clinical encounter has been understudied. {OBJECTIVE:} To elicit the perceived influence of Islam upon the practice patterns of immigrant Muslim physicians in the {USA.} {DESIGN:} Ten face-to-face, in-depth, semistructured interviews with Muslim physicians from various backgrounds and specialties trained outside the {USA} and practising within the the country. Data were analysed according to the conventions of qualitative research using a modified grounded-theory approach. {RESULTS:} There were a variety of views on the role of Islam in medical practice. Several themes emerged from our interviews: (1) a trend to view Islam as enhancing virtuous professional behaviour; (2) the perception of Islam as influencing the scope of medical practice through setting boundaries on career choices, defining acceptable medical procedures and shaping social interactions with physician peers; (3) a perceived need for Islamic religious experts within Islamic medical ethical deliberation. Limitations: This is a pilot study intended to yield themes and hypotheses for further investigation and is not meant to fully characterise Muslim physicians at large. {CONCLUSIONS:} Immigrant Muslim physicians practising within the {USA} perceive Islam to play a variable role within their clinical practice, from influencing interpersonal relations and character development to affecting specialty choice and procedures performed. Areas of ethical challenges identified include catering to populations with lifestyles at odds with Islamic teachings, end-of-life care and maintaining a faith identity within the culture of medicine. Further study of the interplay between Islam and Muslim medical practice and the manner and degree to which Islamic values and law inform ethical decision-making is needed.}, number = {5}, journal = {Journal of Medical Ethics}, author = {Padela, A I and Shanawani, H and Greenlaw, J and Hamid, H and Aktas, M and Chin, N}, month = may, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 18448718}, keywords = {Adult, Cultural Characteristics, Emigrants and Immigrants, Female, Humans, {ISLAM}, Male, Middle Aged, Physicians, Pilot Projects, Professional Practice, Qualitative Research, Religion and Medicine, United States}, pages = {365--369}, annote = {Background: Islam and Muslims are underrepresented in the medical literature and the influence of physician’s cultural beliefs and religious values upon the clinical encounter has been understudied. Objective: To elicit the perceived influence of Islam upon the practice patterns of immigrant Muslim physicians in the {USA.} Design: Ten face-to-face, in-depth, semistructured interviews with Muslim physicians from various backgrounds and specialties trained outside the {USA} and practising within the the country. Data were analysed according to the conventions of qualitative research using a modified grounded-theory approach. Results: There were a variety of views on the role of Islam in medical practice. Several themes emerged from our interviews: (1) a trend to view Islam as enhancing virtuous professional behaviour; (2) the perception of Islam as influencing the scope of medical practice through setting boundaries on career choices, defining acceptable medical procedures and shaping social interactions with physician peers; (3) a perceived need for Islamic religious experts within Islamic medical ethical deliberation. Limitations: This is a pilot study intended to yield themes and hypotheses for further investigation and is not meant to fully characterise Muslim physicians at large. Conclusions: Immigrant Muslim physicians practising within the {USA} perceive Islam to play a variable role within their clinical practice, from influencing interpersonal relations and character development to affecting specialty choice and procedures performed. Areas of ethical challenges identified include catering to populations with lifestyles at odds with Islamic teachings, end-of-life care and maintaining a faith identity within the culture of medicine. Further study of the interplay between Islam and Muslim medical practice and the manner and degree to which Islamic values and law inform ethical decision-making is needed.} }, @article{hessini_abortion_2007, title = {Abortion and Islam: policies and practice in the Middle East and North Africa}, volume = {15}, issn = {0968-8080}, shorttitle = {Abortion and Islam}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17512379}, doi = {10.1016/S0968-8080(06)29279-6}, abstract = {This paper provides an overview of legal, religious, medical and social factors that serve to support or hinder women's access to safe abortion services in the 21 predominantly Muslim countries of the Middle East and North Africa {(MENA)} region, where one in ten pregnancies ends in abortion. Reform efforts, including progressive interpretations of Islam, have resulted in laws allowing for early abortion on request in two countries; six others permit abortion on health grounds and three more also allow abortion in cases of rape or fetal impairment. However, medical and social factors limit access to safe abortion services in all but Turkey and Tunisia. To address this situation, efforts are increasing in a few countries to introduce post-abortion care, document the magnitude of unsafe abortion and understand women's experience of unplanned pregnancy. Religious fatāwa have been issued allowing abortions in certain circumstances. An understanding of variations in Muslim beliefs and practices, and the interplay between politics, religion, history and reproductive rights is key to understanding abortion in different Muslim societies. More needs to be done to build on efforts to increase women's rights, engage community leaders, support progressive religious leaders and government officials and promote advocacy among health professionals.}, number = {29}, journal = {Reproductive Health Matters}, author = {Hessini, Leila}, month = may, year = {2007}, note = {{PMID:} 17512379}, keywords = {Abortion, Induced, Africa, Northern, Aftercare, Contraception, Cultural Characteristics, Family Planning Services, Female, Health Policy, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, {ISLAM}, Middle East, Patient Advocacy, Pregnancy, Women's Health, Women's Rights}, pages = {75--84}, annote = {This paper provides an overview of legal, religious, medical and social factors that serve to support or hinder women’s access to safe abortion services in the 21 predominantly Muslim countries of the Middle East and North Africa {(MENA)} region, where one in ten pregnancies ends in abortion. Reform efforts, including progressive interpretations of Islam, have resulted in laws allowing for early abortion on request in two countries; six others permit abortion on health grounds and three more also allow abortion in cases of rape or fetal impairment. However, medical and social factors limit access to safe abortion services in all but Turkey and Tunisia. To address this situation, efforts are increasing in a few countries to introduce post-abortion care, document the magnitude of unsafe abortion and understand women’s experience of unplanned pregnancy. Religious fatawa have been issued allowing abortions in certain circumstances. An understanding of variations in Muslim beliefs and practices, and the interplay between politics, religion, history and reproductive rights is key to understanding abortion in different Muslim societies. More needs to be done to build on efforts to increase women’s rights, engage community leaders, support progressive religious leaders and government officials and promote advocacy among health professionals.} }, @article{husain_reproductive_2000, title = {Reproductive issues from the Islamic perspective}, volume = {3}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11844368}, abstract = {The Islamic faith is regarded by its followers, Muslims, as a complete way of life. A multitude of nationalities practise Islam and also various sects, and as a result there are various interpretations of Qur'anic guidance relating to almost every matter. Only a fully qualified jurist of the highest rank can issue edicts on problems that are not already clearly addressed in the Qur'an. This applies to contemporary issues and any Muslim is at liberty to debate and dialogue with the religious leader to obtain a ruling on a specific question. Marriage is described as half the faith in Islam and to have children is seen as a great blessing. There is no religious objection to an infertile married couple pursuing any form of infertility treatment including in vitro fertilization, surgical sperm retrieval and micro-assisted conception methods. However, there must be strict control to ensure that the gametes belong to the husband and wife. This relationship is described as 'halal' (permitted), whereas any union of gametes outside a marital bond, whether by adultery or in the laboratory, is 'haraam' (forbidden). Therefore, donor sperm pregnancies are strictly forbidden in all schools of Islamic law. The advent of ovum donation and surrogacy has led some Islamic scholars to allow this procedure between co-wives thereby avoiding the 'haraam' relationship between sperm and egg, but there is still debate on the definition of the mother. Similarly, treating any other situation outside a marriage relationship, for example fertilization of an ovum from cryopreserved sperm after divorce of the couple or death of the husband would be 'haraam' and strictly forbidden. The Qur'anic guidance is quite clear that the couple can pursue all permitted treatments but may need to accept that they may not achieve a pregnancy. Adoption is encouraged in Islam with the specific rule that the child must be able to identify its biological father by keeping his name. It must be emphasized that Muslims will vary on their degree of adherence to the faith and the practitioner should present all the options to the couple without assuming which treatments they will or will not accept.}, number = {2}, journal = {Human Fertility {(Cambridge}, England)}, author = {Husain, Fatima}, year = {2000}, note = {{PMID:} 11844368}, pages = {124--128}, annote = {The Islamic faith is regarded by its followers, Muslims, as a complete way of life. A multitude of nationalities practice Islam and also various sects, and as a result there are various interpretations of Qur’anic guidance relating to almost every matter. Only a fully qualified jurist of the highest rank can issue edicts on problems that are not already clearly addressed in the Qur’an. This applies to contemporary issues and any Muslim is at liberty to debate and dialogue with the religious leader to obtain a ruling on a specific question. Marriage is described as half the faith in Islam and to have children is seen as a great blessing. There is no religious objection to an infertile married couple pursuing any form of infertility treatment including in vitro fertilization, surgical sperm retrieval and micro-assisted conception methods. However, there must be strict control to ensure that the gametes belong to the husband and wife. This relationship is described as ‘halal’ (permitted), whereas any union of gametes outside a marital bond, whether by adultery or in the laboratory, is ‘haraam’ (forbidden). Therefore, donor sperm pregnancies are strictly forbidden in all schools of Islamic law. The advent of ovum donation and surrogacy has led some Islamic scholars to allow this procedure between co-wives thereby avoiding the ‘haraam’ relationship between sperm and egg, but there is still debate on the definition of the mother. Similarly, treating any other situation outside a marriage relationship, for example fertilization of an ovum from cryopreserved sperm after divorce of the couple or death of the husband would be ‘haraam’ and strictly forbidden. The Qur’anic guidance is quite clear that the couple can pursue all permitted treatments but may need to accept that they may not achieve a pregnancy. Adoption is encouraged in Islam with the specific rule that the child must be able to identify its biological father by keeping his name. It must be emphasized that Muslims will vary on their degree of adherence to the faith and the practitioner should present all the options to the couple without assuming which treatments they will or will not accept.} }, @article{serour_islamic_2008, title = {Islamic perspectives in human reproduction}, volume = {17 Suppl 3}, issn = {1472-6491}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18983735}, abstract = {Assisted reproductive technology is widely practised around the world for the treatment of virtually all forms of infertility. The application of this technology in the Islamic world had been delayed for many years, based on the misconception that Islamic teachings do not approve assisted reproduction. The paper discusses derivation of Islamic rulings and its impact on the ethics of contemporary issues, including family formation and assisted reproduction. It clearly shows that Islam encourages family formation and assisted reproduction, when indicated, within the frame of marriage. It also discusses differences among Muslim sects, Sunni and Shi'aa. The paper also discusses Islamic rulings on the new emerging practices in assisted reproduction, including surrogacy, multifetal pregnancy reduction, cryopreservation, pregnancy in the post-menopausal period, sex selection and embryo implantation following the husband's death. The moral status of the embryo in Islam is discussed. Organ differentiation and ensoulment are believed to occur at 42 days after fertilization at the earliest. As individuation of the embryo does not occur before 14 days from fertilization, research on surplus embryos during this period is allowed. Similarly, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, gene therapy and non-reproductive cloning for the benefit of humanity are ethically acceptable in Islam. This information should help physicians in their decision before conscientious objection to offering various modalities of assisted reproduction to their infertile patients.}, journal = {Reproductive Biomedicine Online}, author = {Serour, G I}, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 18983735}, keywords = {Cloning, Organism, Cryopreservation, Female, Gene Therapy, Humans, Infertility, {ISLAM}, Male, Menopause, Posthumous Conception, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal, Religion and Medicine, Reproduction, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, Sex Preselection, Surrogate Mothers, Uterus}, pages = {34--38}, annote = {Assisted reproductive technology is widely practised around the world for the treatment of virtually all forms of infertility. The application of this technology in the Islamic world had been delayed for many years, based on the misconception that Islamic teachings do not approve assisted reproduction. The paper discusses derivation of Islamic rulings and its impact on the ethics of contemporary issues, including family formation and assisted reproduction. It clearly shows that Islam encourages family formation and assisted reproduction, when indicated, within the frame of marriage. It also discusses differences among Muslim sects, Sunni and Shi’aa. The paper also discusses Islamic rulings on the new emerging practices in assisted reproduction, including surrogacy, multifetal pregnancy reduction, cryopreservation, pregnancy in the post-menopausal period, sex selection and embryo implantation following the husband’s death. The moral status of the embryo in Islam is discussed. Organ differentiation and ensoulment are believed to occur at 42 days after fertilization at the earliest. As individuation of the embryo does not occur before 14 days from fertilization, research on surplus embryos during this period is allowed. Similarly, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, gene therapy and non-reproductive cloning for the benefit of humanity are ethically acceptable in Islam. This information should help physicians in their decision before conscientious objection to offering various modalities of assisted reproduction to their infertile patients.} }, @article{mebrouk_perception_2008, title = {Perception of nursing care: views of Saudi Arabian female nurses}, volume = {28}, issn = {1037-6178}, shorttitle = {Perception of nursing care}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18844568}, abstract = {{'Values} are principles and standards that have meaning and worth to an individual, family, group, or community' {(Purnell} \& Paulanka 1998: p.3). Values are central to the care provided by nurses. The provision of nursing care within the context of value clarification, has been explored from various perspectives, however, as values vary within cultures, there is a limited range of studies reflecting on Saudi Arabian nurses' perspectives of nursing care. Through a Heideggerian phenomenological research design, six nurses were enrolled through purposive sampling. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which were audio tape-recorded, were chosen as the methods of data collection. A seven stage framework approach was applied to analyse and organise the research findings in three conceptual themes: values in context of Islam, the nurse-patient relationship, and identity's influence on being in the world of nursing. The findings of the research indicate that values in nursing and the perception of care are closely linked to the Islamic values of the informants. However, one of the most challenging aspects emerging from this study is related to these nurses' experiences related to the public's negative perception of nursing as a profession for Saudi Arabian women.}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession}, author = {Mebrouk, Jette}, month = apr, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 18844568}, keywords = {Data Collection, Female, Humans, {ISLAM}, Male, {Nurse-Patient} Relations, Nurses, Nursing, {SAUDI} Arabia, Terminal Care}, pages = {149--161}, annote = {Values are principles and standards that have meaning and worth to an individual, family, group, or community’ {(Purnell} \& Paulanka 1998: p.3). Values are central to the care provided by nurses. The provision of nursing care within the context of value clarification, has been explored from various perspectives, however, as values vary within cultures, there is a limited range of studies reflecting on Saudi Arabian nurses’ perspectives of nursing care. Through a Heideggerian phenomenological research design, six nurses were enrolled through purposive sampling. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which were audio tape-recorded, were chosen as the methods of data collection. A seven stage framework approach was applied to analyse and organise the research findings in three conceptual themes: values in context of Islam, the nurse-patient relationship, and identity’s influence on being in the world of nursing. The findings of the research indicate that values in nursing and the perception of care are closely linked to the Islamic values of the informants. However, one of the most challenging aspects emerging from this study is related to these nurses’ experiences related to the public’s negative perception of nursing as a profession for Saudi Arabian women.} }, @book{rosenthal_science_1990, address = {Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain}, series = {Collected studies}, title = {Science and Medicine in Islam: A Collection of Essays}, isbn = {0860782824}, lccn = {{Q127.M628} R67 1990}, shorttitle = {Science and Medicine in Islam}, number = {{CS330}}, publisher = {Variorum}, author = {Rosenthal, Franz}, year = {1990}, keywords = {collected works, History, History of Medicine, Medieval, Islamic Empire, Medicine, Arab, Medicine, Arabic, Science}, annote = {The achievements of medieval Muslim scholars in the fields of philosophy, science and medicine are now well recognized, and Franz Rosenthal’s work has been instrumental in helping us to understand these. In this third collection of his articles, he demonstrates the information to be gained from tracing the Greek roots of the science and medicine of the Islamic world in the Middle Ages. Of particular concern here are the Hellenistic or late Hellenistic authors such as Galen, Hippocrates or Ptolemy. These articles show how Muslim writers have preserved much that has been lost in the Greek and played a vital part in ensuring the continuity of the classical tradition, and examine some of the specific ways in which they reacted to and developed it. They also deal with questions such as the place of the physician in society and the medical attitude towards homosexuality. As previously, the opportunity has been taken to add extra notes, and there is further included, published for the first time, a complete bibliography of the author’s works.} }, @article{gilbert_influence_2008, title = {The influence of Islam on {AIDS} prevention among Senegalese university students}, volume = {20}, issn = {1943-2755}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18956981}, doi = {10.1521/aeap.2008.20.5.399}, abstract = {Few studies have attempted to quantify Islam's contributions to {HIV/AIDS} prevention. Senegal has involved Muslim leaders in its prevention campaign for over a decade. Senegal also has the lowest {HIV/AIDS} prevalence rate in {sub-Saharan} Africa. This study examines how Islam influences {AIDS} prevention by testing whether Senegalese participants' religiosity scores explain their risky decisions associated with sex, condom use, and drug use. Participants with higher religiosity scores were more likely to abstain from sex. However, participants high in religiosity were not more likely to report that they did not use condoms when sexually active.}, number = {5}, journal = {{AIDS} Education and Prevention: Official Publication of the International Society for {AIDS} Education}, author = {Gilbert, Sarah S}, month = oct, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 18956981}, keywords = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, {ISLAM}, Male, Questionnaires, Religion and Sex, Senegal, Sexual behavior, Students, Young Adult}, pages = {399--407}, annote = {Few studies have attempted to quantify Islam’s contributions to {HIV/AIDS} prevention. Senegal has involved Muslim leaders in its prevention campaign for over a decade. Senegal also has the lowest {HIV/AIDS} prevalence rate in {sub-Saharan} Africa. This study examines how Islam influences {AIDS} prevention by testing whether Senegalese participants’ religiosity scores explain their risky decisions associated with sex, condom use, and drug use. Participants with higher religiosity scores were more likely to abstain from sex. However, participants high in religiosity were not more likely to report that they did not use condoms when sexually active.} }, @article{sarhill_terminally_2001, title = {The terminally ill Muslim: death and dying from the Muslim perspective}, volume = {18}, issn = {1049-9091}, shorttitle = {The terminally ill Muslim}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/11467099}, abstract = {Islam holds life as sacred and belonging to God and that all creatures will die one day. Suicide is forbidden. Muslims believe death is only a transition between two different lives. The terminally ill Muslim desires to perform five ritual requirements. Do not resuscitate {(DNR)} orders are acceptable. A deceased Muslim must always be buried after being ritually washed and wrapped. There are different Muslim schools of thought, but they are united regarding their views on death and dying.}, number = {4}, journal = {The American Journal of Hospice \& Palliative Care}, author = {Sarhill, N and {LeGrand}, S and Islambouli, R and Davis, M P and Walsh, D}, month = aug, year = {2001}, note = {{PMID:} 11467099}, keywords = {Attitude to Death, Attitude to Health, Cultural Diversity, Ethics, Medical, Funeral Rites, Grief, Humans, {ISLAM}, Patient Advocacy, Resuscitation Orders, Terminal Care, United States}, pages = {251--255}, annote = {Islam holds life as sacred and belonging to God and that all creatures will die one day. Suicide is forbidden. Muslims believe death is only a transition between two different lives. The terminally ill Muslim desires to perform five ritual requirements. Do not resuscitate {(DNR)} orders are acceptable. A deceased Muslim must always be buried after being ritually washed and wrapped. There are different Muslim schools of thought, but they are united regarding their views on death and dying.} }, @book{abdalla_islam_1997, address = {Lewiston}, series = {Studies in African health and medicine}, title = {Islam, Medicine, and Practitioners in Northern Nigeria}, isbn = {0773486550}, lccn = {{R653.N6} A23 1997}, number = {v. 6}, publisher = {E. Mellen Press}, author = {Abdalla, Ismail Hussein}, year = {1997}, keywords = {Hausa {(African} people), History, {ISLAM}, Medicine, Medicine, Arab, Medicine, Arabic, Nigeria, Religion and Medicine, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {The author of this text argues that, although the Islamic and the {pre-Islamic} Hausa medical systems have much in common, their theoretical and conceptual frameworks are different. They operate from different understandings of the causes of disease and misfortune, and of the appropriate methods to be employed to restore health or alleviate suffering. The book also discusses another significant difference between the Islamic and {non-Islamic} Hausa medical systems: the mode of preserving and communicating medical knowledge. The early history of Islamic medicine is also described, and its theories, concepts and historical developments are explored.} }, @article{weatherhead_muslim_2009, title = {Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy}, issn = {1476-0835}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19735608}, doi = {10.1348/147608309X467807}, journal = {Psychology and Psychotherapy}, author = {Weatherhead, Stephen and Daiches, Anna}, month = sep, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19735608}, annote = {Objectives: The aim of this research was to explore with a heterogeneous Muslim population their understanding of the concept of mental health and how any mental distress experienced by an individual can best be addressed. Design: A qualitative approach was taken. Participants were interviewed, and data analysed thematically. Methods: A sample of 14 Muslims was interviewed according to a semi-structured interview schedule. Participants were recruited via electronic mailing lists, and communications with local Muslim organizations. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Thematic analysis identified seven operationalizing themes that were given the labels ‘causes’, ‘problem management’, ‘relevance of services’, ‘barriers’, ‘service delivery’, ‘therapy content’, and ‘therapist characteristics’. Conclusions: The results highlight the interweaving of religious and secular perspectives on mental distress and responses to it. Potential barriers are discussed, as are the important characteristics of therapy, therapists, and service provision. Clinical implications are presented along with the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research.} }, @article{al-kassimi_cultural_2003, title = {Cultural differences: practising medicine in an Islamic country}, volume = {3}, issn = {1470-2118}, shorttitle = {Cultural differences}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12617415}, number = {1}, journal = {Clinical Medicine {(London}, England)}, author = {{Al-Kassimi}, Mohammad}, month = feb, year = {2003}, note = {{PMID:} 12617415}, keywords = {Abortion, Induced, Blood Transfusion, Female, Fertilization in Vitro, Hospitals, University, Humans, {ISLAM}, Male, Organ Transplantation, {Physician-Patient} Relations, Pregnancy, Religion and Medicine, {SAUDI} Arabia, Sterilization, Reproductive}, pages = {52--53}, annote = {@font-face { font-family: {"Garamond";} {}p.MsoNormal}, {li.MsoNormal}, {div.MsoNormal} { margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 12pt; font-family: {"Times} New Roman"; {}p.BibEntryAnnotation}, {li.BibEntryAnnotation}, {div.BibEntryAnnotation} { margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; font-size: 12pt; font-family: {"Times} New Roman"; font-style: italic; {}div.Section1} { page: Section1; } Islam and Muslims have been in the headlines recently for one reason or another. But the practice of medicine in an Islamic conservative country such as Saudi Arabia has not been adequately reported. Many questions about cultural differences in the practice of medicine have been directed at me by {non-Muslim} colleagues. Below, I have tried to answer some of them after practising at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia for the last 25 years. } }, @book{ullmann_islamic_1978, address = {Edinburgh}, series = {Islamic surveys}, title = {Islamic Medicine}, isbn = {0852243251}, lccn = {D199.3}, number = {11}, publisher = {Edinburgh University Press}, author = {Ullmann, Manfred}, year = {1978}, keywords = {Medicine, Arab}, annote = {This highly readable survey describes the development of Islamic medicine and its influence on Western medical thought. It explains the main features of Islamic medicine: its system of human physiology; its ideas about the nature of disease; its rules for diet and the use of drugs; and its relationship with astrology and the occult.} }, @book{ahmed_health_1998, address = {Sa'adu Zungur Kano}, title = {Health and healing in the Qur'an}, isbn = {9789781880506}, publisher = {Triumph Pub. Co. Ltd.}, author = {Ahmed, Musa}, year = {1998} }, @book{rahman_health_1987, address = {New York}, series = {Health/medicine and the faith traditions}, title = {Health and Medicine in the Islamic Tradition: Change And Identity}, isbn = {0824507975}, lccn = {{BP166.72}}, shorttitle = {Health and Medicine in the Islamic Tradition}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Rahman, Fazlur}, year = {1987}, keywords = {Health, Medicine, Religious aspects}, annote = {This is a pioneering attempt to portray the relationship of Islam as a system of faith and as a tradition to human health and health care. The author explores Wellness and Illness in the Islamic World view, the Religious Valuation of Medicine, The Prophetic Medicine, Medical Care, Medical Ethics and Passages.} }, @book{loeffler_allopathy_2007, address = {London}, series = {International library of Iranian studies}, title = {Allopathy Goes Native: Traditional Versus Modern Medicine in Iran}, isbn = {9781850439424}, lccn = {R632 {.L64} 2007}, shorttitle = {Allopathy Goes Native}, number = {6}, publisher = {Tauris Academic Studies}, author = {Loeffler, Agnes Gertrud}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Anthropological aspects, Iran, Medicine, Traditional, Public health, Social medicine, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {Allopathy is often described as “western” medicine, the antithesis of homeopathy. Allopathy Goes Native is an ethnographic investigation of how allopathic knowledge, theories and practice guidelines come to be understood and applied by native practitioners in a non-western context. Based on research among allopathic doctors in Iran, Loeffler describes how the system of allopathic medicine has adapted to indigenous explanations of health and disease and to the economic, social and religio-political realities framing contemporary Iranian life and culture. This approach simultaneously problematizes the view of allopathic medicine as a “western” entity exerting a hegemonic influence over non-western cultures and provides a rare glimpse of the complexities of life in modern Iran denied most western scholars. It is an essential supplement to the current anthropological literature on Iran.} }, @article{alvarez-millan_practice_2000, title = {Practice versus theory: tenth-century case histories from the Islamic Middle East}, volume = {13}, issn = {{0951-631X}}, shorttitle = {Practice versus theory}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/14535258}, number = {2}, journal = {Social History of Medicine: The Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / {SSHM}}, author = {{Alvarez-Millan}, C}, month = aug, year = {2000}, note = {{PMID:} 14535258}, keywords = {Eye Diseases, History, Medieval, Humans, {ISLAM}, Medicine, Middle East, Philosophy, Medical, Practice Management, Medical}, pages = {293--306}, annote = {Medicine and disease in medieval Islam have thus far been approached through theoretic medical treatises, on the assumption that learned medical texts are a transparent account of reality. A question yet to be sufficiently explored is the extent to which the ideas and theoretical principles they contain were actually carried out in practice. This paper deals with the description of diseases occurring in a tenth-century Casebook {(Kitab} {al-Tajarib)} by Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya’ {al-Razi} (known to Europeans as Rhazes)-the largest and oldest collection of case histories, so far as is known, in medieval Islamic medical literature. Since the author was a prolific medical writer, this study also includes a review of his medical and therapeutic principles dealing with eye diseases, as described in his learned treatises, and a comparison with those therapies actually employed in his everyday practice, as exemplified by the Casebook. The comparative analysis shows that the medical knowledge and the therapeutic advice so meticulously described in theoretical works were not paralleled in the physician’s medical performance. On the contrary, it appears that learned treatises served other purposes than determining medical practice.} }, @article{cattermole_how_2006, title = {How Islam changed medicine: {Al-Nafis}, Servetus, and Colombo}, volume = {332}, issn = {1468-5833}, shorttitle = {How Islam changed medicine}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16410599}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120-c}, number = {7533}, journal = {{BMJ} {(Clinical} Research Ed.)}, author = {Cattermole, Giles N}, month = jan, year = {2006}, note = {{PMID:} 16410599}, keywords = {Blood Circulation, History, 16th Century, Humans, {ISLAM}, Medicine, Arabic, Pulmonary Medicine}, pages = {120--121} }, @article{brewer_historical_2004, title = {Historical perspectives on health. Early Arabic medicine}, volume = {124}, issn = {1466-4240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/15301318}, number = {4}, journal = {The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health}, author = {Brewer, Harry}, month = jul, year = {2004}, note = {{PMID:} 15301318}, keywords = {Arab World, History of Nursing, History, Ancient, Hospitals, Humans, Medicine, Arabic, Medicine, Traditional}, pages = {184--187}, annote = {The Arabian conquests during and after the 7th century led to a spread of Islam as well as the consequential influence of theology on health through the teachings of the Qur’an {(Koran).} Although traditional medicine was widely accepted and used, the character of early aggrandisement of Arabic medicine involved a facility for adapting and absorbing {Graeco-Roman} knowledge. The translation schools and libraries, famous in both the East and West, preserved and expanded the knowledge acquired. European academic learning owed much to the Arabs. Information came through Spain to Italy, France and, later on, England. The founding of hospitals, whilst not an Arab initiative, received a fillip from the religious prescriptions for care of the sick. The Military Orders developed specialist institutions for the sick, probably as a result of what they saw during their sojourn in the Middle East. The legacy of Arabic medical care is still with us today and deserves understanding and greater appreciation.} }, @article{mohit_mental_2001, title = {Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East: historical development}, volume = {7}, issn = {1020-3397}, shorttitle = {Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12690751}, number = {3}, journal = {Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Santé De La Méditerranée Orientale = {Al-Majallah} Al-Ṣiḥḥīyah {Li-Sharq} {Al-Mutawassiṭ}}, author = {Mohit, A}, month = may, year = {2001}, note = {{PMID:} 12690751}, keywords = {Arab World, Attitude to Health, Health Services Needs and Demand, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, {ISLAM}, Medicine, Arabic, mental health, Mental Health Services, Middle East, Philosophy, Psychiatry, Religion and Medicine, Religion and Psychology}, pages = {336--347}, annote = {A brief account is given of attitudes towards mental health and the development of psychiatry in the Middle East from an historical perspective. The Middle East is considered as a cultural entity and the influence of the beliefs and practices of ancient times on the collective mind of the people of the Region is discussed.} }, @article{urquhart_how_2006, title = {How Islam changed medicine: Ibn Sina {(Avicenna)} saw medicine and surgery as one}, volume = {332}, issn = {1468-5833}, shorttitle = {How Islam changed medicine}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/16410600}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120-b}, number = {7533}, journal = {{BMJ} {(Clinical} Research Ed.)}, author = {Urquhart, John}, month = jan, year = {2006}, note = {{PMID:} 16410600}, keywords = {General Surgery, History, 19th Century, History, Medieval, {ISLAM}, Medicine, Arabic}, pages = {120} }, @article{chipman_professional_2002, title = {The professional ethics of medieval pharmacists in the Islamic world}, volume = {21}, issn = {0723-1393}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12184610}, number = {2}, journal = {Medicine and Law}, author = {Chipman, Leigh N B}, year = {2002}, note = {{PMID:} 12184610}, keywords = {Ethics, Professional, History, Medieval, {ISLAM}, Pharmacy}, pages = {321--338}, annote = {Most work on Islamic medical ethics has been in relation to the physician, yet physicians are only one category of many health-related professionals. In view of its role as mediator between the layman and medication, pharmacy is of perhaps equal importance. In medieval Islam, there seems to have been a clear differentiation between the physician and the pharmacist. However, most of our sources reflect the physician’s point of view. A text which uniquely reflects that of the pharmacist is the thirteenth-century Minhaj al-dukkan by {al-Kuhin} {al-’Attar} of Cairo. A comparison between the ethical contents of this book, and of similar works aimed at physicians, can indicate what the differences and similarities were between the “good physician” and the “good pharmacist.” Interestingly, the language used to define the “go od” professional is religiously neutral--there is nothing to evince a particular identity, beyond a general monotheism, on the part of the writers.} }, @article{tubbs_ibn_2008, title = {Ibn Jazlah and his 11th century accounts {(Taqwim} al-abdan fi tadbir al-insan) of disease of the brain and spinal cord. Historical vignette}, volume = {9}, issn = {1547-5654}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18928231}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine}, author = {Tubbs, R Shane and Loukas, Marios and Shoja, Mohammadali M and Ardalan, Mohammad and Oakes, W Jerry}, month = sep, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 18928231}, keywords = {Books, Brain Diseases, History, Medieval, Iraq, Medicine, Arabic, Spinal Cord Diseases}, pages = {314--317}, annote = {The 11th century was culturally and medicinally one of the most exciting periods in the history of Islam. Medicine of this day was influenced by the Greeks, Indians, Persians, Coptics, and Syriacs. One of the most prolific writers of this period was Ibn Jazlah, who resided in Baghdad in the district of Karkh. Ibn Jazlah made many important observations regarding diseases of the brain and spinal cord. These contributions and a review of the life and times of this early Muslim physician are presented.} }, @article{unal_anatomy_2009, title = {Anatomy of the eye from the view of Ibn {Al-Haitham} (965-1039). The founder of modern optics}, volume = {30}, issn = {0379-5284}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19271057}, number = {3}, journal = {Saudi Medical Journal}, author = {Unal, Nedim and Elcioglu, Omur}, month = mar, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19271057}, keywords = {Egypt, History, Medieval, Humans, Medicine, Arabic, Ophthalmology, Optics and Photonics, Reference Books, Medical}, pages = {323--328}, annote = {Ibn {Al-Haitham} (known as Alhazen in Latin [965 Basra, Iraq-1039, Cairo, Egypt]) was a scientist who played an important role in the middle age Islam world. He wrote many books and novels, but only 90 of them are known. His main book Kitab {al-Manazir} was translated into Western languages in the late twelfth century, and in the early thirteenth century. In this book, he formulated many hypotheses on optical science. The book, which is also known as Optic treasure (opticae thesaurus), affected many famous Western scientists. He became an authority until the seventeenth century in the Eastern and Western countries. Roger Bacon (1212-1294), who made radical changes in the Western optical traditions, reconfirmed Ibn {Al-Haitham’s} findings. Ibn {al-Haitham} began his book Kitab {al-Manazir} with the anatomy and physiology of the eye. He specifically described cornea, humor aqueous, lens, and corpus vitreum. He examined the effect of light on seeing. He caused changes in the prevailing ideas of his age, and suggested that light came from objects, not from the eye. He provided information regarding the optic nerve, retina, iris, and conjunctiva. He showed the system of the eye as a dioptric, and the relations between the parts of the eye. It is understood that he mastered all knowledge on the structure of the eye in his century. The best proof of this is the eye picture that he drew.} }, @article{okasha_egyptian_2001, title = {Egyptian contribution to the concept of mental health}, volume = {7}, issn = {1020-3397}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12690756}, number = {3}, journal = {Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Santé De La Méditerranée Orientale = {Al-Majallah} Al-Ṣiḥḥīyah {Li-Sharq} {Al-Mutawassiṭ}}, author = {Okasha, A}, month = may, year = {2001}, note = {{PMID:} 12690756}, keywords = {Arab World, Cultural Characteristics, Egypt, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, {ISLAM}, Medicine, Arabic, mental health, Mental Health Services, Psychiatry}, pages = {377--380}, annote = {This paper provides an historical look at the Egyptian contribution to mental health from Pharaonic times through to the Islamic era and up to today. The current situation as regards mental health in Egypt is described.} }, @book{ibn_ridwan_medieval_1984, address = {Berkeley}, title = {Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwan's Treatise, {"On} the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt"}, isbn = {0520048369}, lccn = {R128.3 {.A4513} 1984}, shorttitle = {Medieval Islamic Medicine}, publisher = {University of California Press}, author = {ibn Ridwan, Ali and Jamal, Adil Sulayman}, translator = {Dols, Michael W}, year = {1984}, keywords = {{‘Al¯i} ibn Ridw¯an, Medicine, Arab, Ris¯alah f¯i daf‘ mad¯arr al-abd¯an bi-ard Misr} }, @article{de_maio_psychiatric_2002, title = {Psychiatric therapy and pharmacology in medieval Islam}, volume = {14}, issn = {0394-9001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/12747380}, number = {1}, journal = {Medicina Nei Secoli}, author = {De Maio, Domenico}, year = {2002}, note = {{PMID:} 12747380}, keywords = {History, Medieval, {ISLAM}, Pharmacology, Psychiatry, Religion and Medicine}, pages = {39--68}, annote = {Although psychiatric therapy and pharmacology in Medieval Islam are based on the ancient Greek tradition, the original Arabic contribution in the introduction and employment of new substances is undeniable. Another important aspect which received a decisive impetus by Arab physicians was the concept of psychical therapy.} }, @book{ibn_qayyim_al-jawziyah_medicine_1998, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Medicine of the Prophet}, isbn = {0946621195}, lccn = {{BP166.72}}, publisher = {Islamic Texts Society}, author = {Ibn Qayyim {al-Jawz¯iyah}, Muhammad ibn Ab¯i Bakr}, year = {1998}, keywords = {History of Medicine, Medieval, {ISLAM}, Medicine, Medicine in the Koran, Medicine, Arab, Medicine, Arabic, Medicine, Medieval, Religion and Medicine, Religious aspects}, annote = {This book is a combination of religious and medical information, providing advice and guidance on the two aims of medicine - the preservation and restoration of health - in careful conformity with the teachings of Islam as enshrined in the Qur’an and the hadith, or sayings of the Prophet. Written in the fourteenth century by the renowned theologian Ibn Qayyim {al-Jawziyya} (d. {751AH/1350AD)} as part of his work Zad {al-Ma’ad}, this book is a mine of information on the customs and sayings of the Prophet, as well as on herbal and medical practices current at the time of the author. In bringing together these two aspects, Ibn Qayyim has produced a concise summary of how the Prophet’s guidance and teaching can be followed, as well as how health, sickness and cures were viewed by Muslims in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The original Arabic text offers an authoritative compendium of Islamic medicine and still enjoys much popularity in the Muslim world. This English translation is a more complete presentation than has previously been available and includes verification of all hadith references. Medicine of the Prophet will appeal not only to those interested in alternative systems of health and medicine, but also to people wishing to acquaint themselves with, or increase their knowledge of, hadith and the religion and culture of Islam.} }, @book{pormann_medieval_2007, address = {Washington, {D.C}}, title = {Medieval Islamic Medicine}, isbn = {9781589011601}, lccn = {R128.3 {.P67} 2007}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, author = {Pormann, Peter E and {Savage-Smith}, Emilie}, year = {2007}, keywords = {History, History, Medieval, {ISLAM}, Medicine, Medicine, Arab, Medicine, Arabic, Medicine, Medieval, Religious aspects}, annote = {The medical tradition that developed in the lands of Islam during the medieval period (c. 650-1500) has, like few others, influenced the fates and fortunes of countless human beings. It is the story of contact and cultural exchange across countries and creeds, affecting caliphs, kings, courtiers, courtesans, and the common crowd. This tradition formed the roots from which modern Western medicine arose. Contrary to the stereotypical picture, medieval Islamic medicine was not simply a conduit for Greek ideas, but a venue for innovation and change. The book is organized around five topics: the emergence of medieval Islamic medicine and its intense cross-pollination with other cultures; the theoretical medical framework; the function of physicians within the larger society; medical care as seen through preserved case histories; and the role of magic and devout religious invocations in scholarly as well as everyday medicine. A concluding chapter on the “afterlife” concerns the impact of this tradition on modern European medical practices, and its continued practice today. The book includes an index of persons and their books; a timeline of developments in East and West; and a chapter-by-chapter annotated bibliographic essay.} }, @article{pormann_female_2009, title = {Female patients and practitioners in medieval Islam}, volume = {373}, issn = {{1474-547X}}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19437603}, number = {9675}, journal = {Lancet}, author = {Pormann, Peter E}, month = may, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19437603}, keywords = {Female, Gynecology, History, Medieval, Humans, {ISLAM}, Medicine in Literature, Medicine, Arabic, Obstetrics, Physicians, Women, Women's Health, Women's Rights}, pages = {1598--1599} }, @article{modanlou_tribute_2008, title = {A tribute to Zakariya Razi (865 - 925 {AD)}, an Iranian pioneer scholar}, volume = {11}, issn = {1029-2977}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18976043}, number = {6}, journal = {Archives of Iranian Medicine}, author = {Modanlou, Houchang D}, month = nov, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 18976043}, keywords = {History, Ancient, Humans, Iran, Male, Measles, Philosophy, Medical, Smallpox}, pages = {673--677}, annote = {The resurgence of Islamic Civilization in the Near East in the 7th century {AD} and its expansion to Persian Empire and Westward provided opportunities of access Persian, Hellenic, and Roman writings in philosophy and medicine. Based on their observations and experiences, Islamic physician-philosophers expanded upon those writings and at times challenged them. Among these physician-philosophers admiring and challenging Galen was Zakariya Razi described as the greatest physician of Islam and Medieval Ages. A search of electronic and written materials about early Islamic Medicine was carried out focusing on Persian physician-philosophers Zakariya Razi. Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya {al-Razi}, known in the West as Rhazes, was born in 865 {AD} in the ancient city of Rey, Near Tehran. A musician during his youth he became an alchemist. He discovered alcohol and sulfuric acid. He classified substances as plants, organic, and inorganic. At age 30, he undertook the study of medicine. He was a prolific writer with more than 184 texts in medicine attributed to him with 40 of them currently available. Among them are Kitab {al-Mansoori}, Kitab {al-Hawi}, and Kitab al {-Judari} wa {al-Hasabah.} The latter is the first scientific description for the recognition and differentiation of smallpox and measles. The Bulletin of the World Health Organization of May 1970 pays tribute to Razi by stating {“His} writings on smallpox and measles show originality and accuracy, and his essay on infectious diseases was the first scientific treatise on the subject”. Razi established qualifications and ethical standards for the practice of medicine. Zakariya Razi was not only one of the most important Persian physician-philosophers of his era, but for centuries his writings became fundamental teaching texts in European medical schools. Some important aspects of his contributions to medicine are reviewed.} }, @book{baer_biomedicine_2001, address = {Madison, Wisconsin}, title = {Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems in America: Issues of Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Gender}, isbn = {0299166902}, lccn = {{RA418.3.U6} B34 2001}, shorttitle = {Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems in America}, publisher = {The University of Wisconsin Press}, author = {Baer, Hans A}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Alternative medicine, Anthropology, Complementary Therapies, {Cross-Cultural} Comparison, Delivery of Health Care, Medical anthropology, Medicine, Traditional, Social medicine, United States}, annote = {Examining medical pluralism in the United States from the Revolutionary War period through the end of the twentieth century, Hans Baer brings together in one convenient reference a vast array of information on healing systems as diverse as Christian Science, osteopathy, acupuncture, Santeria, southern Appalachian herbalism, evangelical faith healing, and Navajo healing. In a country where the dominant paradigm of biomedicine (medical schools, research hospitals, clinics staffed by {M.D.s} and {R.N.s},) has been long established and supported by laws and regulations, the continuing appeal of other medical systems and subsystems bears careful consideration. Distinctions of class, Baer emphasizes, as well as differences in race, ethnicity, and gender, are fundamental to the diversity of beliefs, techniques, and social organizations represented in the phenomenon of medical pluralism. Baer traces the simultaneous emergence in the nineteenth century of formalized biomedicine and of homeopathy, botanic medicine, hydropathy, Christian Science, osteopathy, and chiropractic. He examines present-day osteopathic medicine as a system parallel to biomedicine with an emphasis on primary care; chiropractic, naturopathy, and acupuncture as professionalized heterodox medical systems; homeopathy, herbalism, bodywork, and lay midwifery in the context of the holistic health movement; {Anglo-American} religious healing; and folk medical systems, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. In closing, he focuses on the persistence of folk medical systems among working-class Americans and considers the growing interest of biomedical physicians, pharmaceutical and health care corporations, and government in the holistic health movement.} }, @book{mcguire_ritual_1988, address = {New Brunswick}, title = {Ritual healing in suburban America}, isbn = {9780813513126}, publisher = {Rutgers University Press}, author = {{McGuire}, Meredith}, year = {1988} }, @book{hauerwas_suffering_1986, address = {Notre Dame Ind.}, title = {Suffering presence : theological reflections on medicine, the mentally handicapped, and the church}, isbn = {9780268017217}, shorttitle = {Suffering presence}, publisher = {University of Notre Dame Press}, author = {Hauerwas, Stanley}, year = {1986} }, @article{morris_how_2000, title = {How to Speak Postmodern: Medicine, Illness, and Cultural Change}, volume = {30}, issn = {00930334}, shorttitle = {How to Speak Postmodern}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3528447}, abstract = {The modernist “biomedical model” offers an inadequate understanding of illness. At the same time, some of the conceptual constructs that are offered to supplement the biomedical model are carelessly employed. Much that is said and written about empathy and healing, in particular, fails to reflect the historical and critical self-awareness of postmodern thinking at its best.}, number = {6}, journal = {The Hastings Center Report}, author = {Morris, David B.}, month = dec, year = {2000}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Nov. - Dec., 2000 / Copyright © 2000 The Hastings Center}, pages = {7--16}, annote = {The modernist “biomedical model” offers an inadequate understanding of illness. At the same time, some of the conceptual constructs that are offered to supplement the biomedical model are carelessly employed. Much that is said and written about empathy and healing, in particular, fails to reflect the historical and critical self-awareness of postmodern thinking at its best.} }, @article{baer_sociopolitical_2001, series = {New Series}, title = {The Sociopolitical Status of U. S. Naturopathy at the Dawn of the 21st Century}, volume = {15}, issn = {07455194}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/649583}, abstract = {Naturopathic medicine in the United States had its inception around the turn of the 20th century. Subsequently, it underwent a process of relatively rapid growth until around the 1930s, followed by a period of gradual decline almost to the point of extinction due to biomedical opposition and the advent of "miracle drugs." Because its therapeutic eclecticism had preadapted it to fit into the holistic health movement that emerged in the 1970s, it was able to undergo a process of organizational rejuvenation during the last two decades of the century. Nevertheless, {U.S.} naturopathy as a professionalized heterodox medical system faces several dilemmas as it enters the new millennium. These include (1) the fact that it has succeeded in obtaining licensure in only two sections of the country, namely, the Far West and New England; (2) increasing competition from partially professionalized and lay naturopaths, many of whom are graduates of correspondence schools; and (3) the danger of cooptation as many biomedical practitioners adopt natural therapies.}, number = {3}, journal = {Medical Anthropology Quarterly}, author = {Baer, Hans A.}, month = sep, year = {2001}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Sep., 2001 / Copyright © 2001 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {329--346}, annote = {Naturopathic medicine in the United States had its inception around the turn of the 20th century. Subsequently, it underwent a process of relatively rapid growth until around the 1930s, followed by a period of gradual decline almost to the point of extinction due to biomedical opposition and the advent of “miracle drugs.” Because its therapeutic eclecticism had preadapted it to fit into the holistic health movement that emerged in the 1970s, it was able to undergo a process of organizational rejuvenation during the last two decades of the century. Nevertheless, {U.S.} naturopathy as a professionalized heterodox medical system faces several dilemmas as it enters the new millennium. These include (1) the fact that it has succeeded in obtaining licensure in only two sections of the country, namely, the Far West and New England; (2) increasing competition from partially professionalized and lay naturopaths, many of whom are graduates of correspondence schools; and (3) the danger of cooptation as many biomedical practitioners adopt natural therapies.} }, @article{fuller_unorthodox_1987, title = {Unorthodox Medicine and American Religious Life}, volume = {67}, issn = {00224189}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1203316}, number = {1}, journal = {The Journal of Religion}, author = {Fuller, Robert C.}, month = jan, year = {1987}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jan., 1987 / Copyright © 1987 The University of Chicago Press}, pages = {50--65} }, @article{milgrom_homeopathy_2008, title = {Homeopathy and the new fundamentalism: a critique of the critics}, volume = {14}, issn = {1557-7708}, shorttitle = {Homeopathy and the new fundamentalism}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/18564960}, doi = {10.1089/acm.2007.0729}, abstract = {Though in use for over 200 years, and still benefiting millions of people worldwide today, homeopathy is currently under continuous attacks for being "unscientific." The reasons for this can be understood in terms of what might be called a {"New} Fundamentalism," emanating particularly but not exclusively from within biomedicine, and supported in some sections of the media. Possible reasons for this are discussed. New Fundamentalism's hallmarks include the denial of evidence for the efficacy of any therapeutic modality that cannot be consistently "proven" using double-blind, randomized controlled trials. It excludes explanations of homeopathy's efficacy; ignores, excoriates, or considers current research data supporting those explanations incomprehensible, particularly from outside biomedicine: it is also not averse to using experimental bias, hearsay, and innuendo in order to discredit homeopathy. Thus, New Fundamentalism is itself unscientific. This may have consequences in the future for how practitioners, researchers, and patients of homeopathy/complementary and alternative medicine engage and negotiate with primary health care systems.}, number = {5}, journal = {Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine {(New} York, {N.Y.)}}, author = {Milgrom, Lionel R}, month = jun, year = {2008}, note = {{PMID:} 18564960}, keywords = {Biomedical Research, Complementary Therapies, {Evidence-Based} Medicine, Great Britain, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Homeopathy, Humans, Mass Media, {Meta-Analysis} as Topic, Primary Health Care, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, State Medicine}, pages = {589--594}, annote = {Though in use for over 200 years, and still benefiting millions of people worldwide today, homeopathy is currently under continuous attacks for being “unscientific.” The reasons for this can be understood in terms of what might be called a {“New} Fundamentalism,” emanating particularly but not exclusively from within biomedicine, and supported in some sections of the media. Possible reasons for this are discussed. New Fundamentalism’s hallmarks include the denial of evidence for the efficacy of any therapeutic modality that cannot be consistently “proven” using double-blind, randomized controlled trials. It excludes explanations of homeopathy’s efficacy; ignores, excoriates, or considers current research data supporting those explanations incomprehensible, particularly from outside biomedicine: it is also not averse to using experimental bias, hearsay, and innuendo in order to discredit homeopathy. Thus, New Fundamentalism is itself unscientific. This may have consequences in the future for how practitioners, researchers, and patients of homeopathy/complementary and alternative medicine engage and negotiate with primary health care systems.} }, @article{grof_human_1998, title = {Human nature and the nature of reality: conceptual challenges from consciousness research}, volume = {30}, issn = {0279-1072}, shorttitle = {Human nature and the nature of reality}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924840}, abstract = {Holotropic states (a large special subgroup of nonordinary states of consciousness) have been the focus of many fields of modern research, such as experiential psychotherapy, clinical and laboratory work with psychedelic substances, field anthropology, thanatology, and therapy with individuals undergoing psychospiritual crises ("spiritual emergencies"). This research has generated a plethora of extraordinary observations that have undermined some of the most fundamental assumptions of modern psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. Some of these new findings seriously challenge the most basic philosophical tenets of Western science concerning the relationship between matter, life, and consciousness. This article summarizes the most important major revisions that would have to be made in our understanding of consciousness and of the human psyche in health and disease to accommodate these conceptual challenges. These areas of changes include: a new understanding and cartography of the human psyche; the nature and architecture of emotional and psychosomatic disorders; therapeutic mechanisms and the process of healing; the strategy of psychotherapy and self-exploration; the role of spirituality in human life; and the nature of reality.}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs}, author = {Grof, S}, month = dec, year = {1998}, note = {{PMID:} 9924840}, keywords = {Consciousness, Emotions, Humans, Psychology, Psychotherapy}, pages = {343--357}, annote = {Holotropic states (a large special subgroup of nonordinary states of consciousness) have been the focus of many fields of modern research, such as experiential psychotherapy, clinical and laboratory work with psychedelic substances, field anthropology, thanatology, and therapy with individuals undergoing psychospiritual crises (“spiritual emergencies”). This research has generated a plethora of extraordinary observations that have undermined some of the most fundamental assumptions of modern psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. Some of these new findings seriously challenge the most basic philosophical tenets of Western science concerning the relationship between matter, life, and consciousness. This article summarizes the most important major revisions that would have to be made in our understanding of consciousness and of the human psyche in health and disease to accommodate these conceptual challenges. These areas of changes include: a new understanding and cartography of the human psyche; the nature and architecture of emotional and psychosomatic disorders; therapeutic mechanisms and the process of healing; the strategy of psychotherapy and self-exploration; the role of spirituality in human life; and the nature of reality.} }, @book{kinsley_health_1996, address = {Upper Saddle River {N.J.}}, title = {Health, healing, and religion : a cross-cultural perspective}, isbn = {9780132127714}, shorttitle = {Health, healing, and religion}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, author = {Kinsley, David}, year = {1996}, annote = {Explicitly dealing with the religious aspects of healing and healers, this unique and intriguing book examines illness, healing, and religion in cross-cultural perspective by looking at how sickness is understood and treated in a wide variety of cultures. Centered around three principle themes, the text: A) illustrates how crucial it is to frame illness in a meaningful context in every culture and how this process is almost always bound up with religious, spiritual, and moral concerns; B) shows how many beliefs, strategies, and practices that characterize traditional cultures also appear in Christianity, putting healing in the Christian tradition in a broad, rational context, and; C) discusses the continuities between traditional, explicitly religious, and modern medical cultures — demonstrating that many features of modern scientific medicine are symbolic and ritualistic, and that many aspects and practices of modern medicine are similar to healing as seen in traditional, pre-scientific medical cultures.} }, @article{frohock_moving_2002, title = {Moving Lines and Variable Criteria: {Differences/Connections} between Allpathic and Alternative Medicine}, volume = {583}, issn = {00027162}, shorttitle = {Moving Lines and Variable Criteria}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049698}, abstract = {The standard narratives of medicine recognize its origins in natural cures and in religious or spiritual discourses. The uneasy relationships of such practices (now designated as complementary or alternative medicine {[CAM])} to conventional health care today can be tracked to the formation of medicine as a distinct profession based on modern science. The author accepts four statements as a framework for exploring {CAM} in the context of modern medicine. The first is that all versions of unconventional medicine depend for their identity on the existence of conventional medicine. The second is that the distinctions between alternative and conventional medicine are variables of time, place, and the attitudes of health care practitioners. Third, {CAM} today in the West occupies no sharp and distinctive category. There are instead continuums of various slopes and lengths on which types of complementary and alternative medicine are arrayed. Fourth, the turn to {CAM} may represent a chronic (and, to some, welcome) inclination of the human intellect to delimit the energies of material inquiries with metaphysical baselines and options.}, journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science}, author = {Frohock, Fred M.}, month = sep, year = {2002}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Issue Title: Global Perspectives on Complementary and Alternative Medicine / Full publication date: Sep., 2002 / Copyright © 2002 American Academy of Political and Social Science}, pages = {214--232}, annote = {The standard narratives of medicine recognize its origins in natural cures and in religious or spiritual discourses. The uneasy relationships of such practices (now designated as complementary or alternative medicine {[CAM])} to conventional health care today can be tracked to the formation of medicine as a distinct profession based on modern science. The author accepts four statements as a framework for exploring {CAM} in the context of modern medicine. The first is that all versions of unconventional medicine depend for their identity on the existence of conventional medicine. The second is that the distinctions between alternative and conventional medicine are variables of time, place, and the attitudes of health care practitioners. Third, {CAM} today in the West occupies no sharp and distinctive category. There are instead continuums of various slopes and lengths on which types of complementary and alternative medicine are arrayed. Fourth, the turn to {CAM} may represent a chronic (and, to some, welcome) inclination of the human intellect to delimit the energies of material inquiries with metaphysical baselines and options.} }, @book{feldman_health_1986, address = {New York}, series = {Health/medicine and the faith traditions}, title = {Health and Medicine in the Jewish Tradition: L'hayyim--to Life}, isbn = {{082450707X}}, lccn = {{BM538.H43}}, shorttitle = {Health and Medicine in the Jewish Tradition}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Feldman, David M}, year = {1986}, keywords = {Abortion, Health, Marriage, Medical ethics, Medicine, Religious aspects} }, @book{numbers_caring_1986, address = {New York}, title = {Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions}, isbn = {0029192706}, lccn = {{BL} {65.M4} C277 1986}, shorttitle = {Caring and Curing}, publisher = {Macmillan ; London : Collier Macmillan}, author = {Numbers, Ronald L and Amundsen, Darrel W}, year = {1986}, keywords = {Religion and Medicine} }, @book{pearson_christian_1995, address = {Grand Rapids, Mich}, edition = {2nd ed}, title = {Christian Healing: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide}, isbn = {0800792211}, lccn = {{BT732.5} {.P415} 1995}, shorttitle = {Christian Healing}, publisher = {Chosen Books}, author = {Pearson, Mark A}, year = {1995}, keywords = {Health, Religious aspects, Spiritual healing} }, @article{vickers_abc_1999-2, title = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine: The Manipulative Therapies: Osteopathy and Chiropractic}, volume = {319}, issn = {09598138}, shorttitle = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186229}, number = {7218}, journal = {{BMJ:} British Medical Journal}, author = {Vickers, Andrew and Zollman, Catherine}, month = oct, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Oct. 30, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 {BMJ} Publishing Group}, pages = {1176--1179} }, @article{schmidt_is_2009, title = {Is homeopathy a {science?--Continuity} and clash of concepts of science within holistic medicine}, volume = {30}, issn = {1573-3645}, shorttitle = {Is homeopathy a science?}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/19148710}, doi = {10.1007/s10912-009-9080-x}, abstract = {The question of whether homeopathy is a science is currently discussed almost exclusively against the background of the modern concept of natural science. This approach, however, fails to notice that homeopathy-in terms of history of science-rests on different roots that can essentially be traced back to two most influential traditions of science: on the one hand, principles and notions of Aristotelism which determined 2,000 years of Western history of science and, on the other hand, the modern concept of natural science that has been dominating the history of medicine for less than 200 years. While Aristotle's "science of the living" still included ontologic and teleologic dimensions for the sake of comprehending nature in a uniform way, the interest of modern natural science was reduced to functional and causal explanations of all phenomena for the purpose of commanding nature. In order to prevent further ecological catastrophes as well as to regain lost dimensions of our lives, the one-sidedness and theory-loadedness of our modern natural-scientific view of life should henceforth be counterbalanced by lifeworld-practical Aristotelic categories. In this way, the ground would be ready to conceive the scientific character of homeopathy-in a broader, Aristotelian sense.}, number = {2}, journal = {The Journal of Medical Humanities}, author = {Schmidt, Josef M}, month = jun, year = {2009}, note = {{PMID:} 19148710}, keywords = {Holistic Health, Homeopathy, Humans, Science}, pages = {83--97}, annote = {The question of whether homeopathy is a science is currently discussed almost exclusively against the background of the modern concept of natural science. This approach, however, fails to notice that homeopathy-in terms of history of science-rests on different roots that can essentially be traced back to two most influential traditions of science: on the one hand, principles and notions of Aristotelism which determined 2,000 years of Western history of science and, on the other hand, the modern concept of natural science that has been dominating the history of medicine for less than 200 years. While Aristotle’s “science of the living” still included ontologic and teleologic dimensions for the sake of comprehending nature in a uniform way, the interest of modern natural science was reduced to functional and causal explanations of all phenomena for the purpose of commanding nature. In order to prevent further ecological catastrophes as well as to regain lost dimensions of our lives, the one-sidedness and theory-loadedness of our modern natural-scientific view of life should henceforth be counterbalanced by lifeworld-practical Aristotelic categories. In this way, the ground would be ready to conceive the scientific character of homeopathy-in a broader, Aristotelian sense.} }, @article{vickers_abc_1999-3, title = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine: Homoeopathy}, volume = {319}, issn = {09598138}, shorttitle = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186167}, number = {7217}, journal = {{BMJ:} British Medical Journal}, author = {Vickers, Andrew and Zollman, Catherine}, month = oct, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Oct. 23, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 {BMJ} Publishing Group}, pages = {1115--1118} }, @book{harakas_health_1990, address = {New York}, series = {Health/medicine and the faith traditions}, title = {Health and Medicine in the Eastern Orthodox Tradition: Faith, Liturgy, and Wholeness}, isbn = {{082450934X}}, lccn = {{BX323} {.H35} 1990}, shorttitle = {Health and Medicine in the Eastern Orthodox Tradition}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Harakas, Stanley S}, year = {1990}, keywords = {Health, Medicine, Religious aspects} }, @book{bush_health_1993, address = {New York}, series = {Health/medicine and the faith traditions}, title = {Health and Medicine Among the {Latter-Day} Saints: Science,sense, and Scripture}, isbn = {0824512197}, lccn = {{BX8643.H8} B87 1993}, shorttitle = {Health and Medicine Among the {Latter-Day} Saints}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Bush, Lester E}, year = {1993}, keywords = {Christianity, Health, Hygiene, Mormon, Medicine, Membership, Mental Healing, Mormon Church, Religion and Medicine, Religious aspects, Spiritual healing} }, @book{chirban_sickness_2001, address = {Brookline, {MA}}, title = {Sickness or Sin: Spiritual Discernment and Differential Diagnosis}, isbn = {1885652496}, lccn = {{BX323} {.S53} 2001}, shorttitle = {Sickness or Sin}, publisher = {Holy Cross Orthodox Press}, author = {Chirban, John T}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Discernment of spirits, {DISEASES}, Health, Medicine, Psychology and religion, Religious aspects, Sin}, annote = {This book makes a tremendously important contribution to the dialogue between Christian faith and the healing professions. Noting that “knowing what to do and how and when to do it characterizes the essence of spiritual discernment and differential diagnosis,” John Chirban has focused this collection of articles around the critical issue of understanding in the therapeutic encounter. Drawing on the richness of the Orthodox Christian tradition, contributors identify rich resources to aid this process of therapeutic discernment. The result is a book that should be recognized for its value not only to Orthodox Christians but to all Christians with interest in under-standing the nature of personal formation, deformation and transformation.} }, @book{ram_transforming_1995, address = {Monrovia, Calif., {U.S.A}}, title = {Transforming Health: Christian Approaches to Healing And Wholeness}, isbn = {0912552891}, lccn = {{BT732} {.T73} 1995}, shorttitle = {Transforming Health}, publisher = {{MARC}}, editor = {Ram, Eric}, year = {1995}, keywords = {Health, {HOLISTIC} medicine, Religious aspects} }, @article{poloma_comparison_1991, title = {A Comparison of Christian Science and Mainline Christian Healing Ideologies and Practices}, volume = {32}, issn = {{0034673X}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3511680}, abstract = {Within the past decade there has been an increasing interest shown in the practice of spiritual healing. Evidence suggests that a sizeable minority of Americans not only believe in spiritual healing but also that they have personally experienced such a healing. This article empirically explores the differences in ideology and practices of a group of Christian Scientists and another of Mainstream Christians who have experienced a physical healing as a result of prayer. It concludes with a discussion of the future of the two very different streams of the religious healing movement.}, number = {4}, journal = {Review of Religious Research}, author = {Poloma, Margaret M.}, month = jun, year = {1991}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jun., 1991 / Copyright © 1991 Religious Research Association, Inc.}, pages = {337--350}, annote = {Within the past decade there has been an increasing interest shown in the practice of spiritual healing. Evidence suggests that a sizable minority of Americans not only believe in spiritual healing but also that they have personally experienced such a healing. This article empirically explores the differences in ideology and practices of a group of Christian Scientists and another of Mainstream Christians who have experienced a physical healing as a result of prayer. It concludes with a discussion of the future of the two very different streams of the religious healing movement.} }, @article{vickers_abc_1999-4, title = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine: Hypnosis and Relaxation Therapies}, volume = {319}, issn = {09598138}, shorttitle = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186398}, number = {7221}, journal = {{BMJ:} British Medical Journal}, author = {Vickers, Andrew and Zollman, Catherine}, month = nov, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Nov. 20, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 {BMJ} Publishing Group}, pages = {1346--1349} }, @book{marty_health_1983, address = {New York}, title = {Health and Medicine in the Lutheran Tradition: Being Well}, isbn = {0824506138}, lccn = {{BX8074.H42}}, shorttitle = {Health and Medicine in the Lutheran Tradition}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Marty, Martin E}, year = {1983}, keywords = {Doctrines, Health, Lutheran Church, Medicine, Religious aspects} }, @book{bakken_journey_1988, address = {New York}, title = {The Journey Toward Wholeness: A {Christ-Centered} Approach to Health and Healing}, isbn = {0824508815}, lccn = {{BT732}}, shorttitle = {The Journey Toward Wholeness}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Bakken, Kenneth L and Hofeller, Kathleen H}, year = {1988}, keywords = {{CHRISTIAN} life, Health, Lutheran authors, Religious aspects, Spiritual healing} }, @book{peel_health_1988, address = {New York}, series = {Health/medicine and the faith traditions}, title = {Health and Medicine in the Christian Science Tradition: Principle, Practice, and Challenge}, isbn = {0824508955}, lccn = {{BX6950}}, shorttitle = {Health and Medicine in the Christian Science Tradition}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Peel, Robert}, year = {1988}, keywords = {Christian Science, Doctrines, Health, Medicine, Religious aspects} }, @article{vickers_abc_1999-5, title = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine: Massage Therapies}, volume = {319}, issn = {09598138}, shorttitle = {{ABC} of Complementary Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/25186301}, number = {7219}, journal = {{BMJ:} British Medical Journal}, author = {Vickers, Andrew and Zollman, Catherine}, month = nov, year = {1999}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Nov. 6, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 {BMJ} Publishing Group}, pages = {1254--1257} }, @book{bringle_despair_1990, address = {Nashville}, title = {Despair, Sickness or Sin?: Hopelessness and Healing in the Christian Life}, isbn = {0687104939}, lccn = {{BT774.5} {.B75} 1990}, shorttitle = {Despair, Sickness or Sin?}, publisher = {Abingdon Press}, author = {Bringle, Mary Louise}, year = {1990}, keywords = {Despair, Health, hope, Laziness, Religious aspects, Sin} }, @book{fichter_healing_1986, address = {New York}, title = {Healing Ministries: Conversations on the Spiritual Dimensions of Health Care}, isbn = {0809128071}, lccn = {{BT732}}, shorttitle = {Healing Ministries}, publisher = {Paulist Press}, author = {Fichter, Joseph Henry}, year = {1986}, keywords = {Health, {INTERVIEWS}, {MEDICAL} personnel, Medicine, Religious aspects} }, @article{wardwell_christian_1965, title = {Christian Science Healing}, volume = {4}, issn = {00218294}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1384135}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion}, author = {Wardwell, Walter I.}, year = {1965}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Spring, 1965 / Copyright © 1965 Society for the Scientific Study of Religion}, pages = {175--181} }, @article{weddle_christian_1991, title = {The Christian Science Textbook: An Analysis of the Religious Authority of Science and Health by Mary Baker Eddy}, volume = {84}, issn = {00178160}, shorttitle = {The Christian Science Textbook}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1510020}, number = {3}, journal = {The Harvard Theological Review}, author = {Weddle, David L.}, month = jul, year = {1991}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jul., 1991 / Copyright © 1991 Cambridge University Press and Harvard Divinity School}, pages = {273--297} }, @book{hauerwas_naming_1990, address = {Grand Rapids Mich.}, title = {Naming the silences : God, medicine, and the problem of suffering}, isbn = {9780802804969}, shorttitle = {Naming the silences}, publisher = {Wm. B. Eerdmans}, author = {Hauerwas, Stanley}, year = {1990}, annote = {Hauerwas explores why we so fervently seek explanations for suffering and evil, and he shows how modern medicine has become a god to which we look--in vain--for deliverance from the evils of disease and mortality.} }, @book{vaux_health_1984, address = {New York}, title = {Health and Medicine in the Reformed Tradition: Promise, Providence, and Care}, isbn = {{082450612X}}, lccn = {{BX9423.H43}}, shorttitle = {Health and Medicine in the Reformed Tradition}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Vaux, Kenneth}, year = {1984}, keywords = {Health, Medicine, Religious aspects} }, @article{sutton_electric_1981, title = {Electric Medicine and Mesmerism}, volume = {72}, issn = {00211753}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/230256}, number = {3}, journal = {Isis}, author = {Sutton, Geoffrey}, month = sep, year = {1981}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Sep., 1981 / Copyright © 1981 The History of Science Society}, pages = {375--392} }, @book{holifield_health_1986, address = {New York}, series = {Health/medicine and the faith traditions}, title = {Health and Medicine in the Methodist Tradition: Journey Toward Wholeness}, isbn = {0824507924}, lccn = {{BX8349.H4}}, shorttitle = {Health and Medicine in the Methodist Tradition}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Holifield, E. Brooks}, year = {1986}, keywords = {Doctrines, Health, Medicine, Methodist Church, Religious aspects} }, @book{albanese_nature_1990, address = {Chicago}, title = {Nature religion in America : from the Algonkian Indians to the New Age}, isbn = {9780226011455}, shorttitle = {Nature religion in America}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, author = {Albanese, Catherine}, year = {1990}, annote = {This study reveals an unorganized and previously unacknowledged religion at the heart of American culture. Nature, Albanese argues, has provided a compelling religious center throughout American history.} }, @book{sharkey_philosophical_1992, address = {Lewiston, {N.Y.}, {USA}}, title = {A Philosophical Examination of the History and Values of Western Medicine}, isbn = {0773492100}, lccn = {R723 {.S515} 1992}, publisher = {E. Mellen Press}, author = {Sharkey, Paul W}, year = {1992}, keywords = {Delivery of Health Care, Ethics, Medical, History, Medical ethics, Medicine, Philosophy, Philosophy, Medical, Religion and Medicine}, annote = {The study’s central thesis is that medicine reflects better than any other discipline the ethical crises of our age and that these are the natural result of the schism between “facts” and “values” brought about at the time of the scientific revolution. It offers a brief introduction to the philosophical history of medicine, argues that current ethical theory rests upon a fallacy of abstraction, calls for a more realistic appraisal of ethical responsibility, and challenges the notion that ethics is necessarily more “subjective” than science. The work goes on to examine the role of ethics in medical education, managing ethical issues in health-care delivery systems, medical economics, abortion, and sexually transmissible diseases, giving special attention to the realities of ethical responsibility in each case.} }, @book{schoepflin_christian_2003, address = {Baltimore}, series = {Medicine, science, and religion in historical context}, title = {Christian Science on Trial: Religious Healing in America}, isbn = {0801870577}, lccn = {{BX6950} {.S34} 2003}, shorttitle = {Christian Science on Trial}, publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press}, author = {Schoepflin, Rennie B}, year = {2003}, keywords = {Christian Science, History, Law and legislation, Medical care, Medicine, Religious aspects, United States} }, @book{gevitz_other_1988, address = {Baltimore}, title = {Other healers : unorthodox medicine in America}, isbn = {9780801837104}, shorttitle = {Other healers}, publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press}, author = {Gevitz, Norman}, year = {1988}, annote = {Nine scholars examine the history of social dynamics of alternative health practices in this country. Editor Gevitz provides a historical and theoretical overview, followed by essays on botanical, health reform, and water-cure movements, homeopathy, osteopathy, chiropractic, Christian Science, divine healing, and contemporary folk medicine. Admirably nonpolemical, this book will be of interest to scholars in medical history, sociology, and anthropology; American and women’s studies (the water cure having feminist connections); and folklore.} }, @book{rothstein_american_1992, address = {Baltimore}, edition = {Softshell Books ed.}, title = {American physicians in the nineteenth century : from sects to science}, isbn = {9780801844270}, shorttitle = {American physicians in the nineteenth century}, publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press}, author = {Rothstein, William}, year = {1992} }, @book{starr_social_1982, address = {New York}, title = {The social transformation of American medicine}, isbn = {9780465079346}, publisher = {Basic Books}, author = {Starr, Paul}, year = {1982}, annote = {Winner of the 1983 Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in American History, this is a landmark history of how the entire American health care system of doctors, hospitals, health plans, and government programs has evolved over the last two centuries.} }, @book{klassen_blessed_2001, address = {Princeton}, title = {Blessed events : religion and home birth in America}, isbn = {9780691087979}, shorttitle = {Blessed events}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, author = {Klassen, Pamela}, year = {2001} }, @article{garrison_five_1995, title = {The five generations of American medical revolutions}, volume = {40}, issn = {0094-3509}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/7876786}, abstract = {Current medical authors frequently use the term "revolution," yet American medicine is resisting change rather than embracing it. The last completed American medical revolutionary movement was the specialist-technologist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This paper describes a five-generational model of revolution. First-generation persons foment revolution; second-generation persons shape it into workable form and precipitate conflict; third-generation persons join the fight only when it appears to be all but won; fourth-generation persons enjoy the fruits of revolution; and fifth-generation persons, having risen to domination in the mature system, resist all attempts at reform by the next round of revolutionaries. In political revolutions, severe reactionary activity by the ruling party is often an indicator of an imminent overthrow by revolution. In scientific revolutions, the opposition of an established (specialist-technologist) paradigm to an emerging alternative (generalist) paradigm increases in intensity as the old order declines in strength; the opposition becomes most fierce just before the collapse of the old order. American specialist-technologist medicine, declining into its senescent fifth generation, will resist all but incremental change whenever possible, and accept major change only by force.}, number = {3}, journal = {The Journal of Family Practice}, author = {Garrison, R L}, month = mar, year = {1995}, note = {{PMID:} 7876786}, keywords = {Family Practice, Health Care Reform, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Specialties, Medical, Technology, Medical, United States}, pages = {281--287}, annote = {Current medical authors frequently use the term “revolution,” yet American medicine is resisting change rather than embracing it. The last completed American medical revolutionary movement was the specialist-technologist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This paper describes a five-generational model of revolution. First-generation persons foment revolution; second-generation persons shape it into workable form and precipitate conflict; third-generation persons join the fight only when it appears to be all but won; fourth-generation persons enjoy the fruits of revolution; and fifth-generation persons, having risen to domination in the mature system, resist all attempts at reform by the next round of revolutionaries. In political revolutions, severe reactionary activity by the ruling party is often an indicator of an imminent overthrow by revolution. In scientific revolutions, the opposition of an established (specialist-technologist) paradigm to an emerging alternative (generalist) paradigm increases in intensity as the old order declines in strength; the opposition becomes most fierce just before the collapse of the old order. American specialist-technologist medicine, declining into its senescent fifth generation, will resist all but incremental change whenever possible, and accept major change only by force.} }, @book{whorton_nature_2002, address = {Oxford}, title = {Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America}, isbn = {0195140710}, lccn = {R733 {.W495} 2002}, shorttitle = {Nature Cures}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Whorton, James C}, year = {2002}, keywords = {20th century, Alternative medicine, History, United States}, annote = {Esteemed medical historian Dr. James C. Whorton seeks to bring light to the flourishing of complementary and alternative medicine and provide its rich historical context in Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America. Whorton packs his book with historical information, primary research, detailed analysis, and the occasional apt poem to blend the diverse sections together into a comprehensive textbook that is both illuminating and accessible. It is a treasure for anyone, scholarly or not, who wants to learn about {CAM}, its history, and its place within American culture. While he seems to have fun with some of the more peculiar aspects of alternative medicine and its history, Whorton has a strong sympathy with the underlying worldview of {CAM.}} }, @book{biller_religion_2001, address = {Woodbridge, Suffolk}, series = {York studies in medieval theology}, title = {Religion and Medicine in the Middle Ages}, isbn = {1903153077}, lccn = {{BX1795.H4} R45 2001}, number = {3}, publisher = {York Medieval Press}, editor = {Biller, Peter and Ziegler, Joseph}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Catholicism, Health, History, Medieval, Medicine, Medicine, Medieval, Religion and Medicine, Religious aspects}, annote = {The sheer extent of crossover - medics as religious men, religious men as medics, medical language at the service of preaching and moral-theological language deployed in medical writings - is the driving force behind these studies. The book reflects the extraordinary advances which ‘pure’ history of medicine has made in the last twenty years: there is medicine at the levels of midwife and village practitioner, the sweep of the learned Greek and Latin tradition of over a millennium; there is control of midwifery by the priest, therapy through liturgy, medicine as an expression of religious life for heretics, medicine invading theologians’ discussion of earthly paradise; and so on.} }, @article{cooper_chiropractic_2003, title = {Chiropractic in the United States: Trends and Issues}, volume = {81}, issn = {{0887378X}}, shorttitle = {Chiropractic in the United States}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3655821}, abstract = {Chiropractic is the best established of the alternative health care professions. Although marginalized for much of the 20th century, it has entered the mainstream of health care, gaining both legitimacy and access to third-party payers. However, the profession's efforts to validate the effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy, its principal modality, have yielded only modest and often contrary results. At the same time, reimbursement is shrinking, the number of practitioners is growing, and competition from other healing professions is increasing. The profession's efforts to establish a role in primary care are meeting resistance, and its attempts to broaden its activities in alternative medicine have inherent limitations. Although patients express a high level of satisfaction with chiropractic treatment and politicians are sympathetic to it, this may not be enough as our nation grapples to define the health care system that it can afford.}, number = {1}, journal = {The Milbank Quarterly}, author = {Cooper, Richard A. and {McKee}, Heather J.}, year = {2003}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 2003 / Copyright © 2003 Milbank Memorial Fund}, pages = {107--138}, annote = {Chiropractic is the best established of the alternative health care professions. Although marginalized for much of the 20th century, it has entered the mainstream of health care, gaining both legitimacy and access to third-party payers. However, the profession’s efforts to validate the effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy, its principal modality, have yielded only modest and often contrary results. At the same time, reimbursement is shrinking, the number of practitioners is growing, and competition from other healing professions is increasing. The profession’s efforts to establish a role in primary care are meeting resistance, and its attempts to broaden its activities in alternative medicine have inherent limitations. Although patients express a high level of satisfaction with chiropractic treatment and politicians are sympathetic to it, this may not be enough as our nation grapples to define the health care system that it can afford.} }, @book{shuman_body_1999, address = {Boulder, Colo}, series = {Radical traditions}, title = {The Body of Compassion: Ethics, Medicine, and the Church}, isbn = {0813367042}, lccn = {R725.56 {.S54} 1999}, shorttitle = {The Body of Compassion}, publisher = {Westview Press}, author = {Shuman, Joel James}, year = {1999}, keywords = {Bioethics, Christian ethics, Christianity, Ethics, Medical, Health, Human body, Medical ethics, Religion and Medicine, Religious aspects} }, @book{smith_health_1986, address = {New York}, title = {Health and medicine in the Anglican tradition : conscience, community, and compromise}, isbn = {9780824507169}, shorttitle = {Health and medicine in the Anglican tradition}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Smith, David}, year = {1986} }, @article{wobst_hypnosis_2007, title = {Hypnosis and surgery: past, present, and future}, volume = {104}, issn = {1526-7598}, shorttitle = {Hypnosis and surgery}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/17456675}, doi = {10.1213/01.ane.0000260616.49050.6d}, abstract = {Hypnosis has been defined as the induction of a subjective state in which alterations of perception or memory can be elicited by suggestion. Ever since the first public demonstrations of "animal magnetism" by Mesmer in the 18th century, the use of this psychological tool has fascinated the medical community and public alike. The application of hypnosis to alter pain perception and memory dates back centuries. Yet little progress has been made to fully comprehend or appreciate its potential compared to the pharmacologic advances in anesthesiology. Recently, hypnosis has aroused interest, as hypnosis seems to complement and possibly enhance conscious sedation. Contemporary clinical investigators claim that the combination of analgesia and hypnosis is superior to conventional pharmacologic anesthesia for minor surgical cases, with patients and surgeons responding favorably. Simultaneously, basic research of pain pathways involving the nociceptive flexion reflex and positron emission tomography has yielded objective data regarding the physiologic correlates of hypnosis. In this article I review the history, basic scientific and clinical studies, and modern practical considerations of one of the oldest therapeutical tools: the power of suggestion.}, number = {5}, journal = {Anesthesia and Analgesia}, author = {Wobst, Albrecht H K}, month = may, year = {2007}, note = {{PMID:} 17456675}, keywords = {Forecasting, Humans, Hypnosis, Hypnosis, Anesthetic, Surgical Procedures, Operative}, pages = {1199--1208}, annote = {Hypnosis has been defined as the induction of a subjective state in which alterations of perception or memory can be elicited by suggestion. Ever since the first public demonstrations of “animal magnetism” by Mesmer in the 18th century, the use of this psychological tool has fascinated the medical community and public alike. The application of hypnosis to alter pain perception and memory dates back centuries. Yet little progress has been made to fully comprehend or appreciate its potential compared to the pharmacologic advances in anesthesiology. Recently, hypnosis has aroused interest, as hypnosis seems to complement and possibly enhance conscious sedation. Contemporary clinical investigators claim that the combination of analgesia and hypnosis is superior to conventional pharmacologic anesthesia for minor surgical cases, with patients and surgeons responding favorably. Simultaneously, basic research of pain pathways involving the nociceptive flexion reflex and positron emission tomography has yielded objective data regarding the physiologic correlates of hypnosis. In this article I review the history, basic scientific and clinical studies, and modern practical considerations of one of the oldest therapeutical tools: the power of suggestion.} }, @article{foster_origin_1987, series = {New Series}, title = {On the Origin of Humoral Medicine in Latin America}, volume = {1}, issn = {07455194}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/648542}, abstract = {For the past half-century humoral medicine has been recognized by anthropologists to be the most important and widespread ethnomedical system in Latin America. While most scholars believe this system is largely a simplified folk variant of classical Greek and Persian humoral pathology, a small minority--particularly Audrey Butt Colson and Alfredo López Austin--argues for a New World origin. In this paper the author supports the former hypothesis by tracing the well-documented history of classical medicine from Greece and Persia to Latin America, where it was disseminated via formal medical education, hospitals and missionary orders, home medical guides and pharmacies. The fallacies in the arguments of Colson and López Austin are also pointed out.}, number = {4}, journal = {Medical Anthropology Quarterly}, author = {Foster, George M.}, month = dec, year = {1987}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Dec., 1987 / Copyright © 1987 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {355--393}, annote = {For the past half-century humoral medicine has been recognized by anthropologists to be the most important and widespread ethnomedical system in Latin America. While most scholars believe this system is largely a simplified folk variant of classical Greek and Persian humoral pathology, a small minority--particularly Audrey Butt Colson and Alfredo López Austin--argues for a New World origin. In this paper the author supports the former hypothesis by tracing the well-documented history of classical medicine from Greece and Persia to Latin America, where it was disseminated via formal medical education, hospitals and missionary orders, home medical guides and pharmacies. The fallacies in the arguments of Colson and López Austin are also pointed out.} }, @book{warner_therapeutic_1986, address = {Cambridge Mass.}, title = {The therapeutic perspective : medical practice, knowledge, and identity in America, 1820-1885}, isbn = {9780674883307}, shorttitle = {The therapeutic perspective}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, author = {Warner, John}, year = {1986} }, @article{gravitz_early_1994, title = {Early American mesmeric societies: a historical study}, volume = {37}, issn = {0002-9157}, shorttitle = {Early American mesmeric societies}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.bu.edu/pubmed/8085545}, abstract = {Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mesmer to bring animal magnetism to the United States in 1784 through the Marquis de Lafayette, there was a period of little activity there for several decades. Then, concurrent with its revival in Europe and led by a few American practitioners who had been trained in France, several early societies of American magnetizers were founded beginning about 1815. These were initially organized in New York City and subsequently in New Orleans, Boston, Clinton, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Philadelphia. They played an important role in the development of hypnosis in America.}, number = {1}, journal = {The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis}, author = {Gravitz, M A}, month = jul, year = {1994}, note = {{PMID:} 8085545}, keywords = {History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, Humans, Hypnosis, Societies, United States}, pages = {41--48}, annote = {Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mesmer to bring animal magnetism to the United States in 1784 through the Marquis de Lafayette, there was a period of little activity there for several decades. Then, concurrent with its revival in Europe and led by a few American practitioners who had been trained in France, several early societies of American magnetizers were founded beginning about 1815. These were initially organized in New York City and subsequently in New Orleans, Boston, Clinton, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Philadelphia. They played an important role in the development of hypnosis in America.} }, @article{fante_ontology_2009, title = {An Ontology of Health: A Characterization of Human Health and Existence}, volume = {44}, shorttitle = {An Ontology of Health}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.00986.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.00986.x}, abstract = {The pursuit of health is one of the most basic and prevalent concerns of humanity. In order to better attain and preserve health, a fundamental and unified description of the concept is required. Using Paul Tillich's ontological framework, I introduce a complete characterization of health and disease is that is useful to the philosophy of medicine and for health-care workers. Health cannot be understood merely as proper functioning of the physical body or of the separated levels of body, mind, and soul. Rather, the multidimensional unity that is the essence of human life requires a new understanding of health as balanced self-integration within the multiple human dimensions. The ontological description of health and disease has concrete implications for how health-care workers should approach healing. It calls for a multidimensional approach to healing in which particular healing is needed and helpful if it considers the other realms of the human. It reveals the importance of accepting limited health as well as the value of faith understood as an ultimate concern because of its ability to wholly integrate the person.}, number = {1}, journal = {Zygon}, author = {Fante, Ryan J.}, year = {2009}, pages = {65--84}, annote = {The pursuit of health is one of the most basic and prevalent concerns of humanity. In order to better attain and preserve health, a fundamental and unified description of the concept is required. Using Paul Tillich’s ontological framework, I introduce a complete characterization of health and disease is that is useful to the philosophy of medicine and for health-care workers. Health cannot be understood merely as proper functioning of the physical body or of the separated levels of body, mind, and soul. Rather, the multidimensional unity that is the essence of human life requires a new understanding of health as balanced self-integration within the multiple human dimensions. The ontological description of health and disease has concrete implications for how health-care workers should approach healing. It calls for a multidimensional approach to healing in which particular healing is needed and helpful if it considers the other realms of the human. It reveals the importance of accepting limited health as well as the value of faith understood as an ultimate concern because of its ability to wholly integrate the person.} }, @book{bynum_history_2008, address = {Oxford}, title = {History of Medicine: A Very Short Introduction}, isbn = {9780199215430}, lccn = {R131 {.B974} 2008}, shorttitle = {History of Medicine}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Bynum, W. F}, year = {2008}, keywords = {History, Medicine}, annote = {Against the backdrop of unprecedented concern for the future of health care, this Very Short Introduction surveys the history of medicine from classical times, through the scholastic medieval tradition and the Enlightenment to the present day. Taking a thematic rather than strictly chronological approach, {W.F.} Bynum, explores the key turning points in the history of Western medicine-such as the first surgical procedures, the advent of hospitals, the introduction of anesthesia, {X-Rays}, vaccinations, and many other innovations, as well as the rise of experimental medicine. The book also explores Western medicine’s encounters with Chinese and Indian medicine, as well as nontraditional treatments such as homeopathy, chiropractic, and other alternative medicines. Covering a vast amount of information, this Very Short Introduction sheds new light on medicine’s past, while at the same time engaging with contemporary issues, discoveries, and controversies, such as the spiraling costs of health care, lack of health insurance for millions, breakthrough treatments, and much more.} }, @book{albanese_reconsidering_2002, address = {Harrisburg Pa.}, title = {Reconsidering nature religion}, isbn = {9781563383762}, publisher = {Trinity Press International}, author = {Albanese, Catherine}, year = {2002}, annote = {Nature religion is a much broader and more pervasive part of our culture than we may know. In the late twentieth century, for example, certain nature-based New Age perspectives and practices emerged—developments whose seeds were planted in the nature religion of nineteenth-century America. In Reconsidering Nature Religion, Catherine Albanese looks at the place where nature and religion come together, and explores how this operates in contemporary life and thinking. Nature, she says, functions as an absolute that grounds and orients life. Religion concerns the ways that people use this absolute of nature to form a meaningful life. And religion itself provides ways of interacting with nature. Nature religion is one essential way that people relate to the ordinary and extra-ordinary aspects of their worlds. It was so for people like the famous naturalist John Muir, and remains so for us today. For all of us, nature works in a religious way that informs and transforms life.} }, @book{brady_healing_2001, address = {Logan Utah}, title = {Healing logics : culture and medicine in modern health belief systems}, isbn = {9780874214116}, shorttitle = {Healing logics}, publisher = {Utah State University Press}, author = {Brady, Erika}, year = {2001}, annote = {Healing Logics provides an extensive, multicultural look at folk and alternative beliefs and practices concerning health and medicine and examines the interplay between formal and folk health care. It contains the following original contributions by leading scholars in the fields of medical anthropology and folk medicine.} }, @book{winter_mesmerized_1998, address = {Chicago}, title = {Mesmerized : powers of mind in Victorian Britain}, isbn = {9780226902197}, shorttitle = {Mesmerized}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, author = {Winter, Alison}, year = {1998} }, @article{baer_divergence_1987, series = {New Series}, title = {Divergence and Convergence in Two Systems of Manual Medicine: Osteopathy and Chiropractic in the United States}, volume = {1}, issn = {07455194}, shorttitle = {Divergence and Convergence in Two Systems of Manual Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/648756}, abstract = {Although osteopathy and chiropractic emerged as medical revitalization movements with a similar disease theory during the late 19th century, osteopathy has evolved into osteopathic medicine and surgery, and chiropractic has evolved into a musculoskeletal speciality. In this article I attempt to explain the divergent evolution of these two schools of manual medicine in the United States by considering their respective roles in addressing various structural problems in American health care, their contrasting relationships with biomedicine, organized biomedicine's stance toward the two alternative medical systems, and internal organizational conflicts within osteopathy and chiropractic. It will also show that both osteopathy and chiropractic were forced to some degree to converge with biomedicine both conceptually and therapeutically.}, number = {2}, journal = {Medical Anthropology Quarterly}, author = {Baer, Hans A.}, month = jun, year = {1987}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jun., 1987 / Copyright © 1987 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {176--193}, annote = {Although osteopathy and chiropractic emerged as medical revitalization movements with a similar disease theory during the late 19th century, osteopathy has evolved into osteopathic medicine and surgery, and chiropractic has evolved into a musculoskeletal speciality. In this article I attempt to explain the divergent evolution of these two schools of manual medicine in the United States by considering their respective roles in addressing various structural problems in American health care, their contrasting relationships with biomedicine, organized biomedicine’s stance toward the two alternative medical systems, and internal organizational conflicts within osteopathy and chiropractic. It will also show that both osteopathy and chiropractic were forced to some degree to converge with biomedicine both conceptually and therapeutically.} }, @book{aryee_coexistence_1983, title = {The Coexistence of Traditional and Modern Medicine in Nigeria: An Example of Transitional Behavior in the Developing World}, lccn = {{PhD}}, shorttitle = {The Coexistence of Traditional and Modern Medicine in Nigeria}, author = {Aryee, Augustine A}, year = {1983}, keywords = {Medicine, Nigeria, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @book{konadu_indigenous_2007, address = {New York}, title = {Indigenous Medicine and Knowledge in African Society}, isbn = {9780415956208}, lccn = {{GN645} {.K65} 2007}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Konadu, Kwasi}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Africa, Medical anthropology, Medicinal plants, Social life and customs, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {At the turn of the 20th century, African societies witnessed the suppression of indigenous healing specialists as missionary proselytization and colonial rule increased. Governments, medical practitioners and academics focused little attention or resources on the production of traditional medicine, despite its potential use for advancing health care delivery to millions of people in rural communities and providing the basis for a medicinal industry. Focusing on the case of Ghana, Indigenous Medicine and Knowledge in African Society investigates the ways in which healers and indigenous archives of cultural knowledge conceptualize and interpret medicine and healing. In order to unearth these prevailing concepts, Konadu utilizes in-depth interviews, plant samples, material culture, linguistics, and other sources. This groundbreaking study of indigenous knowledge has important implications for the study of medical and knowledge systems in Africa and the African Diaspora worldwide. By closely examining a range of multidisciplinary sources and utilizing fieldwork in the Takyiman district of central Ghana, the book contributes a new dimension to the study of health and healing systems in the African context and offers scholars, students, and general readers a vital reference.} }, @book{lambo_african_1963, address = {Ibadan}, title = {African Traditional Beliefs: Concepts of Health and Medical Practice}, lccn = {R651 {.L35}}, shorttitle = {African Traditional Beliefs}, publisher = {Ibadan University Press}, author = {Lambo, Thomas A and University of Ibadan}, year = {1963}, keywords = {Africa, Medicine, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @book{makinde_african_1988, address = {Athens, Ohio}, series = {Monographs in international studies}, title = {African Philosophy, Culture, and Traditional Medicine}, isbn = {0896801527}, lccn = {{DT1}}, number = {no.53}, publisher = {Ohio University Center for International Studies}, author = {Makinde, M. Akin}, year = {1988}, keywords = {Africa, {Sub-Saharan}, Civilization, Philosophy, African, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @book{waite_history_1992, address = {Lewiston, {N.Y}}, title = {A History of Traditional Medicine and Health Care in {Pre-Colonial} {East-Central} Africa}, isbn = {0773497072}, lccn = {{R653.Z33} W35 1992}, publisher = {E. Mellen Press}, author = {Waite, Gloria Martha}, year = {1992}, keywords = {Africa, Health Services, Indigenous, History, Medicine, Medicine, Traditional, Tanzania, {TRADITIONAL} medicine, Zambia}, annote = {This study reconstructs the medical history of people in eastern Zambia and the Kilombero valley in south-central Tanzania over a period of about 2000 years. It is based on written and personal interviews.} }, @book{wreford_working_2008, address = {New York}, series = {Epistemologies of healing}, title = {Working with Spirit: Experiencing Izangoma Healing in Contemporary South Africa}, isbn = {9781845454760}, lccn = {{GR358} {.W74} 2008}, shorttitle = {Working with Spirit}, number = {v. 3}, publisher = {Berghahn Books}, author = {Wreford, Jo Thobeka}, year = {2008}, keywords = {healing, Health Policy, Medicine, African Traditional, South Africa, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {In the current model of health dispensation in South Africa there are two major paradigms, the spirit-inspired tradition of izangoma sinyanga, and biomedicine. These operate at best in parallel, but more often than not are at odds with one another. This book, based on the author s personal experience as a practitioner of traditional African medicine, considers the effects of the absence of spirit in biomedicine on collaborative relationships. Given the unprecedented challenge of the {HIV/AIDS} epidemic in the country, the author suggests that more cooperation is vital. Taking a critical look at the role of anthropology in this endeavor, she proposes the development of a language of spirit by means of which the spirit-inspired aetiology of izangoma sinyanga may be made comprehensible to academic scientists and applicable to medical interventions. The author discusses white izangoma in the context of current debates on healing and hybridity and insists that there exists a powerful role for izangoma in the realm of societal healing. Above all, the book constitutes a start in what the author hopes will develop into an ongoing intellectual conversation between traditional African healing, academe and biomedicine in South Africa.} }, @book{wood_different_1987, address = {New York}, edition = {1st American ed}, title = {Different Drums: A Doctor's Forty Years in Eastern Africa}, isbn = {0517566559}, lccn = {{RA996.55.K4} W66 1987}, shorttitle = {Different Drums}, publisher = {Clarkson N. Potter}, author = {Wood, Michael and Coulson, David}, year = {1987}, keywords = {Aeronautics in medicine, Africa, East, Biography, Kenya, Medical care, Physicians, Tanzania, {TRADITIONAL} medicine, Wood, Michael} }, @book{miller_traditional_1980, address = {Hanover, {N.H}}, title = {Traditional Medicine in East Africa: The Search for a Synthesis}, lccn = {{JA1.A1}}, shorttitle = {Traditional Medicine in East Africa}, publisher = {American Universities Field Staff}, author = {Miller, Norman N}, year = {1980}, keywords = {Africa, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @book{shoko_karanga_2007, address = {Aldershot, England}, series = {Vitality of indigenous religions}, title = {Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and {Well-Being}}, isbn = {9780754658818}, lccn = {{DT2913.K38} S46 2007}, shorttitle = {Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe}, publisher = {Ashgate}, author = {Shoko, Tabona}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Ancestor worship, Causes and theories of causation, {DISEASES}, Karanga {(African} people), Mberengwa District {(Zimbabwe)}, Medicine, religion, Religious life and customs, Rites and ceremonies, Social life and customs, {TRADITIONAL} medicine, Zimbabwe, Zimbawe}, annote = {Tabona Shoko contends that religion and healing are intricately intertwined in African religions. This book on the religion of the Karanga people of Zimbabwe sheds light on important methodological issues relevant to research in the study of African religions. Analysing the traditional Karanga views of the causes of illness and disease, mechanisms of diagnosis at their disposal and the methods they use to restore health, Shoko discusses the views of a specific African Independent Church of the Apostolic tradition. The conclusion Shoko reaches about the central religious concerns of the Karanga people is derived from detailed field research consisting of interviews and participant observation. This book testifies that the centrality of health and well-being is not only confined to traditional religion but reflects its adaptive potential in new religious systems manifest in the phenomenon of Independent Churches. Rather than succumbing to the folly of static generalizations, Tabona Shoko offers important insights into a particular society upon which theories can be reassessed, adding new dimensions to modern features of the religious scene in Africa.} }, @article{romero-daza_traditional_2002, title = {Traditional Medicine in Africa}, volume = {583}, issn = {00027162}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049695}, abstract = {Traditional medicine is the main, and often the only, source of medical care for a great proportion of the population of the developing world. Systems of traditional medicine are usually rooted in long-standing cultural traditions, take a holistic approach to health, and are community based. The World Health Organization has long recognized the central role traditional systems of care can play in efforts to provide primary health care, especially in rural areas. This article provides an overview of national policies adopted by African governments following World Health Organization recommendations for the incorporation of traditional and allopathic systems of care.}, journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science}, author = {{Romero-Daza}, Nancy}, month = sep, year = {2002}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Issue Title: Global Perspectives on Complementary and Alternative Medicine / Full publication date: Sep., 2002 / Copyright © 2002 American Academy of Political and Social Science}, pages = {173--176}, annote = {Traditional medicine is the main, and often the only, source of medical care for a great proportion of the population of the developing world. Systems of traditional medicine are usually rooted in long-standing cultural traditions, take a holistic approach to health, and are community based. The World Health Organization has long recognized the central role traditional systems of care can play in efforts to provide primary health care, especially in rural areas. This article provides an overview of national policies adopted by African governments following World Health Organization recommendations for the incorporation of traditional and allopathic systems of care.} }, @book{chacha_traditional_1995, address = {Nairobi}, title = {Traditional Medicine in Africa}, isbn = {9966465480}, lccn = {{GR350} {.T73} 1995}, publisher = {East African Educational Publishers}, author = {Chacha, Chacha Nyaigotti and Kanunah, Mary Peter}, editor = {Sindiga, Isaac}, year = {1995}, keywords = {Africa, Social life and customs, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {The inaccessibility of biomedicine to most of Africa’s population because of escalating costs has necessitated a search for alternative ways of managing illnesses. Traditional medicine, which has always been practised in the indigenous cultures, is fast filling this therapeutic gap. This book is a collection of essays based on a multidisciplinary approach to traditional medicine in Africa. It has contributions from social scientists, natural resource experts, traditional medical practitioners, educationists, and medical scholars. It attempts to define the problems of traditional medicine in Africa, while also discussing the conceptual foundations of African ethnomedicine and medical pluralism.} }, @book{baronov_african_2008, address = {Philadelphia}, title = {The African Transformation of Western Medicine and the Dynamics of Global Cultural Exchange}, isbn = {1592139159}, lccn = {{GN645} {.B37} 2008}, publisher = {Temple University Press}, author = {Baronov, David}, year = {2008}, keywords = {19th century, 20th century, Africa, Anthropology, Cultural, Ethnology, History, History of Medicine, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Medicine, Medicine, African Traditional, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {Beginning with the colonial era, Western biomedicine has radically transformed African medical beliefs and practices. Conversely, in using Western biomedicine, Africans have also transformed it. The African Transformation of Western Medicine and the Dynamics of Global Cultural Exchange contends that contemporary African medical systems—no less “biomedical” than Western medicine—in fact greatly enrich and expand the notion of biomedicine, reframing it as a global cultural form deployed across global networks of cultural exchange. The book analyzes biomedicine as a complex and dynamic sociocultural form, the conceptual premises of which make it necessarily subject to ongoing change and development as it travels the globe. David Baronov captures the complexities of this cultural exchange by using world-systems analysis in a way that places global cultural processes on equal footing with political and economic processes. In doing so, he both allows the story of Africa’s transformation of {“Western”} biomedicine to be told and offers new insights into the capitalist world system.} }, @book{chavunduka_traditional_????, address = {Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe}, title = {Traditional Medicine in Modern Zimbabwe}, isbn = {0908307403}, lccn = {{GR358.6} {.C48} 1994}, author = {Chavunduka, G. L}, keywords = {Social life and customs, {TRADITIONAL} medicine, Witchcraft, Zimbabwe} }, @book{jegede_african_1998, address = {Ibadan, Nigeria}, title = {African Culture and Health}, isbn = {9782063525}, lccn = {{RA418.3.N6} J445 1998}, publisher = {{Stirling-Horden}}, author = {Jegede, Ayodele Samuel}, year = {1998}, keywords = {Attitude to Health, Community Health Services, Ethnology, {HEALTH} attitudes, Health Behavior, Immunization of children, Medical care, Nigeria, Social life and customs, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {A book about African traditional perceptions of health, disease, illness, and sickness. Based on research study in Nigeria, the author surveys sociocultural factors influencing theraeutic choice, the role of education, information and communication in health care delivery. The author also discusses new ideas about health care programs and services. } }, @book{dime_african_1995, address = {Ekpoma, Nigeria}, title = {African Traditional Medicine: Peculiarities}, isbn = {9782100048}, lccn = {{GR880} {.D55} 1995}, shorttitle = {African Traditional Medicine}, publisher = {Edo State University Pub. House}, author = {Dime, C. A}, year = {1995}, keywords = {Africa, Medicine, Medicine, African Traditional, Philosophy, Religious aspects, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @article{voeks_african_1993, title = {African Medicine and Magic in the Americas}, volume = {83}, issn = {00167428}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/215381}, abstract = {African-derived ethnomedical systems are visible elements of the New World cultural landscape. Rejected by Western medicine, African healing systems have survived and flourished in the Americas since the beginning of the slave trade. Historical introduction of African magico-medical systems, the social and economic factors that facilitated their survival, and the role of plant geography in their persistence are examined. Questions of origin, ethnomedical typology, religion, and syncretism, magic and power, and collective medicinal plant knowledge are considered.}, number = {1}, journal = {Geographical Review}, author = {Voeks, Robert}, month = jan, year = {1993}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jan., 1993 / Copyright © 1993 American Geographical Society}, pages = {66--78}, annote = {African-derived ethnomedical systems are visible elements of the New World cultural landscape. Rejected by Western medicine, African healing systems have survived and flourished in the Americas since the beginning of the slave trade. Historical introduction of African magico-medical systems, the social and economic factors that facilitated their survival, and the role of plant geography in their persistence are examined. Questions of origin, ethnomedical typology, religion, and syncretism, magic and power, and collective medicinal plant knowledge are considered.} }, @book{fabrega_illness_1973, address = {Stanford, Calif}, title = {Illness and Shamanistic Curing in Zinacantan; an Ethnomedical Analysis}, isbn = {0804708444}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, author = {Fabrega, Horacio and Silver, Daniel B}, year = {1973}, keywords = {Folklore, Indians, South American, Medicine, Primitive, {MEXICO}, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @article{boileau_wu_2002, title = {Wu and Shaman}, volume = {65}, issn = {{0041977X}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/4145619}, abstract = {Since Shangdai de shenhua yu wushu, Chen Mengjia's article on Shang mythology, some sinological works have proposed that the Chinese wu was an equivalent of the Siberian shaman. I examine first the issues in anthropological comparatism involved in this problem and provide up-to-date information on Siberian shamanism. It must be noted that the Chinese texts are by no means equivalent to modern anthropological data and that these texts did not originate directly from the wu themselves; they are rather a collection of opinions or stories on the wu. Detailed study of the nature and social status of the Chinese wu, either in oracular inscriptions or late Zhou received texts, shows a systematic association of the wu with non-auspicious or negative events, like funerals, death or natural catastrophes. A further analysis of the data reveals that the wu's activities in relation to natural phenomena were frequently presented in terms related to sexuality. This last point permits a comparison with Siberian shamans, whose activities are also linked to fecundity and sexuality, although the Chinese texts often associate the wu with sexual misbehaviour and blame them on moral grounds. They go as far as to treat them as dangerous sorcerers who must be weeded out. According to these data, the wu's social function is linked to the handling of misfortune, either directly or by being associated with ritually unacceptable behaviours. On the whole, my conclusion is that even the common point between wu and Siberian shaman (the link with sexuality) is not sufficient to allow for a translation of 'wu' by 'shaman', especially in view of the differences of social and historical context.}, number = {2}, journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London}, author = {Boileau, Gilles}, year = {2002}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 2002 / Copyright © 2002 School of Oriental and African Studies}, pages = {350--378}, annote = {Since Shangdai de shenhua yu wushu, Chen Mengjia’s article on Shang mythology, some sinological works have proposed that the Chinese wu was an equivalent of the Siberian shaman. I examine first the issues in anthropological comparatism involved in this problem and provide up-to-date information on Siberian shamanism. It must be noted that the Chinese texts are by no means equivalent to modern anthropological data and that these texts did not originate directly from the wu themselves; they are rather a collection of opinions or stories on the wu. Detailed study of the nature and social status of the Chinese wu, either in oracular inscriptions or late Zhou received texts, shows a systematic association of the wu with non-auspicious or negative events, like funerals, death or natural catastrophes. A further analysis of the data reveals that the wu’s activities in relation to natural phenomena were frequently presented in terms related to sexuality. This last point permits a comparison with Siberian shamans, whose activities are also linked to fecundity and sexuality, although the Chinese texts often associate the wu with sexual misbehaviour and blame them on moral grounds. They go as far as to treat them as dangerous sorcerers who must be weeded out. According to these data, the wu’s social function is linked to the handling of misfortune, either directly or by being associated with ritually unacceptable behaviours. On the whole, my conclusion is that even the common point between wu and Siberian shaman (the link with sexuality) is not sufficient to allow for a translation of ‘wu’ by ‘shaman’, especially in view of the differences of social and historical context.} }, @book{lyon_encyclopedia_1996, address = {Santa Barbara Calif}, title = {Encyclopedia of Native American healing}, isbn = {9780874368529}, publisher = {{ABC-CLIO}}, author = {Lyon, William}, year = {1996}, annote = {This monumental volume explores, explains, and honors the healing practices of Native Americans throughout North America, from the southwestern United States to the Arctic Circle. Designed for ease of use with maps, a detailed subject index, an extensive bibliography, and cross references, this book is sure to fascinate anyone interested in Native American culture and heritage.} }, @book{joralemon_sorcery_1993, address = {Salt Lake City}, title = {Sorcery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru}, isbn = {{087480423X}}, lccn = {{GR133.P4} J67 1993}, shorttitle = {Sorcery and Shamanism}, publisher = {University of Utah Press}, author = {Joralemon, Donald and Sharon, Douglas}, year = {1993}, keywords = {Indians of South America, Medicine, Peru, Shamanism, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @article{demetrio_shaman_1978, title = {The Shaman as Psychologist}, volume = {37}, issn = {03852342}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1177583}, number = {1}, journal = {Asian Folklore Studies}, author = {Demetrio, Francisco R.}, year = {1978}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 1978 / Copyright © 1978 Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture}, pages = {57--75} }, @article{littlewood_science_1989, title = {Science, Shamanism and Hermeneutics: Recent Writing on Psychoanalysis}, volume = {5}, issn = {{0268540X}}, shorttitle = {Science, Shamanism and Hermeneutics}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/3032852}, number = {1}, journal = {Anthropology Today}, author = {Littlewood, Roland}, month = feb, year = {1989}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Feb., 1989 / Copyright © 1989 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland}, pages = {5--11} }, @book{greenfield_spirits_2008, address = {Walnut Creek, {CA}}, title = {Spirits with Scalpels: The Cultural Biology of Religious Healing in Brazil}, isbn = {9781598743678}, lccn = {{GN564.B6} G74 2008}, shorttitle = {Spirits with Scalpels}, publisher = {Left Coast Press}, author = {Greenfield, Sidney M}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Brazil, Ethnobiology, healing, religion, Religious life and customs, Social life and customs, Spirit possession, Spiritual Therapies, Surgical Procedures, Operative, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {{“The} first time I witnessed a Spiritist surgery, a young man named Jose Carlos Ribeiro inserted a used scalpel taken from a tray that I was holding, and plunged it into the eye of an elderly man. The patient did not move….” Decades of fieldwork later, Sidney Greenfield presents a riveting ethnography of the complex world of religious healing in Brazil that challenges readers to grapple with the most fundamental concepts of anthropology and cross-cultural experience. In a major contribution to cultural biology, he analyses the complex social, economic, and political landscape of Brazil to understand dramatic healing practices that seem to defy medical explanation. This engrossing and provocative book will put students and scholars alike on the edge of their seats.} }, @book{langdon_portals_1992, address = {Albuquerque}, edition = {1st ed}, title = {Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America}, isbn = {0826313450}, lccn = {{F2230.1.R3} P65 1992}, shorttitle = {Portals of Power}, publisher = {University of New Mexico Press}, author = {Langdon, E. Jean Matteson}, editor = {Baer, Gerhard}, year = {1992}, keywords = {Hallucinogenic drugs and religious experience, Hallucinogens, Indians of South America, Indians, South American, Medicine, Traditional, religion, Religion and Medicine, Rites and ceremonies, Shamanism, South America, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @article{waldram_efficacy_2000, series = {New Series}, title = {The Efficacy of Traditional Medicine: Current Theoretical and Methodological Issues}, volume = {14}, issn = {07455194}, shorttitle = {The Efficacy of Traditional Medicine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/649723}, abstract = {The efficacy of traditional medicine is an issue that continues to vex medical anthropology. This article critically examines how the efficacy of traditional medicine has been conceived, operationalized, and studied and argues that a consensus remains elusive. Efficacy must be seen as fluid and shifting, the product of a negotiated, but not necessarily shared, understanding by those involved in the sickness episode, including physicians/healers, patients, and members of the community. Medical anthropology needs to return to the field to gather more data on indigenous understandings of efficacy to counteract the biases inherent in the utilization of biomedical understandings and methods characteristic of much previous work.}, number = {4}, journal = {Medical Anthropology Quarterly}, author = {Waldram, James B.}, month = dec, year = {2000}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Issue Title: Theme Issue: Ritual Healing in Navajo Society / Full publication date: Dec., 2000 / Copyright © 2000 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {603--625}, annote = {The efficacy of traditional medicine is an issue that continues to vex medical anthropology. This article critically examines how the efficacy of traditional medicine has been conceived, operationalized, and studied and argues that a consensus remains elusive. Efficacy must be seen as fluid and shifting, the product of a negotiated, but not necessarily shared, understanding by those involved in the sickness episode, including physicians/healers, patients, and members of the community. Medical anthropology needs to return to the field to gather more data on indigenous understandings of efficacy to counteract the biases inherent in the utilization of biomedical understandings and methods characteristic of much previous work.} }, @book{hultkrantz_shamanic_1992, address = {New York}, series = {Health/medicine and the faith traditions}, title = {Shamanic Healing and Ritual Drama: Health and Medicine in Native North American Religious Traditions}, isbn = {0824511883}, lccn = {{E98.R3} H825 1992}, shorttitle = {Shamanic Healing and Ritual Drama}, publisher = {Crossroad}, author = {Hultkrantz, Åke}, year = {1992}, keywords = {Health and hygiene, Indians of North America, Indians, North American, Medicine, Medicine, Traditional, Mythology, North America, religion, Religion and Medicine, Shamanism, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {In this pioneering work, one of the world’s leading experts on Native American traditions offers a detailed survey of Native American practices and beliefs regarding health, medicine, and religion. In contrast to the sharp {Euro-American} division between medicine and religion, Native American medical beliefs and practices can only be assessed in their relation to their religious ideas.} }, @article{riches_shamanism:_1994, series = {New Series}, title = {Shamanism: The Key to Religion}, volume = {29}, issn = {00251496}, shorttitle = {Shamanism}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2804479}, abstract = {The article lays out in schematic fashion a composite of socio-intellectual processes, arguabley evident in respect of all cosmologies, which might appropriately be labelled 'religous'. It does so by applying deductive reasoning to shamanism, the prevalent religion in societies whose social structures are ssimple and in whose cosmologies religious process is conspicuous; here the Canadian Inuit {(Eskimo)} provide the ethnographic focus. The article assumes that religious process finds its basis in fundamental contradictions concerning the conditions of social existence, namely in the antithesis between social structure and communitas. Cosmology is generated as this contradiction is contemplated by, respectively, laypeople and specialist, both with their own interests in view. The argument also considers such central cultural and analytical isues as the existence of distinctive notions of the human person, and the pertinence for the study of religion of, variously, 'secondary elaborations', systems of classification, and religious edicts; and it joins with Barth in emphasizing the salience of the specialist in 'cosmology-making'.}, number = {2}, journal = {Man}, author = {Riches, David}, month = jun, year = {1994}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Jun., 1994 / Copyright © 1994 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland}, pages = {381--405}, annote = {The article lays out in schematic fashion a composite of socio-intellectual processes, arguable evident in respect of all cosmologies, which might appropriately be labeled ‘religious’. It does so by applying deductive reasoning to shamanism, the prevalent religion in societies whose social structures are simple and in whose cosmologies religious process is conspicuous; here the Canadian Inuit {(Eskimo)} provide the ethnographic focus. The article assumes that religious process finds its basis in fundamental contradictions concerning the conditions of social existence, namely in the antithesis between social structure and communitas. Cosmology is generated as this contradiction is contemplated by, respectively, laypeople and specialists, both with their own interests in view. The argument also considers such central cultural and analytical issues as the existence of distinctive notions of the human person, and the pertinence for the study of religion of, variously, ‘secondary elaborations’, systems of classification, and religious edicts; and it joins with Barth in emphasizing the salience of the specialist in ‘cosmology-making’.} }, @article{woodman_shamanism_1998, title = {Shamanism in Contemporary Society}, volume = {14}, issn = {{0268540X}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2783241}, number = {6}, journal = {Anthropology Today}, author = {Woodman, Justin}, month = dec, year = {1998}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Dec., 1998 / Copyright © 1998 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland}, pages = {23--24} }, @book{rivers_medicine_2001, address = {London}, series = {Routledge classics}, title = {Medicine, Magic, and Religion: The Fitzpatrick Lectures Delivered Before the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1915 and 1916}, isbn = {0415254035}, lccn = {{GN477} {.R5} 2001}, shorttitle = {Medicine, Magic, and Religion}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Rivers, W. H. R}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Magic, Medicine, religion, Religious aspects, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {This work represents the Fitzpatrick lectures delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1915 and 1916. It represents perhaps the first attempt to interpret with real knowledge and sympathetic insight the thoughts and ideas that find expression in primitive medicine. It is therefore a contribution of unique value to the history of medicine.} }, @book{adams_health_2007, address = {Norman}, title = {Health Care in Maya Guatemala: Confronting Medical Pluralism in a Developing Country}, isbn = {9780806138596}, lccn = {{F1435.3.M4} A43 2007}, shorttitle = {Health Care in Maya Guatemala}, publisher = {University of Oklahoma Press}, author = {Adams, Walter Randolph and Hawkins, John Palmer}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Guatemala, Mayas, Medical care, Medicine, Social conditions, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {Health Care in Maya Guatemala examines medical systems and institutions in three K’iche’ Maya communities to reveal the conflicts between indigenous medical care and Guatemalan biomedical system. The editors and contributors show how people in this rapidly modernizing society think about traditional practices--and reveal that health conditions in traditional communities deteriorate over time as long-standing medical practices erode in the face of Western encroachment. The contributors first consider cultural, institutional, and behavioral aspects of health care in Guatemala. Then they look closely at the nature and treatment of specific health issues, such as dentistry and mental health--especially depression. Finally they provide new insight on midwifery, nutrition, ethnomedicine, and other topics.} }, @book{conley_cherokee_2005, address = {Norman {[Okla.]}}, title = {Cherokee Medicine Man: The Life and Work of a {Modern-Day} Healer}, isbn = {0806136650}, lccn = {{E99.C5} L54 2005}, shorttitle = {Cherokee Medicine Man}, publisher = {University of Oklahoma Press}, author = {Conley, Robert J}, year = {2005}, keywords = {Cherokee Indians, Little Bear, John, religion, Rites and ceremonies, {SHAMANS}}, annote = {Robert J. Conley did not set out to chronicle the life of Cherokee medicine man John Little Bear. Instead, the medicine man came to him. Little Bear asked Conley to write down his story, to reveal to the world “what Indian medicine is really about.” For Little Bear, as for the Cherokee ancestors who brought their traditions over the Trail of Tears to Indian Territory, the medicine is about helping people. Visitors from neighboring states and Mexico come to him, each one seeking help for a different kind of problem. Each seeker’s story is presented here exactly as it was told to Conley} }, @book{kirkland_herbal_1992, address = {Durham}, title = {Herbal and Magical Medicine: Traditional Healing Today}, isbn = {0822312085}, lccn = {{GR110.V8} H47 1992}, shorttitle = {Herbal and Magical Medicine}, publisher = {Duke University Press}, editor = {Kirkland, James}, year = {1992}, keywords = {Medicine, Traditional, North Carolina, {TRADITIONAL} medicine, Virginia}, annote = {Herbal and Magical Medicine draws on perspectives from folklore, anthropology, psychology, medicine, and botany to describe the traditional medical beliefs and practices among Native, Anglo- and African Americans in eastern North Carolina and Virginia. In documenting the vitality of such seemingly unusual healing traditions as talking the fire out of burns, wart-curing, blood-stopping, herbal healing, and rootwork, the contributors to this volume demonstrate how the region’s folk medical systems operate in tandem with scientific biomedicine. The authors provide illuminating commentary on the major forms of naturopathic and magico-religious medicine practiced in the United States. Other essays explain the persistence of these traditions in our modern technological society and address the bases of folk medical concepts of illness and treatment and the efficacy of particular pratices. The collection suggests a model for collaborative research on traditional medicine that can be replicated in other parts of the country. An extensive bibliography reveals the scope and variety of research in the field.} }, @article{martin_role_1970, title = {The Role of Coca in the History, Religion, and Medicine of South American Indians}, volume = {24}, issn = {00130001}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/4253177}, number = {4}, journal = {Economic Botany}, author = {Martin, Richard T.}, month = dec, year = {1970}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Oct. - Dec., 1970 / Copyright © 1970 New York Botanical Garden Press}, pages = {422--438} }, @book{kavasch_american_1999, address = {New York}, title = {American Indian Healing Arts: Herbs, Rituals, and Remedies for Every Season of Life}, isbn = {0553378813}, shorttitle = {American Indian Healing Arts}, publisher = {Bantam Books}, author = {Kavasch, E. Barrie and Baar, Karen}, year = {1999}, keywords = {Herbs, Indians of North America, Indians, North American, Medicine, Medicine, Traditional, North America, Therapeutic use, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @book{laderman_performance_1996, address = {New York}, title = {The Performance of Healing}, isbn = {0415911990}, lccn = {{GR880} {.P38} 1996}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Laderman, Carol and Roseman, Marina}, year = {1996}, keywords = {Folklore, Performance, Shamanism, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {Medical systems need to be understood from within, as experienced by healers, patients, and others whose minds and hearts have both become involved in this important human undertaking. Exploring how the performance of healing transforms illness to health, initiate to ritual specialist, the authors show that performance does not merely refer to, but actually does something in the world. These essays on the performance of healing in societies ranging from rainforest horticulturalists to dwellers in the American megalopolis will touch readers’ senses as well as their intellects.} }, @book{vogel_american_1990, title = {American Indian Medicine}, isbn = {0806122935}, publisher = {University of Oklahoma Press}, author = {Vogel, Virgil J.}, month = sep, year = {1990} }, @book{williams_big_2007, address = {Syracuse, {N.Y}}, edition = {1st ed}, series = {The Iroquois and their neighbors}, title = {Big Medicine from Six Nations}, isbn = {9780815608639}, lccn = {{E99.T9} W55 2007}, publisher = {Syracuse University Press}, author = {Williams, Ted C}, year = {2007}, keywords = {East {(U.S.)}, healing, History, History, 20th Century, Indians, North American, Medicine, Medicine, Traditional, religion, Rites and ceremonies, Shamanism, {TRADITIONAL} medicine, Tuscarora Indians} }, @book{payne-jackson_jamaican_2004, address = {Kingston, Jamaica}, title = {Jamaican Folk Medicine: A Source of Healing}, isbn = {9766401233}, lccn = {{GR121.J2} P39 2004}, shorttitle = {Jamaican Folk Medicine}, publisher = {University of the West Indies Press}, author = {{Payne-Jackson}, Arvilla and Alleyne, Mervyn C}, year = {2004}, keywords = {Africa, African Continental Ancestry Group, Cultural Diversity, Health and hygiene, Jamaica, Jamaicans, Medicine, Traditional, Plants, Medicinal, Social conditions, Socioeconomic Factors, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {This pioneering work is multi-disciplinary in approach as it examines the rich folk medicine of Jamaican. The authors analyse the historical and linguistic aspects of folk medicine, based on their research, extensive fieldwork and interviews. They explore the sociological and ethnological dimensions of common healing practices and Jamaica’s biodiversity, in both flora and in fauna. As is the case with other aspects of Jamaican traditional culture, Jamaican folk medicine is largely misunderstood and subject to negative pejorative attitudes. This comprehensive study challenges some of the myths and misinformation. Particular attention is paid to cultural transference from Africa and the use of herbals in {African-Jamaican} religions. The comprehensive book is of academic value to teachers, students and researchers, and can also aid practitioners and policy makers in the field of health and healing.} }, @article{jones_shamanism_1968, title = {Shamanism in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey}, volume = {7}, issn = {00182710}, shorttitle = {Shamanism in South Asia}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1061796}, number = {4}, journal = {History of Religions}, author = {Jones, Rex L.}, month = may, year = {1968}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: May, 1968 / Copyright © 1968 The University of Chicago Press}, pages = {330--347} }, @book{connor_healing_2000, address = {Westport, {CT}}, title = {Healing Powers and Modernity: Traditional Medicine, Shamanism, and Science in Asian Societies}, isbn = {0897897153}, lccn = {{RA418.3.A78} H43 2000}, shorttitle = {Healing Powers and Modernity}, publisher = {Bergin \& Garvey}, editor = {Connor, Linda and Samuel, Geoffrey}, year = {2000}, keywords = {{ASIA}, healing, Shamanism, Social medicine, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {Connor and Samuel explore the present state of a range of healing traditions in their Asian locales. The peoples examined include relatively remote populations such as the Iban of Sarawak, the Temiar of Malaysia, and the Sasak of Lomboko, as well as rural South Indians and Malays, the people of South Korea’s modern industrial cities, and Tibetans both in Chinese-controlled Tibet and in the refugee settlements of North India.} }, @book{thomas_shamanism_1994, address = {Ann Arbor}, title = {Shamanism, history, and the state}, isbn = {9780472105120}, publisher = {University of Michigan Press}, author = {Thomas, Nicholas}, year = {1994}, annote = {The literature on shamanism and related topics is extensive, but has in general been biased toward curing and trance; the political and historical significance of shamanic activities has been largely neglected. The contributors to Shamanism, History, and the State--distinguished anthropologists and historians from England, Australia, and France--show that shamanism is not static and stable, but always changing as a result of political dynamics and historical processes.} }, @book{lipp_mixe_1998, address = {Austin}, edition = {1st pbk. ed}, title = {The Mixe of Oaxaca Religion, Ritual, and Healing}, isbn = {0292747055}, lccn = {{F1221.M67}}, publisher = {University of Texas Press}, author = {Lipp, Frank J and American Council of Learned Societies}, year = {1998}, keywords = {Medicine, {MEXICO}, Mixe Indians, Mixe mythology, Oaxaca {(Mexico} : State), religion, Rites and ceremonies, Shamanism, Social life and customs, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {The Mixe of Oaxaca was the first extensive ethnography of the Mixe, with a special focus on Mixe religious beliefs and rituals and the curing practices associated with them. It records the procedures, design-plan, corresponding prayers, and symbolic context of well over one hundred rituals. Frank Lipp has written a new preface for this edition, in which he comments on the relationship of Mixe religion to current theoretical understandings of present-day Middle American folk religions.} }, @article{irwin_cherokee_1992, title = {Cherokee Healing: Myth, Dreams, and Medicine}, volume = {16}, issn = {{0095182X}}, shorttitle = {Cherokee Healing}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1185431}, number = {2}, journal = {American Indian Quarterly}, author = {Irwin, Lee}, year = {1992}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Spring, 1992 / Copyright © 1992 University of Nebraska Press}, pages = {237--257} }, @book{hand_magical_1980, address = {Berkeley}, title = {Magical Medicine: The Folkloric Component of Medicine In the Folk Belief, Custom, and Ritual of the Peoples of Europe and America: Selected Essays of Wayland D. Hand}, isbn = {0520041291}, lccn = {{GR880} {.H35}}, shorttitle = {Magical Medicine}, publisher = {University of California Press}, author = {Hand, Wayland Debs}, year = {1980}, keywords = {Europe, Medicine, Magic, mystic, and spagiric, {TRADITIONAL} medicine, United States} }, @book{mann_murder_2000, address = {New York}, edition = {Rev. ed}, title = {Murder, Magic, and Medicine}, isbn = {0198507445}, lccn = {{RM300} {.M1845} 2000}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Mann, J.}, year = {2000}, keywords = {History, Medicine, Traditional, Pharmacology, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {Pocket text presents how many of our modern medicines evolved from extracts that are poisonous, i.e. agents of murder, magic, and medicine. Topics include: arrow poisons, stimulants, antibacterial substances, and much more.} }, @book{laderman_taming_1991, address = {Berkeley, {CA}}, series = {Comparative studies of health systems and medical care}, title = {Taming the Wind of Desire: Psychology, Medicine, and Aesthetics in Malay Shamanistic Performance}, isbn = {0520069161}, lccn = {{DS595} {.L33} 1991}, shorttitle = {Taming the Wind of Desire}, publisher = {University of California Press}, author = {Laderman, Carol}, year = {1991}, keywords = {Kampong Merchang {(Terengganu)}, Malays {(Asian} people), Medicine, religion, Shamanism, Social life and customs, Terengganu, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {Charged with restoring harmony and relieving pain, the Malay shaman places his patients in trance and encourages them to express their talents, drives, personality traits – the {“Inner} Winds” of Malay medical lore – in a kind of performance. These healing ceremonies, formerly viewed by Western anthropologists as exotic curiosities, actually reveal complex multicultural origins and a unique indigenous medical tradition whose psychological content is remarkably relevant to contemporary Western concerns. Accepted as apprentice to a Malay shaman, Carol Laderman learned and recorded every aspect of the healing seance and found it comparable in many ways to the traditional dramas of Southeast Asia and of other cultures such as ancient Greece, Japan, and India. The Malay seance is a total performance, complete with audience, stage, props, plot, music, and dance. The players include the patient along with the shaman and his troupe. At the center of the drama are pivotal relationships among people, between humans and spirits, and within the self. The best of the Malay shamans are superb poets, dramatists, and performers as well as effective healers of body and soul.} }, @article{atkinson_shamanisms_1992, title = {Shamanisms Today}, volume = {21}, issn = {00846570}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2155990}, journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology}, author = {Atkinson, Jane Monnig}, year = {1992}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: 1992 / Copyright © 1992 Annual Reviews}, pages = {307--330} }, @article{nishimura_shamanism_1987, title = {Shamanism and Medical Cures}, volume = {28}, issn = {00113204}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/2743439}, number = {4}, journal = {Current Anthropology}, author = {Nishimura, Kho}, month = oct, year = {1987}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Issue Title: Supplement: An Anthropological Profile of Japan / Full publication date: Aug. - Oct., 1987 / Copyright © 1987 The University of Chicago Press}, pages = {S59--S64} }, @article{johnston_native_2002, title = {Native American Traditional and Alternative Medicine}, volume = {583}, issn = {00027162}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1049697}, abstract = {Native American traditional medicine is alive and vibrant in many North American societies, although not all. These traditions coexist with other forms of healing, and the particular patterns of existence, interaction, and meaning vary among groups. The literature examining these issues is likewise diverse. This article explores, through a selective review of the recent literature, how social and behavioral scientists, among others, are focusing their investigations of traditional and alternative medicine in Native American communities of the United States and Canada today. Issues include how native practices have persisted and changed, how they are being used (e. g., in framing cultural identity), and how they interact with other systems, especially biomedicine and faith healing.}, journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science}, author = {Johnston, Susan L.}, month = sep, year = {2002}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Issue Title: Global Perspectives on Complementary and Alternative Medicine / Full publication date: Sep., 2002 / Copyright © 2002 American Academy of Political and Social Science}, pages = {195--213}, annote = {Native American traditional medicine is alive and vibrant in many North American societies, although not all. These traditions coexist with other forms of healing, and the particular patterns of existence, interaction, and meaning vary among groups. The literature examining these issues is likewise diverse. This article explores, through a selective review of the recent literature, how social and behavioral scientists, among others, are focusing their investigations of traditional and alternative medicine in Native American communities of the United States and Canada today. Issues include how native practices have persisted and changed, how they are being used (e.g, in framing cultural identity), and how they interact with other systems, especially biomedicine and faith healing.} }, @article{porterfield_shamanism:_1987, title = {Shamanism: A Psychosocial Definition}, volume = {55}, issn = {00027189}, shorttitle = {Shamanism}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1464682}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion}, author = {Porterfield, Amanda}, year = {1987}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Winter, 1987 / Copyright © 1987 American Academy of Religion}, pages = {721--739} }, @book{tedlock_teachings_1975, address = {New York}, edition = {1st ed}, title = {Teachings from the American Earth: Indian Religion and Philosophy}, isbn = {0871405597}, lccn = {{E98.R3} T42 1975}, shorttitle = {Teachings from the American Earth}, publisher = {Liveright}, author = {Tedlock, Dennis}, editor = {Tedlock, Barbara}, year = {1975}, keywords = {Indian mythology, Indians of North America, North America, religion}, annote = {This collection of writings is from authors who are either Indians who have tried to make themselves heard, or whites who have tried to hear Indians. The first part of the book emphasizes the practical and includes Isaac Tens’s {“Career} of the Medicine Man”. The second section concentrates on the theoretical and contains Benjamin Lee Whorf’s {“American} Indian Model of the Universe” and chapters on Indian metaphysics, among other things. In addition to an introductory essay on the Indian’s stance towards reality, the editors have contributed chapters entitled {“The} Clown’s Way” and {“An} American Indian View of Death”.} }, @book{bernstein_spirits_1997, address = {Boulder, Colo}, title = {Spirits Captured in Stone: Shamanism and Traditional Medicine Among the Taman of Borneo}, isbn = {1555876927}, lccn = {{DS646.32.T35} B47 1997}, shorttitle = {Spirits Captured in Stone}, publisher = {Lynne Rienner Publishers}, author = {Bernstein, Jay H}, year = {1997}, keywords = {Borneo, Medicine, Medicine, Traditional, religion, Rites and ceremonies, Shamanism, Social life and customs, Taman {(Bornean} people), {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {This work examines Shamanism and healing practices among the Taman of Borneo. It contributes to contemporary debates in cultural and medical anthropology, the anthropology of religion and magic, ritual, folklore, and Southeast Asian ethnography.} }, @article{walsh_psychological_1997, title = {The Psychological Health of Shamans: A Reevaluation}, volume = {65}, issn = {00027189}, shorttitle = {The Psychological Health of Shamans}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1465820}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion}, author = {Walsh, Roger}, year = {1997}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Spring, 1997 / Copyright © 1997 American Academy of Religion}, pages = {101--124} }, @book{mcneill_latina/o_2008, address = {New York}, title = {Latina/o Healing Practices: Mestizo and Indigenous Perspectives}, isbn = {9780415954204}, lccn = {{GR105.3} {.L38} 2008}, shorttitle = {{Latina/O} Healing Practices}, publisher = {Routledge}, editor = {{McNeill}, Brian and Cervantes, Joseph Michael}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Hispanic Americans, Latin America, Latin Americans, Medicine, Medicine, Traditional, religion, Spiritual Therapies, spirituality, {TRADITIONAL} medicine, United States}, annote = {This edited volume focuses on the role of traditional or indigenous healers, as well as the application of traditional healing practices in contemporary counseling and therapeutic modalities with Latina/o people. The book offers a broad coverage of important topics, such as traditional healer’s views of mental/psychological health and well-being, the use of traditional healing techniques in contemporary psychotherapy, and herbal remedies in psychiatric practice. It also discusses common factors across traditional healing methods and contemporary psychotherapies, the importance of spirituality in counseling and everyday life, the application of indigenous healing practices with Latina/o undergraduates, indigenous techniques in working with perpetrators of domestic violence, and religious healing systems and biomedical models. The book is an important reference for anyone working within the general field of mental health practice and those seeking to understand culturally relevant practice with Latina/o populations.} }, @book{achterberg_imagery_1985, address = {Boston}, edition = {1st ed}, title = {Imagery in Healing: Shamanism and Modern Medicine}, isbn = {0877733074}, lccn = {R726.5 {.A24} 1985}, shorttitle = {Imagery in Healing}, publisher = {New Science Library, Shambhala}, author = {Achterberg, Jeanne}, year = {1985}, keywords = {Imagery {(Psychology)}, Medicine and psychology, Medicine, Psychosomatic, Mind and body}, annote = {This influential book shows how the systematic use of mental imagery can have a positive influence on the course of disease and can help patients to cope with pain. In Imagery in Healing, Jeanne Achterberg brings together modern scientific research and the practices of the earliest healers to support her claim that imagery is the world’s oldest and most powerful healing resource. The book has become a classic in the field of alternative medicine and continues to be read by new generations of health care professionals and lay people. In Imagery in Healing, Achterberg explores in detail the role of the imagination in the healing process. She begins with an exploration of the tradition of shamanism, “the medicine of the imagination,” surveying this time-honored way of touching the nexus of the mind, body, and soul. She then traces the history of the use of imagery within Western medicine, including a look at contemporary examples of how health care professionals have drawn on the power of the imagination through such methods as hypnosis, biofeedback, and the placebo effect. Ultimately, Achterberg looks to the science of immunology to uncover the most effective ground for visualization, and she presents data demonstrating how imagery can have a direct and profound impact on the workings of the immune system. Drawing on art, science, history, anthropology, and medicine, Imagery in Healing offers a highly readable overview of the profound and complex relationship between the imagination and the body.} }, @book{osterreich_native_1998, address = {Westport, Conn}, series = {Bibliographies and indexes in American history}, title = {Native North American Shamanism: An Annotated Bibliography}, isbn = {0313301689}, lccn = {{Z1209.2.N67} O77 1998}, shorttitle = {Native North American Shamanism}, number = {no. 38}, publisher = {Greenwood Press}, author = {Osterreich, Shelley Anne}, year = {1998}, keywords = {Bibliography, Indians of North America, Medicine, North America, religion, Rites and ceremonies, Shamanism} }, @book{hatfield_encyclopedia_2004, address = {Santa Barbara, Calif}, title = {Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions}, isbn = {1576078744}, lccn = {R733 {.H376} 2004}, shorttitle = {Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine}, publisher = {{ABC-CLIO}}, author = {Hatfield, Gabrielle}, year = {2004}, keywords = {Alternative medicine, English, Medicine, Traditional, {TRADITIONAL} medicine} }, @book{schwarz_i_2008, address = {Norman}, title = {I Choose Life: Contemporary Medical and Religious Practices in the Navajo World}, isbn = {9780806139418}, lccn = {{E99.N3} S3577 2008}, shorttitle = {{"I} Choose Life"}, publisher = {University of Oklahoma Press}, author = {Schwarz, Maureen Trudelle}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Christianity and other religions, Indians, North American, Medicine, Medicine, Traditional, Navajo Indians, religion, Religion and Medicine, Shamanism, Southwest, New, Surgery, {TRADITIONAL} medicine}, annote = {This book investigates how Navajos navigate their medically and religiously pluralistic world while coping with illness. Focusing on Navajo attitudes toward invasive procedures, Schwarz reveals the ideological conflicts experienced by Navajo patients and the reasons behind the choices they make to promote their own health and healing.} }, @article{kan_shamanism_1991, title = {Shamanism and Christianity: {Modern-Day} Tlingit Elders Look at the Past}, volume = {38}, issn = {00141801}, shorttitle = {Shamanism and Christianity}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/482478}, abstract = {Shamanism, a key element of the precontact Tlingit culture, was seen by Christian missionaries as one of the worst manifestations of paganism. A relentless campaign waged against the shamans by the missionaries, with the help of military and civil authorities, succeeded: by the final decades of the nineteenth century, the Tlingit had converted to Christianity, and by the 1930s most of the shamans had disappeared. In their effort to reconcile Christianity and the "traditional culture," modern-day Tlingit elders construct various interpretations of shamanism. The article examines these accounts as indigenous history and as ideological statements that challenge the notion of the inferiority of the aboriginal Tlingit religion to Christianity.}, number = {4}, journal = {Ethnohistory}, author = {Kan, Sergei}, year = {1991}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Autumn, 1991 / Copyright © 1991 The American Society for Ethnohistory}, pages = {363--387}, annote = {Shamanism, a key element of the precontact Tlingit culture, was seen by Christian missionaries as one of the worst manifestations of paganism. A relentless campaign waged against the shamans by the missionaries, with the help of military and civil authorities, succeeded: by the final decades of the nineteenth century, the Tlingit had converted to Christianity, and by the 1930s most of the shamans had disappeared. In their effort to reconcile Christianity and the “traditional culture,” modern-day Tlingit elders construct various interpretations of shamanism. The article examines these accounts as indigenous history and as ideological statements that challenge the notion of the inferiority of the aboriginal Tlingit religion to Christianity.} }, @book{macpherson_samoan_2007, title = {Samoan Medical Belief and Practice}, isbn = {0824831330}, publisher = {University of Hawaii Press}, author = {Macpherson, Cluny and Macpherson, La'arasa}, month = jan, year = {2007}, annote = {This comprehensive study of Samoan medicine explores why traditional Samoan medical beliefs and treatments, in the hands of skilled practitioners, continue to flourish alongside Western medical practice.} }, @article{peters_trance_1982, title = {Trance, Initiation, and Psychotherapy in Tamang Shamanism}, volume = {9}, issn = {00940496}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/644310}, abstract = {The "calling" that inflicts the neophyte Tamang shaman is a "creative illness" reflecting an endogenous process that has the structure and function of a rite of passage. Shamanic apprenticeship includes the deliberate induction and mastery of trance states that originally afflicted the shaman. Mastery is equivalent to a psychotherapy, and Tamang initiation involves techniques that are also found in its Western and Eastern (yoga) counterparts. However, it is distinct from both in its social and psychological goals. [shamanism, altered states of consciousness, psychotherapy, religious experience, symbolism]}, number = {1}, journal = {American Ethnologist}, author = {Peters, Larry G.}, month = feb, year = {1982}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Feb., 1982 / Copyright © 1982 American Anthropological Association}, pages = {21--46}, annote = {The “calling” that inflicts the neophyte Tamang shaman is a “creative illness” reflecting an endogenous process that has the structure and function of a rite of passage. Shamanic apprenticeship includes the deliberate induction and mastery of trance states that originally afflicted the shaman. Mastery is equivalent to a psychotherapy, and Tamang initiation involves techniques that are also found in its Western and Eastern (yoga) counterparts. However, it is distinct from both in its social and psychological goals. [shamanism, altered states of consciousness, psychotherapy, religious experience, symbolism]} }, @article{mcclenon_shamanic_1997, title = {Shamanic Healing, Human Evolution, and the Origin of Religion}, volume = {36}, issn = {00218294}, url = {http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.bu.edu/stable/1387852}, abstract = {It is likely that {"Homo} sapiens" practiced shamanic healing for many millennia. Studies within anthropology, folklore, hypnosis, medical history, psychoneuroimmunology, and religion support the argument that suggestions embedded within shamanic rituals have therapeutic effects. Shamanic/hypnotic suggestions may reduce pain, enhance healing, control blood loss, facilitate childbirth, and alleviate psychological disorders. Those more responsive to such suggestions are hypothesized to have a survival advantage over the less susceptible. As a consequence, shamanic rituals selected for genotypes associated with hypnotizability, a trait correlated with frequency of anomalous and religious experiences. With the evolution of psychophysiological structures associated with hypnotizability, modern forms of religious sentiment became possible.}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion}, author = {{McClenon}, James}, month = sep, year = {1997}, note = {{ArticleType:} primary\_article / Full publication date: Sep., 1997 / Copyright © 1997 Society for the Scientific Study of Religion}, pages = {345--354}, annote = {It is likely that {“Homo} sapiens” practiced shamanic healing for many millennia. Studies within anthropology, folklore, hypnosis, medical history, psychoneuroimmunology, and religion support the argument that suggestions embedded within shamanic rituals have therapeutic effects. Shamanic/hypnotic suggestions may reduce pain, enhance healing, control blood loss, facilitate childbirth, and alleviate psychological disorders. Those more responsive to such suggestions are hypothesized to have a survival advantage over the less susceptible. As a consequence, shamanic rituals selected for genotypes associated with hypnotizability, a trait correlated with frequency of anomalous and religious experiences. With the evolution of psychophysiological structures associated with hypnotizability, modern forms of religious sentiment became possible.} }, @article{lyons_magical_1987, title = {Magical medicine on television : Benin City, Nigeria}, volume = {1}, issn = {0890-1112}, shorttitle = {Magical medicine on television}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Ritual Studies}, author = {Lyons, Andrew P. and Lyons, Harriet D.}, year = {1987}, keywords = {Edo National Church of God, Healing, Spiritual, Idahosa, Benson Andrew, Abp, 1938-1998, Mass media in religion, National Religious Broadcasters, {Nigeria--Religion}, peer reviewed, {Sects--Africa}}, pages = {103--136} }