Physical (aggression):
Active:
Stabbing
Punching
Shooting
Hiring an assassin
Setting booby trap
Passive:
Sit-in
Refusal to move from a sit in
Verbal (aggression):
Active:
Insults or put-downs
Spreading rumors or gossip
Passive:
Refusing to speak or answer questions
Failing to speak up in someone?s defense
Adolescence:
Views, cultures, and opportunities for adolescents have changed over the years
It?s a period of development between puberty and adulthood
"Puberty:"
The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction
Psychology of Adolescence:
Externalizing Problems:
More common in boys

Internalizing Problems:
More common in girls
Extreme turmoil and unhappiness in adolescence is not the "norm;" it?s an exception.
Preteens who encounter problems are often reacting to specific changes in the environment
In adolescents, there is an increasing need for autonomy and individualism:
Does NOT mean they want to separate completely from parents;
Many Adolescents?Close emotional bonds w/parents
The conflict between parents and children:
~Parents need to understand that their children want their support, but WITHOUT having them obstruct individualism and autonomy.
Marcia?s Model of Identity Formation (2 Examples):
Have Life Alternatives Been Considered?
YES:
~ Identity Achievement
NO:
~ Identity Foreclosure
~ "Moratorium" (= "I?m not prepared to make a decision")
Is There Personal Commitment?
YES:
~ "This fits my talents and my interests"
NO:
~ Identity Confusion ("I really have no idea; there are so many possibilities.")

Gender Development:
Sex:
Anatomical and physiological attributes

Gender:
Learned cultural and physiological attributes considered "appropriate" for the sexes.
Gender Identity:
Fundamental sense of maleness or femaleness
"Gender Identity Crisis:"
~ "Am I a man or a woman?"
Gender Socialization (Sex Typing):
Process by which boys and girls learn what it means to be masculine and feminine
Gender Schema:
Broadly inclusive categories of what it means to be male or female
Many feel uncomfortable if categories are violated (e.g., people will look at you in a strange way)