Germinal Stage (0-14 days):
Fertilized Egg ("zygote"):
Divides
Attaches to uterine wall
Outside becomes placenta, inner part becomes embryo
Embryonic Stage (After implantation; 2 weeks ? 8th week):
"Embryo:"
Develops webbed fingers and toes.
Harmful Influences on Prenatal Development:
"Teratogens:"
Harmful influences that can cross the placental barrier.
German Measles (most common: deafness)
X-rays or other radiation (abnormalities and deformities)
Toxic Chemicals (E.g., Lead)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (E.g., Syphilis-MIR)
Cigarette Smoking (Miscarriage, Premature Birth)
Heavy Alcohol Consumption (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
Prescription and nonprescription drugs
Influences on Mental (Miscarriage):
Stress
Fighting

Some Examples/Stages of Motor Development:
Fetal Position:
0 Month
Chin Up:
1 Month
Chest Up:
2 Months
Reach And Miss:
3 Months
Sit With Support:
4 Months
Sit On Lap, Grasp Object:
5 Months
Sit On High Chair; Grasp Untangling Object:
6 Months
Sit Alone:
7 Months
(?etc!)!
Milestones In Language Development:
12 Weeks:
Smiles when talked to
Makes cooing sounds
16 Weeks:
Turns head in response to human voice
20 Weeks:
Makes vocal and consonant sounds while cooing
6 Months:
Cooing changes to babbling, which contains all sounds of human speech
8 Months:
Certain syllables repeated (E.g., "Ma-Ma")
12 Months:
Understands some words
May say a few words
18 Months:
Can produce up to 50 words
24 Months:
Has vocabulary of more than 50 words
Uses some two-word phrases
30 Months:
Vocabulary increases to several hundred words
Uses phrases of 3-5 words
36 Months:
Vocabulary of about 1,000 words
48 Months:
Most basic aspects of language well established
Piaget?s Stages of Cognitive Development:
Sensorimotor Stage (ages birth to 2 years):
Learns through active interaction w/the environment
Becomes aware of cause-effect relationships
Learns that objects exist even when not in view
Imitates crudely the actions of others
Preoperational Stage (ages 2 to 6 years):
Begins by being very egocentric
Language and mental representations develop
Objects are classified on just one characteristic at a time
Concrete Operations Stage (ages 7 to 12 years):
*Conservation of liquid:
--Child is shown 2 identical glasses w/equal amounts of liquid
--Experimenter pours liquid from one glass into tall container.
  * Conservation of substance:
   --Child is shown 2 equal balls of clay
--Experimenter flattens one ball of clay
  *Conservation of number:
   --Child is shown 2 rows of buttons
  --Experimenter moves some of the buttons around (spreads the buttons out so they?re not in rows)
 * Develops conservation of volume, length, mass, etc.
 * Organizes objects into ordered categories
 * Understands relational terms (E.g., "bigger than," "above")

Parental Styles:
Authoritarian:
Too much power, too little nurturance
= Poorer social skills
= Lower school performance

Permissive:
Nurturing
Too little control and too few demands for mature behavior.
= Impulsive
= Immature
= Irresponsible
= Academically Unmotivated
Authoritative:
High but reasonable expectations
Teach children how to meet expectations
Emotional support (E.g., 2-way communication)
Induction
= Good self-control
=high self-esteem and self-efficacy
= Independent
= Mature
= Helpful
= Do better in school