Syllabus, Fall 2020
Boston University
Version date: Sep 7, 2020

Logistics

Meeting time: Tuesday & Thursday 9:30–10:45am (U.S. Eastern Time)
Location: PSY 150 (64 Cummington Mall) and via Zoom (see Blackboard for connection details)

Instructor

Joseph T. McGuire, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences
Office hours: via Zoom, Friday 10am–12pm or by appointment (see Blackboard)
Email:

Textbook, readings, and software

We will use the following textbook:
Principles of fMRI, by Martin A. Lindquist and Tor D. Wager, published by Leanpub. You can buy the book in PDF format at this URL.

Other readings will be drawn from the primary literature and distributed via Blackboard.

The following textbook is OPTIONAL supplemental reading:
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 3rd Edition, by Scott A. Huettel, Allen W. Song, & Gregory McCarthy, published by Sinauer Associates.

For in-class exercises and demonstrations we will use the Connectome Workbench software package. We will talk about this in more detail in the first few class meetings. Information about installing Connectome Workbench is at this URL.

We will also use R and RStudio. You can download RStudio at this URL.

Description and learning objectives

This course is about cognitive neuroscience: how the human brain implements the information-processing functions of the human mind. We will approach this topic with an emphasis on research methods. How do we know what we know? What can we measure? What are the pitfalls and controversies in making inferences from complex human neuroscience data sets?

The goals of the course are for you (1) to become familiar with important findings and big unknowns in cognitive neuroscience, (2) to understand the tools available for addressing those unknowns, and (3) to hone your general skills for reading scientific papers and drawing conclusions from quantitative data.

Prerequisites

Course format

Tuesday classes will generally begin with small-group discussions of the week’s readings. You are expected to complete the reading several days in advance and participate in an online discussion forum before class (see details below). Thursday classes will often start with a short quiz, and then we will usually spend time on a data-oriented, hands-on exercise.

COVID-19 and Learn from Anywhere

We will follow BU’s “Learn from Anywhere” model this semester. We will establish a system of rotating attendance by dividing the class into “teams” and having each team attend in person for one week at a time. (More detail about the attendance rotation system is in the weekly schedule below.) You may attend any/all classes remotely if you prefer, but you may only attend in person when it’s your team’s week. Everyone must wear a mask while in the classroom and must be in full compliance with BU’s public health protocols (including COVID-19 testing, symptom reporting, etc).

Classes will be broadcast via a Zoom link available on Blackboard. Remote students are encouraged to participate synchronously at our scheduled class time. I understand there may be circumstances that make synchronous attendance impossible in some cases. We can accommodate asynchronous participation, but please discuss it with me.

Lecture-style portions of the class will be recorded, but group discussions will not be. Recordings and slides will be made available to enrolled students via Blackboard.

Students attending in person should bring a laptop and headphones to class in order to engage in small-group discussions with classmates who are attending remotely, and in order to participate in data exercises and quizzes. Let me know if that’s a burden.

Everything in this section is subject to change as pandemic conditions evolve.

Expected work and grading

Reading responses and discussion forum participation (25%)

Most weeks there will be three assigned readings. Usually at least one will be an overview/review paper and at least one will be an empirical research article. Sometimes one of the readings will be a textbook section. Readings will be posted on Blackboard together with a short introductory video and a set of discussion prompts.

Each student will be part of a Blackboard discussion forum with a subgroup of the class. Your assignment each week is to watch the video, read the readings, post comments in response to the discussion prompts, and then post replies to some of your classmates’ comments. Your initial post on the upcoming week’s readings is due by Sunday night. At 8am Monday (Boston time) I will open the forum so you can see each other’s posts. Between then and the start of class Tuesday, please post replies to at least two of your classmates’ comments.

The length of your initial post should be approximately one paragraph per reading (three paragraphs total in a typical week). Forum comments will be graded based on the degree to which they are thoughtful, creative, and responsive to the discussion prompts. The lowest two grades will be dropped (so, if you like, you can skip the online discussion for two weeks). Late posts can receive partial credit as long as they are submitted before class.

At the beginning of Tuesday’s class, you will have some time to talk with your group in a Zoom breakout room. One member of each group will be designated the discussion leader each week. The discussion leader’s job is to guide the small-group discussion and report out highlights of the discussion to the whole class afterward.

In-class participation and quizzes (25%)

We will often have a short, online, open-notes quiz at the beginning of class on Thursdays. I will give you a lot of information beforehand about what to expect on each quiz.

In many of our Thursday classes we’ll then do an in-class exercise that involves interacting with data. I will ask you to complete a worksheet as you work through the exercise. You are not graded directly on the results you obtain, but you are expected to engage actively with the exercise. Working in groups is encouraged, and we will set up Zoom breakout groups for that purpose.

Written assignment 1: “News & Views” commentary (25%)

Many academic journals publish commentaries on new scientific papers, written by researchers who were not involved in the work. These are typically a few pages long and accomplish three things: (1) summarize the paper, (2) explain its importance in the the context of the field, and (3) gently point out some of its potential limitations.

Your assignment is to write an approximately 1000-word “News & Views” style commentary on a published research article in human cognitive neuroscience from 2019 or later. You are responsible for picking a target article that we have not read in class and that did not have an associated commentary when it was published.

Your topic (your choice of a target paper) is due via Blackboard by the end of the day on Friday Oct. 9, and your commentary is due via Blackboard by the end of the day on Friday Oct. 23.

Written assignment 2: Research proposal (25%)

Your assigment by the end of the semester is to develop a proposal for a new research project in some area of human cognitive neuroscience, and describe the proposed project in a concise paper. You should describe the background and motivation for your proposal, your hypothesis, the methods you would use, and the possible outcomes. I encourage you to start thinking about this early in the semester, and I am more than happy to discuss it with you!

The format for the paper is modeled after the Research Plan for an NSF fellowship application (2 pages long, single-spaced). More details about the format will be provided later in the semester.

Your topic is due via Blackboard by the end of the day on Friday Nov. 13. You will lead a 10-minute small-group discussion about your research proposal during class on Tuesday Dec. 8. The paper is due via Blackboard by the end of the day on Tuesday Dec. 15.

Academic integrity

You are responsible for adhering to the applicable Academic Conduct Code:

Please make sure you are familiar with those documents, as they describe how academic misconduct is defined and how any instances of possible misconduct will be handled.

Tentative schedule

Specific topics and readings are subject to change; refer to Blackboard for the latest information.

Students attending in person will be assigned to “Team Sulcus” or “Team Gyrus” and one team will be able to attend in person each week as noted below.

Introduction: Thursday Sep. 3

Fully remote

Course introduction.

Week 1: Tuesday Sep. 8 & Thursday Sep. 10

Team Sulcus attends in person

Neuroanatomy and localization of function.

  • Kanwisher, N. (2010). Functional specificity in the human brain: A window into the functional architecture of the mind. PNAS, 107, 11163–11170.
  • Poldrack, R.A., & Farah, M.J. (2015). Progress and challenges in probing the human brain. Nature, 526, 371–379.
Week 2: Tuesday Sep. 15 & Thursday Sep. 17

Team Gyrus attends in person

Healthy aging, neurodegenerative disease, and focal brain injury.

  • Lindquist & Wager book, part 1 (pp. 1–43).
  • Rorden, C., & Karnath, H.-O. (2004). Using human brain lesions to infer function: A relic from a past era in the fMRI age? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 813–819.
  • Schöll, M., Lockhart, S.N., Schonhaut, D.R., O’Neil, J.P., Janabi, M., Ossenkoppele, R., … Jagust, W.J. (2016). PET imaging of tau deposition in the aging human brain. Neuron, 89, 971–982.
Week 3: Tuesday Sep. 22 & Thursday Sep. 24

Team Sulcus attends in person

Electroencephalography, electrocorticography, and local field potential.

  • Fabiani, M., Gratton, G., Coles, M.G.H. (2000) Event-related brain potentials: Methods, theory, and applications. In Handbook of Psychophysiology (J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary, & G.G. Berntson, Eds.) pp. 53–84.
  • Gehring, W.J., Goss, B., Coles, M.G.H., Meyer, D.E., & Donchin, E. (1993). A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 4, 385–390.
  • Burke, J.F., Sharan, A.D., Sperling, M.R., Ramayya, A.G., Evans, J.J., Healey, M.K., … Kahana, M.J. (2014). Theta and high-frequency activity mark spontaneous recall of episodic memories. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 11355–11365.
Week 4: Tuesday Sep. 29 & Thursday Oct. 1

Team Gyrus attends in person

MR signal generation, image formation, and BOLD contrast.

  • Lindquist & Wager book, part 2 (pp. 44–72).
  • Logothetis, N.K. (2008). What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI. Nature, 453, 869–878.
    • and associated supplemental information
  • Heeger, D.J., & Ress, D. (2002). What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 142–151.
Week 5: Tuesday Oct. 6 & Thursday Oct. 8 — News & Views paper topics due Friday Oct. 9.

Team Sulcus attends in person

Mapping early visual responses.

  • Wandell, B.A., Dumoulin, S.O., & Brewer, A.A. (2007). Visual field maps in human cortex. Neuron, 56, 366–383.
  • Kamitani, Y., & Shimojo, S. (1999). Manifestation of scotomas created by transcranial magnetic stimulation of human visual cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 767–771.
  • Kay, K.N., Naselaris, T., Prenger, R.J., & Gallant, J.L. (2008). Identifying natural images from human brain activity. Nature, 452, 352–355.
Week 6: Thursday Oct. 15 (no Tuesday class)

Fully remote

Processing and analyzing functional MRI data.

  • Lindquist & Wager book, part 3 (pp. 73–109).
  • Botvinik-Nezer, R., Holzmeister, F., Camerer, C.F., Dreber, A., Huber, J., Johannesson, M., … Schonberg, T. (2020). Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams. Nature.
Week 7: Tuesday Oct. 20 & Thursday Oct. 22 — News & Views papers due Friday Oct. 23

Team Gyrus attends in person

Experimental design and inference.

  • D’Esposito, M., Postle, B.R., Ballard, D., & Lease, J. (1999). Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory: An event-related fMRI study. Brain and Cognition, 41, 66–86.
  • Finn, E.S., Huber, L., Jangraw, D.C., Molfese, P.J., & Bandettini, P.A. (2019). Layer-dependent activity in human prefrontal cortex during working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 22, 1687–1695.
  • Iacoboni, M. (2007). This is your brain on politics. New York Times.
    • and associated commentaries
Week 8: Tuesday Oct. 27 & Thursday Oct. 29

Team Sulcus attends in person

Brain networks and functional connectivity.

  • Buckner, R.L., Krienen, F.M., & Yeo, B.T.T. (2013). Opportunities and limitations of intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 16, 832–837.
  • Fedorenko, E., Duncan, J., & Kanwisher, N. (2013). Broad domain generality in focal regions of frontal and parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 16616–16621.
  • Fair, D.A., Cohen, A.L., Dosenbach, N.U.F., Church, J.A., Miezin, F.M., Barch, D.M., … Schlaggar, B.L. (2008). The maturing architecture of the brain’s default network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 4028–4032.
Week 9: Tuesday Nov. 3 & Thursday Nov. 5

Team Gyrus attends in person

Meta-analysis and data aggregation.

  • Poldrack, R.A. (2011). Inferring mental states from neuroimaging data: From reverse inference to large-scale decoding. Neuron, 72, 692–697.
  • Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R.A., Nichols, T.E., Van Essen, D.C., & Wager, T.D. (2011). Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. Nature Methods, 8, 665–670.
  • Bartra, O., McGuire, J.T., & Kable, J.W. (2013). The valuation system: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. NeuroImage, 76, 412–427.
Week 10: Tuesday Nov. 10 & Thursday Nov. 12 — Research proposal topics due Friday Nov. 13

Team Sulcus attends in person

Pattern analysis and decoding.

  • Lindquist & Wager book, part 4 (pp. 110–132).
  • Haxby, J.V, Gobbini, M.I., Furey, M.L., Ishai, A., Schouten, J.L., & Pietrini, P. (2001). Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science, 293, 2425–2430.
  • Woo, C.-W., Koban, L., Kross, E., Lindquist, M.A., Banich, M.T., Ruzic, L., … Wager, T.D. (2014). Separate neural representations for physical pain and social rejection. Nature Communications, 5, 5380.
Week 11: Tuesday Nov. 17 & Thursday Nov. 19

Team Gyrus attends in person

Brain stimulation.

  • Parvizi, J., Jacques, C., Foster, B. L., Withoft, N., Rangarajan, V., Weiner, K.S., & Grill-Spector, K. (2012). Electrical stimulation of human fusiform face-selective regions distorts face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 14915–14920.
  • Mayberg, H.S., Lozano, A.M., Voon, V., McNeely, H.E., Seminowicz, D., Hamani, C., … Kennedy, S.H. (2005). Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron, 45, 651–660.
  • Riva-Posse, P., Choi, K.S., Holtzheimer, P.E., McIntyre, C.C., Gross, R.E., Chaturvedi, A., … Mayberg, H.S. (2014). Defining critical white matter pathways mediating successful subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry, 76, 963–969.
Tuesday Nov. 24 (pre-Thanksgiving)

Plans for class TBA.

Week 12: Tuesday Dec. 1 & Thursday Dec. 3

Team Sulcus attends in person

Individual differences and prediction of future behavior.

  • Vul, E., Harris, C., Winkielman, P., & Pashler, H. (2009). Puzzlingly high correlations in fMRI studies of emotion, personality, and social cognition. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 274–290.
  • Heller, A.S., Shi, T.C., Ezie, C.E.C., Reneau, T.R., Baez, L.M., Gibbons, C.J., & Hartley, C.A. (2020). Association between real-world experiential diversity and positive affect relates to hippocampal–striatal functional connectivity. Nature Neuroscience, 23, 800–804.
  • Falk, E.B., Berkman, E.T., & Lieberman, M.D. (2012). From neural responses to population behavior. Psychological Science, 23, 439–445.
Week 13: Tuesday Dec. 8 & Thursday Dec. 10

Team Gyrus attends in person

Course wrap-up and ten-minute small-group presentations of research proposals.

Research proposal papers due Tuesday Dec. 15