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REAGENTS |
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Inhibitors of Rel/NF-kB
The following tables list compounds that have been reported
in the
literature to inhibit NF-kB or activation of the pathway |
| Molecule | ||
| a-Lipoic acid | Sen et al, 1998; Suzuki et al, 1992 | |
| a-tocopherol | Islam et al, 1998 | |
| Aged garlic extract (allicin) | Ide & Lau, 2001; Lang et al, 2004; Hasan et al, 2007 | |
| 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) | Yun et al, 2005 | |
| N-acetyldopamine dimers (from P. cicadae) | Xu et al, 2006 | |
| Allopurinol | Gomez-Cabrera et al, 2006 | |
| Anetholdithiolthione | Sen et al, 1996 | |
| Apocynin | Barbieri et al, 2004 | |
| Apple juice/extracts | Shi & Jiang, 2002; Davis et al, 2006; Jung et al, 2009 | |
| Aretemsia p7F (5,6,3',5'-tetramethoxy 7,4'-hydroxyflavone) | Lee et al, 2004 | |
| Astaxanthin | Lee et al, 2003 | |
| Autumn olive extracts; olive leaf extracts | Wang et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2008 | |
| Avenanthramides (from oats) | Guo et al, 2007; Sur et al, 2008 | |
| Bamboo culm extract | Lee et al, 2008 | |
| Benidipine | Matsubara & Hazegawa, 2004 | |
| bis-eugenol | Murakami et al, 2003 | |
| Bruguiera gymnorrhiza compounds | Homhual et al, 2006 | |
| Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) | Israël et al, 1992; Schulze-Osthoff et al, 1993 | |
| Cepharanthine | Okamoto et al, 1994; Tamatani et al, 2007 | |
| Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, CAPE) | Natarajan et al, 1996; Nagasaka et al, 2007 | |
| Carnosol | Lo et al, 2002; Huang et al, 2005 | |
| beta-Carotene | Bai et al, 2005; Guruvayoorappan & Kuttan, 2007 | |
| Carvedilol | Yang et al, 2003 | |
| Catechol Derivatives | Suzuki & Packer, 1994; Zheng et al, 2008 | |
| Centaurea L (Asteraceae) extracts | Karamenderes et al, 2007 | |
| Chalcone | Liu et al, 2007 | |
| Chlorogenic acid | Feng et al, 2005 | |
| 5-chloroacetyl-2-amnio-1,3-selenazoles | Nam et al, 2008 | |
| Cholestin | Lin et al, 2007 | |
| Chroman-2-carboxylic acid N-substituted phenylamides | Kwak et al, 2008 | |
| Cocoa polyphenols | Lee et al, 2006 | |
| Coffee extract (3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione) | Chung et al, 2007 | |
| Crataegus pinnatifida polyphenols | Kao et al, 2007 | |
| Curcumin (Diferulolylmethane); dimethoxycurcumin; EF24 analog | Singh & Aggarwal, 1995; Pae et al, 2008; Kasinski et al, 2008 | |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS) | Iwasaki et al, 2004; Liu et al, 2005 | |
| Dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans | Cho et al, 2002 | |
| Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) | Schreck et al, 1992 | |
| Diferoxamine | Sappey et al, 1995; Schreck et al, 1992 | |
| Dihydroisoeugenol; isoeugenol; epoxypseudoisoeugenol-2-methyl butyrate | Murakami et al, 1995; Park et al, 2007; Ma et al, 2008 | |
| Dihydrolipoic Acid | Suzuki et al, 1992, 1995 | |
| Dilazep + fenofibric acid | Sonoki et al, 2003; Yang et al, 2005 | |
| Dimethyldithiocarbamates (DMDTC) | Pyatt et al, 1998 | |
| Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) | Kelly et al, 1994 | |
| Disulfiram | Schreck et al, 1992 | |
| Ebselen | Schreck et al, 1992 | |
| Edaravone | Kokura et al, 2005; Arii et al, 2007; Yoshida et al, 2007 | |
| EPC-K1 (phosphodiester compound of vitamin E and vitamin C) | Hirano et al, 1998 | |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG; green tea polyphenols) | Lin & Lin, 1997; Yang et al,1998; Hou et al, 2007 | |
| Ergothioneine | Rahman et al, 2003 | |
| Ethyl Pyruvate (Glutathione depletion) | Song et al, 2004; Tsung et al, 2005; Jimenez-Lopez et al, 2008 | |
| Ethylene Glycol Tetraacetic Acid (EGTA) | Janssen et al, 1999 | |
| Eupatilin | Lee et al, 2008 | |
| Exercise | Goto et al, 2007 | |
| Fisetin | Park et al, 2006; Sung et al, 2007 | |
| Flavonoids (Crataegus; Boerhaavia diffusa root; xanthohumol; Eupatorium arnottianum; genistein; kaempferol; quercetin, daidzein; flavone; isorhamnetin; naringenin; pelargonidin; finestin; Sophora flavescens; Seabuckthorn fruit berry) | Zhang et al, 2004; Chen et al, 2004; Pandey et al, 2005; Albini et al, 2005; Colgate et al, 2006; Clavin et al, 2007; Hamalainen et al, 2008; Zheng et al, 2008; Jung et al, 2008; Mishra et al, 2008 | |
| Folic acid | Au-Yeung et al, 2006 | |
| Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) | Manna et al, 1999 | |
| Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides | Zhang et al, 2003; Ho et al, 2007 | |
| Garcinol (from extract of Garcinia indica fruit rind) | Liao et al, 2004 | |
| Ginkgo biloba extract | Chen et al, 2003 | |
| Glutathione | Cho et al, 1998; Schreck et al, 1992; Wang et al, 2007 | |
| Guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) | Murakami et al, 2007 | |
| Hematein | Choi et al, 2003 | |
| Hinokitiol | Byeon et al, 2008 | |
| HMCO5 herbal extract | Kim et al, 2007 | |
| Hydroquinone | Pyatt et al, 1998; Yang et al, 2006 | |
| 23-hydroxyursolic acid | Shin et al, 2004 | |
| IRFI 042 (Vitamin E-like compound) | Altavilla et al, 2001 | |
| Iron tetrakis | Kang et al, 2001 | |
| Isosteviol | Xu et al, 2008 | |
| Isovitexin | Lin et al, 2005 | |
| Isoliquiritigenin | Kumar et al, 2007; Kim et al, 2008; Kim et al, 2008 | |
| Kallistatin | Shen et al, 2008 | |
| Kangen-karyu extract | Satoh et al, 2005; Yokozawa et al, 2007 | |
| L-cysteine | Mihm et al, 1991 | |
| Lacidipine | Cominacini et al, 1997 | |
| Lazaroids | Marubayashi et al, 2002 | |
| Ligonberries | Wang et al, 2005 | |
| Lupeol | Saleem et al, 2004; Lee et al, 2007 | |
| Lutein | Kim et al, 2008 | |
| Magnolol | Chen et al, 2002; Ou et al, 2006; Kim et al, 2007 | |
| Maltol | Yang et al, 2006 | |
| Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) | Manna et al, 1998 | |
| Extract of the stem bark of Mangifera indica L. | Leiro et al, 2004; Garrido et al, 2005 | |
| Melatonin | Gilad et al, 1998; Mohan et al, 1995; Li et al, 2005 | |
| 21 (alpha, beta)-methylmelianodiol | Zhou et al, 2007 | |
| Mulberry anthocyanins | Chen et al, 2006 | |
| N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) | Schreck et al, 1991 | |
| Nacyselyn (NAL) | Antonicelli et al, 2002 | |
| Nordihydroguaiaritic acid (NDGA) | Brennan & O'Neill, 1998; Israël et al,1992; Schulze-Osthoff et al, 1993; Staal et al, 1993 | |
| Ochnaflavone | Suh et al, 2006 | |
| Onion extract (2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyranone) | Ban et al, 2007; Tang et al, 2008 | |
| Orthophenanthroline | Schreck et al, 1992 | |
| N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl) homoserine lactone | Kravchenko et al, 2008 | |
| Paricalcitol | Tan et al, 2008 | |
| Phenolic antioxidants (Hydroquinone and tert-butyl hydroquinone) | Ma et al, 2003 | |
| alkenylphenols from Piper obliquum | Valdivia et al, 2008 | |
| alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) | Kotake et al, 1998;Lin et al, 2006 | |
| Phenylarsine oxide (PAO, tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) | Arbault et al, 1998 | |
| Phyllanthus urinaria | Chularojmontri et al, 2005; Shen et al, 2007 | |
| Phytosteryl ferulates (rice bran) | Islam et al, 2008; Jung et al, 2008 | |
| Piper longum Linn. extract | Singh et al, 2007 | |
| Pitavastatin | Tounai et al, 2007; Wang & Kitajima, 2007 | |
| Prodelphinidin B2 3, 3' di-O-gallate | Hou et al, 2007 | |
| Pterostilbene | Cichocki et al, 2008; Pan et al, 2009 | |
| Pyrrolinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) | Schreck et al, 1992 | |
| Quercetin | Musonda & Chipman, 1998; Shih et al, 2004; Garcia-Mediavilla et al, 2006; Ruiz et al, 2007; Min et al, 2007; Kim et al, 2007 | |
| Red orange extract | Cimini et al, 2008 | |
| Red wine | Blanco-Colio et al, 2000; Cui & He, 2004 | |
| Ref-1 (redox factor 1) | Ozaki et al, 2002 | |
| Rg(3), a ginseng derivative | Keum et al, 2003 | |
| Rotenone | Schulze-Osthoff et al, 1993 | |
| Roxithromycin | Ueno et al, 2005; Ou et al, 2008 | |
| Rutin | Kyung et al, 2008 | |
| S-allyl-cysteine (SAC, garlic compound) | Geng et al, 1997 | |
| Salogaviolide (Centaurea ainetensis) | Ghantous et al, 2008 | |
| Sauchinone | Lee et al, 2003; Hwang et al, 2003 | |
| Silybin | Gazak et al, 2007 | |
| Spironolactone | Han et al, 2006 | |
| Strawberry extracts | Wang et al, 2005 | |
| Taxifolin | Wang et al, 2005 | |
| Tempol | Cuzzocrea et al, 2004 | |
| Tepoxaline (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-hydroxy-(4-methoxyphenyl) -N-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-propanamide) | Kazmi et al, 1995; Ritchie et al, 1995 | |
| Thio avarol derivatives | Amigo et al, 2007; Amigo et al, 2008 | |
| Thymoquinone | El Gazzar et al, 2007;l Sethi et al, 2008 | |
| Tocotrienol (palm oil) | Wu et al, 2008 | |
| Tomato peel polysaccharide | De Stefano et al, 2007 | |
| UDN glycoprotein (Ulmus davidiana Nakai) | Lee & Lim, 2007 | |
| Vaccinium stamineum (deerberry) extract | Wang et al, 2007 | |
| Vanillin (2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) | Murakami et al, 2007 | |
| Vitamin C | Staal et al, 1993; Son et al, 2004 | |
| Vitamin B6 | Yanaka et al, 2005 | |
| Vitamin E and derivatives | Suzuki & Packer, 1993; Ekstrand-Hammarstrom et al, 2007; Glauert, 2007 | |
| a-torphryl succinate | Staal et al, 1993; Suzuki & Packer, 1993 | |
| a-torphryl acetate | Suzuki & Packer, 1993 | |
| PMC (2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychromane) | Suzuki & Packer, 1993 | |
| Yakuchinone A and B | Chun et al, 2002 |
Table 2a Proteasome and proteases inhibitors that inhibit Rel/NF-kB
| Molecule | References |
| Proteasome inhibitors | |
| Peptide Aldehydes: | Palombella et al, 1994; Grisham et al, 1999; Jobin et al, 1998 |
|
ALLnL
(N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucynil-norleucynal, MG101)
|
|
|
LLM (N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucynil-methional)
|
|
|
Z-LLnV
(carbobenzoxyl-leucinyl-leucynil-norvalinal,MG115)
|
|
|
Z-LLL
(carbobenzoxyl-leucinyl-leucynil-leucynal,
MG132)
|
|
| Lactacystine, beta-lactone | Fenteany & Schreiber, 1998; Grisham et al, 1999 |
| Boronic Acid Peptide | Grisham et al, 1999; Iqbal et al, 1995 |
| Dithiocarbamate complexes with metals | Cvek & Dvorak, 2007 |
| CEP-18770 | Piva et al, 2007 |
| Ubiquitin Ligase Inhibitors | Yaron et al, 1997 |
| PS-341 (Bortezomib) | Adams, 2004 |
| Salinosporamide A (1, NPI-0052) | Macherla et al, 2005; Ahn et al, 2007 |
| Cyclosporin A | Frantz et al, 1994; Kunz et al, 1995; Marienfeld et al, 1997; McCaffrey et al, 1994; Meyer et al, 1997; Wechsler et al, 1994 |
| FK506 (Tacrolimus) | Okamoto et al, 1994; Venkataraman et al, 1995 |
| Deoxyspergualin | Tepper et al, 1995 |
| Disulfiram | Lovborg et al, 2005 |
| PT-110 | Momose et al, 2007 |
|
Protease inhibitors |
|
| APNE (N-acetyl-DL-phenylalanine-b-naphthylester) | Higuchi et al, 1995 |
| BTEE (N-benzoyl L-tyrosine-ethylester) | Rossi et al, 1998 |
| DCIC (3,4-dichloroisocoumarin) | D'Acquisto et al, 1998 |
| DFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate) | |
| TPCK (N-a-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone) | |
| TLCK (N-a-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone) | |
Table 2b IkBa phosphorylation and/or degradation inhibitors
| Point of Inhibition | ||
| Desloratadine; diphenhydramine | Histamine H1 receptor | Wu et al, 2004; Scadding, 2005; Roumestan et al, 2008 |
| Bikunin | LPS receptor agonists | Kobayashi, 2006; Kanayama et al, 2007 |
| Ron Tyrosine kinase receptor | Suppresses TNF production | Lentsch et al, 2007 |
| TAK-242 | TLR4 intracellular domain | Kawamoto et al, 2008 |
| Salmeterol, fluticasone propionate | beta2 agonists | Baouz et al, 2005 |
| CPU0213 | Endothelin receptor antagonist | He et al, 2006 |
| Doxazosin | alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist | Hui et al, 2007 |
| Erbin overexpression | NOD2 inhibitor | McDonald et al, 2005 |
| Protein-bound polysaccharide from basidiomycetes | LPS-CD14 interaction | Asai et al, 2005 |
| Anti-CD146 antibody AA98 | upstream of IKK | Bu et al, 2006 |
| Calagualine (fern derivative) | upstream of IKK (TRAF2-NIK) | Manna et al, 2003 |
| NS3/4A (HCV protease) | upstream of IKK | Karayiannis, 2005 |
| golli BG21 (product of myelin basic protein) | upstream of IKK (PKC) | Feng et al, 2004 |
| NPM-ALK oncoprotein | Traf2 inhibition | Horie et al, 2004 |
| NS5A (Hepatitis C virus) | Traf2 inhibition | Park et al, 2002 |
| LY29 and LY30 | PI3 Kinase inhibitors | Choi et al, 2004 |
| Shiga toxin (Enterohemorrhagic E coli) | PI3 Kinase inhibitor | Gobert et al, 2007 |
| Evodiamine (Evodiae Fructus component) | AKT-IKK interaction | Takada et al, 2005 |
| Rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) | up-regulates Raf-1 kinase inhibitor | Jazirehi et al, 2005 |
| Kinase suppressor of ras (KSR2) | MEKK3 inhibitor | Channavajhala et al, 2005 |
| Cholecystokinin ocatpeptide (CCK-8) | p38 kinase | Li et al, 2007 |
| M2L (Vaccinia virus) | ERK2 inhibitor | Gedey et al, 2006; Hinthong et al, 2008 |
| Pefabloc (serine protease inhibitor) | upstream of IKK | Tando et al, 2002 |
| Rocaglamides (Aglaia derivatives) | upstream of IKK | Baumann et al, 2002 |
| Ymer | Binds to Ub-RIP | Bohgaki et al, 2007 |
| Epoxyquinol B | TAK1 crosslinker | Kamiyama et al, 2008 |
| Betaine | NIK/IKK | Go et al, 2004, 2007 |
| TNAP | NIK | Hu et al, 2005 |
| Selected peptides | NEMO binding to Ub | Wyler et al, 2007 |
| Desflurane | IKK complex formation with TNF-R1 | Li et al, 2008 |
| Geldanamycin | IKK complex formation | Chen et al, 2002 |
| Grape seed proanthocyanidins | IKKa activity | Mantena & Katiyar, 2006; Sharma et al, 2007; Cheng et al, 2007; Xu et al, 2008 |
| Laretia acaulis azorellane diterpenoids | IKKa activity | Borquez et al, 2007 |
| MC160 (Molluscum contagiosum virus) | IKKa activity | Nichols & Shisler , 2006 |
| NS5B (Hepatitis C protein) | IKKa activity | Choi et al, 2006 |
| Pomegranate fruit extract | IKKa activity | Afaq et al, 2004; Khan et al, 2006 |
| Tetrandine (plant alkaloid) | IKKa activity | Ho et al, 2004; Xue et al, 2008; Lin et al, 2008 |
| BMS-345541
(4(2'-Aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)
quinoxaline) and 4-amino derivatives |
IKKa and IKKb kinase activity | Burke et al, 2002; Yang et al, 2006; Beaulieu et al, 2006 |
| 1-O-acetylbritannilactone | IKKb activity | Liu et al, 2007 |
| 2-amino-3-cyano-4-aryl-6-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)pyridine derivatives | IKKb activity | Murata et al, 2003, 2004, 2004 |
| Acrolein | IKKb activity/p50 DNA binding | Vallacchi et al, 2005; Lambert et al, 2007 |
| Anandamide | IKKb activity | Sancho et al, 2003 |
| AS602868 | IKKb activity | Frelin et al, 2003: Griessinger et al, 2007 |
| Cobrotoxin | IKKb activity and p50 DNA binding | Park et al, 2005 |
| Core protein (Hepatitis C) | IKKb activity | Joo et al, 2005; Shrivastava et al, 1998 |
| 1-[2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]
imidazole |
IKKb activity | Yore et al, 2006 |
| Dihydroxyphenylethanol | IKKb activity | Guichard et al, 2006 |
| Herbimycin A | IKKb activity | Iwasaki et al, 1992; Mahon & O’Neill, 1995; Ogino et al, 2004 |
| Inhibitor 22 | IKKb activity | Baxter et al, 2004 |
| Isorhapontigenin | IKKb activity | Li et al, 2005 |
| Manumycin A | IKKb activity | Bernier et al, 2005; Frassanito et al, 2005 |
| 6-methyl-2-propolyimino-6,7-dihydro-5H-
benzo[1,3]oxathiol-4-one |
IKKb | Kim et al, 2008 |
| MLB120 (small molecule) | IKKb activity | Nagashima et al, 2006 |
| Naphthopyrones (6-methoxycomaparvin and 6-methooxycomaparvin 5-methyl ether) | IKKb activity | Fulmer et al, 2008 |
| Novel Inhibitor | IKKb activity | Kamon et al, 2004 |
| vIRF3 (KSHV) | IKKb activity | Seo et al, 2004 |
| Nitric oxide | IKKb activity/IkB phosphorylation | Katsuyama et al, 1998; Matthews et al, 1996; Spieker & Liao, 1999; Reynaert et al, 2004 |
| SC-514 (small molecule) | IKKb activity | Kishore et al, 2003 |
| Thienopyridine | IKKb activity | Morwick et al, 2006 |
| Acetyl-boswellic acids | IKK activity | Syrovets et al, 2004, 2005 |
| Amino-pyrimidine derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Benzoimidazole derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| BMS-345541 | IKK activity | Burke et al, 2003 |
| Butein | IKKb activity | Pandey et al, 2007 |
| Beta-carboline | IKK activity | Yoon et al, 2005 |
| CYL-19s and CYL-26z, two synthetic alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone derivatives | IKK activity | Huang et al, 2004 |
| ACHP
(2-amino-6-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-6-
hydroxyphenyl]-4-piperidin-4-yl nicotinonitrile |
IKKb activity (ATP analog) | Sanda et al, 2006 |
| Berberine | IKKb activity | Hu et al, 2007; Yi et al, 2008; Pandey et al, 2008 |
| Compound A | IKKb activity (ATP analog) | Ziegelbauer et al, 2005 |
| Flavopiridol | IKK activity and RelA phosphor. | Takada & Aggarwal, 2003 |
| Cyclopentones | IKKb activity | Bickley et al, 2004 |
| Dehydroascorbic acid (Vitamin C) | IKKb activity | Carcamo et al, 2004 |
| Gossypyin or Gossypium extracts | IKKb activity | Kunnumakkara et al, 2007; Ji et al, 2008 |
| M protein (SARS-Cornonavirus protein) | IKKb activity | Fang et al, 2007 |
| IMD-0354 | IKKb activity | Tanaka et al, 2004, 2006; Inayama et al, 2006 |
| Jesterone dimer | IKKb activity; DNA binding | Liang et al, 2003, 2006 |
| KINK-1 | IKKb activity | Schon et al, 2008 |
| LCY-2-CHO | IKKb activity | Ho et al, 2007 |
| Prolyl hydroxylase-1 | IKKb activity | Cummins et al, 2006 |
| Naphthopyrones (Echinoderm Comanthus parvicirrus) | IKKb activity | Folmer et al, 2007 |
| Neuropeptides CGRP, PACAP and VIP | IKKb activity | Ding et al, 2007 |
| PS-1145 (MLN1145) | IKKb activity | Hideshima et al, 2002 |
| 2-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-
thiophenecarboxamides (TPCA-1) |
IKKb activity | Bonafoux et al, 2005; Podolin et al, 2005 |
| 1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate (Languas galanga) | IKK activity | Ichikawa et al, 2005; Ito et al, 2005 |
| 17-Acetoxyjolkinolide B | IKK activity | Yan et al, 2008 |
| Acute alcohol exposure | IKK activity | Mandrekar et al, 2007 |
| Anacardic acid (6-nonadecyl-salicylic acid) | IKK activity | Sung et al, 2008 |
| Apigenin (plant flavinoid) | IKK activity | Shukla & Gupta, 2004; Yoon et al, 2006 |
| Asiatic acid | IKK activity | Yun et al, 2008 |
| Cardamomin | IKK activity | Lee et al, 2005 |
| CDDO-Me (synthetic triterpenoid) | IKK activity | Shishodia et al, 2006 |
| CHS 828 (anticancer drug) | IKK activity | Olsen et al, 2004 |
| CML-1 | IKK activity | Mo et al, 2006 |
| Compound 5 (Uredio-thiophenecarboxamide derivative) | IKK activity | Roshak et al, 2002 |
| CT20126 | IKK activity/NIK | Lee et al, 2008 |
| Diaylpyridine derivative | IKK activity | Murata et al, 2003 |
| 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (from Chaga) | IKK activity | Sung et al, 2008 |
| Diosgenin | IKK activity | Shishodia & Aggarwal, 2005; Liagre et al, 2005 |
| E3-14.7K (Adenovirus) | IKK activity | Li et al, 1999 |
| E3-10.4K/14.5K (Adenovirus) | IKK activity | Friedman & Horwitz, 2002 |
| E7 (human papillomavirus) | IKK activity | Spitkovsky et al, 2002 |
| Furonaphthoquinone | IKK activity | Shin et al, 2006 |
| Guggulsterone | IKK activity | Ichikawa & Aggarwal, 2006; Deng, 2007; Lv et al, 2008; Lee et al, 2008 |
| HB-EGF (Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor) | IKK activity | Mehta & Besner, 2003 |
| Falcarindol | IKK activity | Shiao et al, 2005 |
| Hammerhead ribozyme to IKKa/b | IKK activity | Yang et al, 2007 |
| Hepatocyte growth factor | IKK activity | Min et al, 2005; Gong et al, 2006 |
| Honokiol | IKK activity | Tse et al, 2005; Munroe et al, 2007 |
| Humulone | IKK activity | Lee et al, 2007 |
| Hypoestoxide | IKK activity | Ojo-Amaize et al, 2001 |
| Indolecarboxamide derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Labdane diterpenoids | IKK activity | Giron et al, 2008 |
| LF15-0195 (analog of 15-deoxyspergualine) | IKK activity | Yang et al, 2003 |
| gamma-mangostin (from Garcinia mangostana) | IKK activity | Nakatani et al, 2004 |
| Garcinone B | IKK activity | Yamakuni et al, 2005 |
| (Amino)imidazolylcarboxaldehyde derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Imidazolylquinoline-carboxaldehyde derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Kahweol | IKK activity | Kim et al, 2004 |
| Kava (Piper methysticum) derivatives | IKK activity | Folmer et al, 2006 |
| Lead | IKK activity | Xu et al, 2006 |
| Marasmius oreades liquid extract | IKK activity | Petrova et al, 2008 |
| Menatetrenone (vitamin K2 analogue) | IKK activity | Ozaki et al, 2007 |
| Metformin | IKK activity | Huang et al, 2008 |
| Mild hypothermia | IKK activity | Han et al, 2003 |
| ML120B | IKK activity | Catley et al, 2006 |
| Morin (3,5,7,2',4'-Pentahydroxyflavone) | IKK activity | Manna et al, 2007 |
| Morusin | IKK activity | Lee et al, 2008 |
| MX781 (retinoid antagonist) | IKK activity | Bayon et al, 2003 |
| N-acetylcysteine | IKK activity | Oka et al, 2000 |
| Nitrosylcobalamin (vitamin B12 analog) | IKK activity | Chawla-Sarkar et al, 2003 |
| NSAIDs | IKK activity | Takada et al, 2004 |
| Hepatits C virus NS5B | IKK activity | Choi et al, 2006 |
| PAN1 (aka NALP2 or PYPAF2) | IKK activity | Bruey et al, 2004 |
| Pectin (citrus) | IKK activity | Chen et al, 2006 |
| Pinitol | IKK activity | Sethi et al, 2008 |
| PMX464 | IKK activity | Callister et al, 2008 |
| Pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinoline derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Pyridooxazinone derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide | IKK activity | Shishodia et al, 2005; Kuefer et al, 2007 |
| Scytonemin | IKK activity | Stevenson et al, 2002 |
| Semecarpus anacardiu extract | IKK activity | Singh et al, 2006 |
| SPC-839 | IKK activity | Palanki et al, 2002 |
| Sulforaphane and phenylisothiocyanate | IKK activity | Xu et al, 2005; Murakami et al, 2007; Liu et al, 2008: Hayes et al, 2008 |
| Survanta (Surfactant product) | IKK activity | Raychaudhuri et al, 2003 |
| Torque Teno virus ORF2 | IKK activity | Zheng et al, 2007 |
| Piceatannol | IKK activity | Islam et al, 2004 |
| Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) | IKK activity | Sandur et al, 2006 |
| IKKb peptide to NEMO binding domain | IKK-NEMO interaction | May et al, 2000 |
| NEMO CC2-LZ peptide | NEMO oligomerization | Agou et al, 2004 |
| AGRO100 (G-quadraplex oligodeoxynucleotide) | NEMO binding | Girvan et al, 2006 |
| PTEN (tumor suppressor) | Activation of IKK | Gustin et al, 2001 |
| Theaflavin (black tea component) | Activation of IKK | Aneja et al, 2004; Ukil et al, 2006; Kalra et al, 2007 |
| Tilianin | Activation of IKK | Nam et al, 2005 |
| Withanolides | Activation of IKK | Ichikawa et al, 2006 |
| Zerumbone | Activation of IKK | Takada et al, 2005 |
| Silibinin | IKKa activity; nuclear translocation | Dhanalakshmi et al, 2002; Singh et al, 2004; Min et al, 2007 |
| Sulfasalazine | IKKa and IKKb kinase activity | Wahl et al, 1998: Weber et al, 2000 |
| Sulfasalazine analogs | IKK kinase activity | Habens et al, 2005 |
| Quercetin | IKK activity | Peet & Li, 1999 |
| Rosmarinic acid | IKK activity | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Staurosporine | IKK activity | Peet & Li, 1999 |
| gamma-Tocotrienol | IKK activity | Shah & Sylvester, 2005; Ahn et al, 2006 |
| Wedelolactone | IKK activity | Kobori et al, 2003 |
| Betulinic acid | IKKa activity and p65 phosphorylation | Takada & Aggarwal, 2003; Rabi et al, 2008 |
| Ursolic acid | IKKa activity and p65 phosphorylation | Shishodia et al, 2003; Manu & Kuttan, 2008 |
| Thalidomide (and thalidomide analogs) | IKK activity | Keifer et al, 2001; Ge et al, 2006; Carcache de-Blanco et al, 2007 |
| Fas-associated factor-1 | IKK assembly | Park et al, 2007 |
| Interleukin-10 | Reduced IKKa and IKKb expression | Tabary et al, 2003 |
| MC160 (molluscum contagiosum virus) | Reduced IKKa expression | Nichols & Shisler, 2006 |
| Monochloramine and glycine chloramine (NH2Cl) | Oxidizes IkB | Kim et al, 2005; Midwinter et al, 2006 |
| GS143 | Blocks IkB ubiquitylation | Nakajima et al, 2008; Hirose et al, 2008 |
| Salmonella Secreted Factor L | Blocks IkB ubiquitylation | Le Negrate et al, 2008 |
| Anethole | Phosphorylation | Chainy et al, 2000 |
| Anti-thrombin III | Phosphorylation | Oelschlager et al, 2002 |
| Artemisia vestita | Phosphorylation | Sun et al, 2006 |
| Aspirin, sodium salicylate | Phosphorylation, IKKbeta | Frantz & O'Neill, 1995; Kopp & Ghosh, 1994; Yin et al, 1998 |
| Azidothymidine (AZT) | Phosphorylation | Ghosh et al, 2003; Kurokawa et al, 2005 |
| Baoganning | Phosphorylation | Tan et al, 2005 |
| BAY-11-7082
(E3((4-methylphenyl)-sulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile) |
Phosphorylation | Pierce et al, 1997 |
| BAY-117083
(E3((4-t-butylphenyl)-sulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile) |
Phosphorylation | Pierce et al, 1997 |
| Benzyl isothiocyanate | Phosphorylation | Srivastava & Singh, 2004 |
| Black raspberry extracts (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(2(G)-xylosylrutinoside), cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside) | Phosphorylation | Huang et al, 2002; Hecht et al, 2006 |
| Buddlejasaponin IV | Phosphorylation | Won et al, 2006 |
| Cacospongionolide B | Phosphorylation | Posadas et al, 2003 |
| Calagualine | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2003 |
| Carbon monoxide | Phosphorylation | Sarady et al, 2002 |
| Carboplatin | Phosphorylation | Singh & Bhat, 2004 |
| Cardamonin | Phosphorylation | Israf et al, 2006 |
| Chorionic gonadotropin | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2000 |
| Cordycepin | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2006; Huang et al., 2007 |
| Crassocephalum rabens galactolipid | Phosphorylation | Hou et al., 2007 |
| Cycloepoxydon; 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-3-pent-1-enylbenzene | Phosphorylation | Gehrt et al, 1998 |
| Cytomegalovirus | Phosphorylation | Jarvis et al, 2006 |
| Decursin | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2006 |
| Delphinidin | Phosphorylation | Syed et al, 2008 |
| Dexanabinol | Phosphorylation | Juttler et al, 2004 |
| Digitoxin | Phosphorylation | Srivastava et al, 2004; Jagielska et al, 2009 |
| Diterpenes (synthetic) | Phosphorylation | Chao et al, 2005 |
| Docosahexaenoic acid | Phosphorylation | Chen et al, 2005; Zand et al, 2008 |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Phosphorylation | Kammanadiminti & Chadee, 2006 |
| Extensively oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) | Phosphorylation | Brand et al, 1997; Page et al, 1999 |
| FBD | Phosphorylation | Lin et al, 2008 |
| FHIT (Fragile histidine triad protein) | Phosphorylation | Nakagawa & Akao, 2006 |
| Fructus Ligustrum lucidi | Phosphorylation | An et al, 2007 |
| Gabexate mesilate | Phosphorylation | Uchiba et al, 2003 |
| [6]-gingerol; casparol | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2005; Aktan et al, 2006; Ishiguro et al, 2007 |
| Gleditsia sinensis thorns extract | Phosphorylation | Ha et al, 2008 |
| Gleevec (Imatanib) | Phosphorylation | Wolf et al, 2005 |
| Glossogyne tenuifolia | Phosphorylation | Wu et al, 2004; Ha et al, 2006 |
| Guggulsterone | Phosphorylation | Shishodia & Aggarwal, 2004 |
| 4-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone | Phosphorylation | Lai et al, 2007 |
| Hydroquinone | Phosphorylation | Kerzic et al, 2003 |
| Ibuprofen | Phosphorylation | Palayoor et al, 1998 |
| Indirubin-3'-oxime | Phosphorylation | Mak et al, 2004 |
| Inonotus obliquus ethanol extract | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2007 |
| Interferon-alpha | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2000 |
| Inhaled isobutyl nitrite | Phosphorylation | Ponnappan et al, 2004 |
| Kaempferol | Phosphorylation | Garcia-Mediavilla et al, 2006; Kim et al, 2007 |
| Kushen flavonoids and kurarinone | Phosphorylation | Han et al, 2006 |
| Licorce extracts | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2006: Kwon et al, 2007 |
| Melatonin | Phosphorylation | Alonso et al, 2006; Tamura et al, 2009 |
| Marine natural products (several) | IKKb/proteasome | Folmer et al, 2009 |
| Methotrexate | Phosphorylation | Majumdar & Aggarwal, 2001; Yozai et al, 2005 |
| Monochloramine | Phosphorylation | Omori et al, 2002 |
| Nafamostat mesilate | Phosphorylation | Noguchi et al, 2003 |
| Obovatol | Phosphorylation | Lee et al, 2008 |
| Oleandrin | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2000; Sreeivasan et al, 2003 |
| Oleanolic acid (Aralia elata) | Phosphorylation | Suh et al, 2007 |
| Omega 3 fatty acids | Phosphorylation | Novak et al, 2003 |
| Panduratin A (from Kaempferia pandurata, Zingiberaceae) | Phosphorylation | Yun et al, 2003 |
| Petrosaspongiolide M | Phosphorylation | Posadas et al, 2003 |
| Pinosylvin | Phosphorylation | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Plagius flosculosus extract polyacetylene spiroketal | Phosphorylation | Calzado et al, 2005 |
| Phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate) | Phosphorylation | Ferry et al, 2002 |
| Pomegranate fruit extract | Phosphorylation | Ahmed et al, 2005 |
| Prostaglandin A1 | Phosphorylation/IKK | Rossi et al, 1997, 2000 |
| 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol (ginsenoside metabolite) | Phosphorylation | Oh et al, 2004; Lee et al, 2005 |
| Rengyolone | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2006 |
| Rottlerin | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2005; Torricelli et al, 2008 |
| Saikosaponin-d | Phosphorylation; Increased IkB | Leung et al, 2005; Dang et al, 2007 |
| Saline (low Na+ istonic) | Phosphorylation | Tabary et al, 2003 |
| Salvia miltiorrhizae water-soluble extract | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| Sanguinarine (pseudochelerythrine, 13-methyl-[1,3]-benzodioxolo-[5,6-c]-1,3-dioxolo-4,5 phenanthridinium) | Phosphorylation | Chaturvedi et al, 1997 |
| Scoparone | Phosphorylation | Jang et al, 2005 |
| Sesaminol glucosides | Phosphorylation | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Shikonins | Phosphorylation | Nam et al, 2008 |
| Silymarin | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 1999; Saliou et al, 1998 |
| Snake venom toxin (Vipera lebetina turanica) | Phosphorylation | Son et al, 2007 |
| SOCS1 | Phosphorylation | Kinjyo et al, 2002; Nakagawa et al, 2002 |
| Spilanthol | Phosphorylation | Wu et al, 2008 |
| Statins (several) | Phosphorylation | Hilgendorff et al, 2003; Han et al, 2004; Planavila et al, 2005 |
| Sulindac | IKK/Phosphorylation | Yamamato et al, 1999 |
| THI 52
(1-naphthylethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-
tetrahydroisoquinoline) |
Phosphorylation | Kang et al, 2003 |
| 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine derivatives | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2004 |
| Tomatidine | Phosphorylation | Chiu & Lin, 2008 |
| Vesnarinone | Phosphorylation | Manna & Aggarwal, 2000; Harada et al, 2005 |
| Xanthoangelol D | Phosphorylation | Sugii et al, 2005 |
| YC-1 | Phosphorylation | Huang et al, 2005 |
| YopJ (encoded by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) | Deubiquintinase for IkBa; Acetylation of IKKbeta | Schesser et al, 1998; Zhou et al, 2005; Mittal et al, 2006; Mukherjee & Orth, 2008 |
| Osmotic stress | IkB ubiquitination | Huangfu et al, 2007 |
| Acetaminophen | Degradation | Mancini et al, 2003 |
| Activated Protein C (APC) | Degradation | Yuksel et al, 2002 |
| Alachlor | Degradation | Shimomura-Shimizu et al, 2005 |
| Allylpyrocatechol | Degradation | Sarkar et al, 2008 |
| a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) | Degradation | Manna & Aggarwal, 1998 |
| Amentoflavone | Degradation | Banerjee et al, 2002; Guruvayoorappan & Kuttan, 2007 |
| Angelica dahurica radix extract | Degradation | Kang et al, 2006 |
| Apple extracts | Degradation/proteasome | Yoon & Liu, 2007 |
| Artemisia capillaris Thunb extract (capillarisin) | Degradation | Hong et al, 2004; Kim et al, 2007; Lee et al, 2007 |
| Artemisia iwayomogi extract | Degradation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| L-ascorbic acid | Degradation | Han et al, 2004 |
| Antrodia camphorata | Degradation | Hseu et al, 2005 |
| Aucubin | Degradation | Jeong et al, 2002 |
| Baicalein | Degradation | Ma et al, 2004 |
| N-(quinolin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamindes | Degradation | Xie et al, 2007 |
| beta-lapachone | Degradation | Manna et al, 1999 |
| Blackberry extract | Degradation | Pergola et al, 2006 |
| 1-Bromopropane | Degradation | Yoshida et al, 2006 |
| Buchang-tang | Degradation | Shin et al, 2005 |
| Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) | Degradation | Singh et al, 1996; Mori et al, 2006; Kang et al, 2007 |
| Catalposide | Degradation | Kim et al, 2004 |
| Clerodendron trichotomum Tunberg Leaves | Degradation | Park & Kim, 2007 |
| Clomipramine/imipramine | Degradation | Hwang et al, 2008 |
| Coptidis rhizoma extract | Degradation | Kim et al, 2007 |
| Cyclolinteinone (sponge sesterterpene) | Degradation | D'Acquisto et al, 2000 |
| DA-9601 (Artemisia asiatica extract) | Degradation | Choi et al, 2006 |
| Diamide (tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) | Degradation | Toledano & Leonard, 1991; Singh & Aggarwal, 1995 |
| Dihydroarteanniun | Degradation | Li et al, 2006 |
| Dobutamine | Degradation | Loop et al, 2004 |
| Docosahexaenoic acid | Degradation | Weldon et al, 2006 |
| E-73 (cycloheximide analog) | Degradation | Sugimoto et al, 2000 |
| Ecabet sodium | Degradation | Kim et al, 2003 |
| Electrical stimulation of vagus nerve | Degradation | Guarini et al, 2003 |
| Emodin (3-methyl-1,6,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) | Degradation | Kumar et al, 1998; Huang et al, 2004 |
| Ephedrae herba (Mao) | Degradation | Aoki et al, 2005 |
| Equol | Degradation | Kang et al, 2005 |
| Erbstatin (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) | Degradation | Natarajan et al, 1998 |
| Estrogen (E2) | Degradation/and various other steps | Sun et al, 1998; Kalaitzidis & Gilmore, 2005; Steffan et al, 2006 |
| Ethacrynic acid | Degradation (and DNA binding) | Han et al, 2004 |
| Fludarabine | Degradation | Nishioka et al, 2007 |
| Fosfomycin | Degradation | Yoneshima et al, 2003 |
| Fungal gliotoxin | Degradation | Pahl et al, 1999 |
| Gabexate mesilate | Degradation | Yuksel et al, 2003 |
| Gamisanghyulyunbueum | Degradation | Shin et al, 2005 |
| Genistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) | Degradation; caspase cleavage of IkBa | Natarajan et al, 1998; Baxa & Yoshimura, 2003 |
| Genipin | Degradation | Koo et al, 2004 |
| Glabridin | Degradation | Kang et al, 2004 |
| Ginsenoside Re | Degradation | Zhang et al, 2007 |
| Glimepiride | Degradation | Schiekofer et al, 2003 |
| Glucosamine (sulfate or carboxybutyrylated) | Degradation | Largo et al, 2003; Rafi et al, 2007; Rajapakse et al, 2008 |
| gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase | Degradation | Manna et al, 1999 |
| Glutamine | Degradation | Singleton et al, 2005; Fillmann et al, 2007; Chen et al, 2008 |
| Glycochenodeoxycholate | Degradation | Bucher et al, 2006 |
| Guave leaf extract | Degradation | Choi et al, 2008 |
| Gumiganghwaltang | Degradation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| Gum mastic | Degradation | He et al, 2007 |
| Heat shock protein-70 | Degradation | Chan et al, 2004; Shi et al, 2006 |
| Herbal mixture (Cinnamomi ramulus, Anemarrheriae rhizoma, Officinari rhizoma) | Degradation | Jeong et al, 2008 |
| Hypochlorite | Degradation | Mohri et al, 2002 |
| IL-13 | Degradation | Manna & Aggarwal, 1998 |
| Incensole acetate | Degradation | Moussaieff et al, 2007 |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | Degradation | Ichiyama et al, 2004 |
| Isomallotochromanol and isomallotochromene | Degradation | Ishii et al, 2003 |
| K1L (Vaccinia virus protein) | Degradation | Shisler & Jin, 2004 |
| Kochia scoparia fruit (methanol extract) | Degradation | Shin et al, 2004 |
| Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl (ethanol extract) | Degradation | Tao et al, 2008 |
| Leflunomide metabolite (A77 1726) | Degradation | Manna & Aggarwal, 1999 |
| Lidocaine | Degradation | Feng et al, 2007; Lahat et al, 2008 |
| Lipoxin A4 | Degradation | Zhang et al, 2007 |
| Losartan | Degradation/NF-kB expression | Chen et al, 2002; Zhu et al, 2007 |
| Low level laser therapy | Degradation | Rizzi et al, 2006 |
| LY294002 (PI3-kinase inhibitor) [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenylchromone] | Degradation | Park et al, 2002 |
| MC159 (Molluscum contagiosum virus) | Degradation of IkBb | Murao & Shisler, 2005 |
| Melatonin | Degradation | Zhang et al, 2004 |
| Meloxicam | Degradation | Liu et al, 2007 |
| 5'-methylthioadenosine | Degradation | Hevia et al, 2004 |
| Midazolam | Degradation | Kim et al, 2006 |
| Momordin I | Degradation | Hwang et al, 2005 |
| Morinda officinalis extract | Degradation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| Mosla dianthera extract | Degradation | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Mume fructus extract | Degradation | Choi et al, 2007 |
| Murr1 gene product | Degradation | Ganesh et al, 2003 |
| Neurofibromatosis-2 (NF-2; merlin) protein | Degradation | Kim et al, 2002 |
| Opuntia ficus indica va saboten extract | Degradation | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Ozone (aqueous) | Degradation | Huth et al, 2007 |
| Paeony total glucosides | Degradation | Chen et al, 2007 |
| Pectenotoxin-2 | Degradation | Kim et al, 2008 |
| Penetratin | Degradation | Letoya et al, 2006 |
| Pervanadate (tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) | Degradation | Singh & Aggarwal, 1995; Singh et al, 1996 |
| Phenylarsine oxide (PAO, tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) | Degradation | Mahboubi et al, 1998; Singh & Aggarwal, 1995 |
| beta-Phenylethyl (PEITC) and 8-methylsulphinyloctyl isothiocyanates (MSO) (watercress) | Degradation | Rose et al, 2005 |
| Phenytoin | Degradation | Kato et al, 2005 |
| c-phycocyanin | Degradation | Cherng et al, 2007 |
| Platycodin saponins | Degradation | Ahn et al, 2005; Lee et al, 2008 |
| Polymeric formula | Degradation | de Jong et al, 2007 |
| Polymyxin B | Degradation | Jiang et al, 2006 |
| Poncirus trifoliata fruit extract | Degradation; phosphorylation of IkBa | Shin et al, 2006; Kim et al, 2007 |
| Probiotics | Degradation | Petrof et al, 2004 |
| Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) | Degradation | Delgado & Ganea, 2001 |
| Prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) | Degradation | Cuzzocrea et al, 2003; Chatterjee et al, 2004 |
| Prodigiosin (Hahella chejuensis) | Degradation | Huh et al, 2007 |
| PS-341 | Degradation/proteasome | Hideshima et al, 2002 |
| Radix asari extract | Degradation | Song et al, 2007 |
| Radix clematidis extract | Degradation | Lee et al, 2009 |
| Resiniferatoxin | Degradation | Singh et al, 1996 |
| Sabaeksan | Degradation | Choi et al, 2005 |
| SAIF (Saccharomyces boulardii anti-inflammatory factor) | Degradation | Sougioultzis et al, 2006 |
| Sanguis Draconis | Degradation | Choy et al, 2007 |
| San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang | Degradation | Shih et al, 2007 |
| Schisandra fructus extract | Degradation | Kang et al, 2006; Guo et al, 2008 |
| Scutellarin | Degradation | Tan et al, 2007 |
| Sesquiterpene lactones (parthenolide; ergolide; guaianolides; alpha-humulene; trans-caryophyllene) | Degradation | Hehner et al, 1998; Whan Han et al, 2001; Schorr et al, 2002; Medeiros et al, 2007 |
| Sevoflurane/isoflurane | Degradation | Boost et al, 2009 |
| Siegeskaurolic acid (from Siegesbeckia pubescens root) | Degradation | Park et al, 2007 |
| ST2 (IL-1-like receptor secreted form) | Degradation | Takezako et al, 2006 |
| Synadenium carinatum latex lectin | Degradation | Rogerio et al, 2007 |
| Taiwanofungus camphoratus | Degradation | Liu et al, 2007 |
| Taurene bromamine | Degradation | Tokunaga et al, 2007 |
| Thiopental | Degradation | Loop et al, 2002 |
| Tipifarnib | Degradation | Xue et al, 2005 |
| Titanium | Degradation | Yang et al, 2003 |
| TNP-470 (angiogenesis inhibitor) | Degradation | Mauriz et al, 2003 |
| Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) plant extracts | Degradation | Riehemann et al, 1999 |
| Trichomomas vaginalis infection | Degradation | Chang et al, 2004 |
| Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins | Degradation | Kumwenda et al, 2002 |
| Tussilagone (Farfarae fios) | Degradation | Lim et al, 2008 |
| U0126 (MEK inhibitor) | Degradation | Takaya et al, 2003 |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid | Degradation | Joo et al, 2004 |
| Xanthium strumarium L. (methanol extract) | Degradation | Kim et al, 2005; Yoon et al, 2008 |
| Yulda-Hanso-Tang | Degradation | Jeong et al, 2007 |
| Zinc | Degradation | Uzzo et al, 2006; Bao et al, 2006 |
| Molluscum contagiosum virus MC159 protein | IkBbeta degradation | Murao & Shisler, 2005 |
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide | Degradation (and CBP-RelA interaction) | Delgado & Ganea, 2001; Delgado, 2002 |
| HIV-1 Vpu protein | TrCP ubiquitin ligase inhibitor | Bour et al, 2001 |
| Epoxyquinone A monomer | IKKb/DNA binding | Liang et al, 2006 |
| Ro106-9920 (small molecule) | IkBa ubiqutination inhibitor | Swinney et al, 2002 |
Table 3 Miscellaneous inhibitors of NF-kB
| Conophylline (Ervatamia microphylla) | Down regulated TNF-Receptors | Gohda et al, 2003 |
| MOL 294 (small molecule) | Redox regulated activation of NF-kB | Henderson et al, 2002 |
| PEDF (pigment epithelium derived factor) | ROS generation | Yamagishi et al, 2004 |
| Perrilyl alcohol | Calcium pathway | Berchtold et al, 2005 |
| MAST205 | TRAF6 binding | Xiong et al, 2004 |
| Rhein | MEKK activation of NF-kB | Martin et al, 2003' Domagala et al, 2006 |
| 15-deoxy-prostaglandin J(2) | PPARg activation of NF-kB | Boyault et al, 2004 |
| Palmitoylethanolamide | PPARg activation of NF-kB | Genovese et al, 2008 |
| Antrodia camphorata extract | IkBa upregulation | Hsu et al, 2005 |
| apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) | IkBa upregulation | Shukla & Gupta, 2004 |
| Aresenic trioxide | IkBa upregulation | Zhou et al, 2006 |
| beta-amyloid protein | IkBa upregulation | Bales et al, 1998 |
| Huang-lian-jie-du-tang | IkBa upregulation | Hsu et al,2008 |
| human breast milk | IkBa upregulation | Minekawa et al, 2004 |
| Fruit Essential oil (from Cinnamomum insularimontanum) | IkBa upregulation; IKK and NF-kB downregulation | Lin et al, 2008 |
| Surfactant protein A (SP-A) | IkBa upregulation | Wu et al, 2004 |
| DQ 65-79 (aa 65-79 of the alpha helix of the alpha-chain of the class II HLA molecule DQA03011) | IkBa upregulation and IKK inhibition | Jiang et al, 2002 |
| Cysteamine | IkBa upregulation and RelA donsregulation | Ozaki et al, 2007 |
| C5a | IkBa upregulation | Riedemann et al, 2003 |
| Down Syndrome candidate region 1 protein | IkBa upregulation | Kim et al, 2006 |
| Glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, prednisone, methylprednisolone) | IkBa upregulation | Auphan et al, 1995; Brostjan et al, 1996; Ray & Prefontaine, 1994; Scheinman et al, 1995; Fong et al, 2007 |
| IL-10 | IkBa upregulation | Ehrlich et al, 1998; Lentsch et al, 1997; Shames et al, 1998; Voboril & Weberova-Voborilova, 2007 |
| IL-13 | IkBa upregulation | Ehrlich et al, 1998; Lentsch et al, 1997; Manna & Aggarwal, 1998 |
| IL-11 | IKKa; IkBa,IkBb upregulation | Trepicchio & Dorner, 1998; Lgssiar et al, 2004 |
| alpha-pinene | IkBa upregulation | Zhou et al, 2004 |
| NEF (HIV-1) | IkBa upregulation | Qiao et al, 2006 |
| R-etodolac | IkBa upregulation | Neri et al, 2006 |
| SR141716 | IkBa upregulation | Malfitano et al, 2007 |
| Vitamin D | IkBa upregulation | Cohen-Lahav et al, 2006 |
| Fox1j | IkBb upregulation | Lin et al, 2004 |
| NSP1 (rotavirus) | IkBa stabilizzation | Sherry et al, 2009 |
| Dioxin | RelA nuclear transport | Ruby et al, 2002 |
| Agastache rugosa leaf extract | Nuclear translocation | Oh et al, 2005 |
| Alginic acid | Nuclear translocation | Jeong et al, 2006 |
| Apilimod | Nuclear translocation | Billich, 2007 |
| Astragaloside IV | Nuclear translocation | Zhang et al, 2003 |
| Atorvastatin | Nuclear translocation | Haloui et al, 2003 |
| Azacitidine | Nuclear translocatin | Khong et al, 2008 |
| Biophytum sensitivum | Nuclear translocation | Guruvayoorappan & Kuttan, 2008 |
| Blue honeysuckle extract | Nuclear translocation | Jin et al, 2006 |
| BMD (N(1)-Benzyl-4-methylbenzene-1,2-diamine) | Nuclear translocation | Shin et al, 2005 |
| Buthus martensi Karsch extract | Nuclear translocation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| Canine Distemper Virus | Nuclear translocation | Friess et al, 2005 |
| Carbaryl | Nuclear translocation | Shimomura-Shimizu et al, 2005 |
| Captopril | Nuclear translocation | He et al, 2007 |
| Carnostic acid | Nuclear translocation | Yu et al, 2008 |
| Celastrol | Nuclear translocation | Pinna et al, 2004 |
| alpha-chaconine | Nuclear translocation | Shih et al, 2007 |
| Chiisanoside | RelA Nuclear translocation | Won et al, 2005 |
| CHS 828 | Nuclear translocation | Hassan et al, 2006 |
| Corilagin | Nuclear translocation | Zhao et al, 2008 |
| CP-1158 | Nuclear translocation | Kim et al, 2006 |
| Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) | Nuclear translocation | Chaicharoenpong et al, 2002; Katsman et al, 2007 |
| 15-deoxyspergualin | Nuclear translocation | Hutchings et al, 2003 |
| Dipyridamole | Nuclear translocation | Weyrich et al, 2005 |
| Disulfiram | Nuclear translocation | Wang et al, 2003 |
| Diltiazem | Nuclear translocation; induced translocation of p50 dimers | Severa et al, 2005 |
| ERB-041 | Nuclear translocation | Xiu-Li et al, 2009 |
| Eriobotrya japonica triterpene acids | RelA nuclear translocation | Huang et al, 2007 |
| Eriocalyxin B | Nuclear translocation/DNA binding | Wang et al, 2006; Leung et al, 2006 |
| Estrogen enhanced transcript | Nuclear translocation | Jin et al, 2003 |
| Eutigoside C | Nuclear translocation | Lee et al, 2008 |
| FAK-related nonkinase | Nuclear translocation | Qin & Liu, 2006 |
| Florfenicol | Nuclear translocation | Zhang et al, 2008 |
| beta-funaltrexamine | Nuclear translocation | Davis et al, 2007 |
| Gangliosides | Nuclear translocation | Caldwell et al, 2003 |
| Glucorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein (GILZ) | Nuclear translocation | Riccardi et al, 2001 |
| Gymnocladus chinensis Baillon saponin | Nuclear translocation | Ma et al, 2007 |
| Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil's Claw) extracts | Nuclear translocation | Kaszkin et al, 2004 |
| HDAC inhibitors sodium valproate, MS-275 | RelB nuclear translocation; DNA binding | Nencioni et al, 2007; Rao et al, 2007 |
| Heat shock protein 72 | Nuclear translocation | Meldrum et al, 2003 |
| Hirsutenone | Nuclear translocation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| Huanglian Jiedu concocotion (geniposide, baicalin, berberine) | Nuclear translocation | Yuan et al, 2008 |
| Indole-3-carbinol | Nuclear translocation | Rahman & Sarkar, 2005 |
| JM34 (benzamide derivative) | Nuclear translocation | Carbonnelle et al, 2005 |
| JSH-23 (4-Methyl- -(3-phenyl-propyl)-benzene-1,2-diamine | Nuclear translocation | Shin et al, 2004 |
| KIOM-79 (combined plant extracts) | Nuclear translocation | Jeon et al, 2006 |
| KL-1156 (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxychroman-2-carboxylic acid phenylamide) | Nuclear translocation | Kim et al, 2004; Kwak et al, 2007 |
| Leptomycin B (LMB) | Nuclear translocation | Rodriguez et al, 1999 |
| Levamisole | Nuclear translocation | Liu et al, 2004 |
| Lidamycin | Nuclear translocation | Chen et al, 2007 |
| Lycopus lucidus Turcz | Nuclear translocation | Lee et al, 2007 |
| Magnolia ovovata extract | Nuclear translocation | Tanaka et al, 2007 |
| MEB (2-(4-morpholynl) ethyl butyrate hydrochloride) | Nuclear translocation | Soderberg et al, 2004 |
| Methimazole | Nuclear translocation | Crescioli et al, 2007 |
| MNF (IkB-like Myxoma virus) | Nuclear translocation | Camus-Bouclainville et al, 2004 |
| Montelukast | Nuclear translocation; p65 HAT acitvity | Wu et al, 2006; Tahan et al, 2008 |
| NLS Cell permeable peptides (SN50) | Nuclear translocation | Lin et al, 1995 |
| NSA9 (prothrombin fragment) | Nuclear translocation | Kim et al, 2008 |
| 2',8"-biapigenin | RelA nuclear translocation | Woo et al, 2006 |
| Divaricate saposhnikovia root | RelA nuclear translocation | Ge et al, 2007 |
| Fineleaf schizonepeta herb | RelA nuclear translocation | Ge et al, 2007 |
| Glimperide | RelA nuclear translocation | Jojima et al, 2008 |
| Nucling | RelA nuclear translocation | Liu et al, 2004 |
| o,o'-bismyristoyl thiamine disulfide (BMT) | Nuclear translocation | Shoji et al, 1998 |
| Oregonin | RelA nuclear translocation | Lee et al, 2005 |
| 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose | RelA nuclear translocation | Kang et al, 2005 |
| Pergolide | Nuclear translocation | Uberti et al, 2004 |
| Platycodi radix extract | RelA nuclear translocation | Lee et al, 2004 |
| Phallacidin | Nuclear translocation | Papakonstanti & Strounaras, 2004 |
| Pimecrolimus | Nuclear translocatin | Buchau et al, 2008 |
| Piperine | Nuclear translocation | Pradeep & Kuttan, 2004 |
| Pitavastatin | Nuclear translocation | Wang et al, 2006 |
| PN-50 | Nuclear translocation | Letoha et al, 2005 |
| POP2 | Nuclear translocation | Bedoya et al, 2007 |
| Pravastatin | Nuclear translocation | Gu et al, 2007 |
| Probiotics | RelA nuclear translocation | Bai et al, 2004 |
| Propofol | Nuclear translocation | Jawan et al, 2008; He et al, 2008 |
| RelA peptides (P1 and P6) | Nuclear translocation | Takada et al, 2004 |
| Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-alpha | Nuclear translocation | Migita et al, 2004 |
| Rhubarb aqueous extract | RelA nuclear translocation | Moon et al, 2005; Liu et al, 2008 |
| Rolipram | Nuclear translocation | Sanchez et al, 2005; Ikezoe et al, 2004; Herve et al, 2008 |
| Salvia miltiorrhoza Bunge extract | Nuclear translocation | Ding et al, 2005 |
| SC236 (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) | Nuclear translocation | Wong et al, 2003 |
| Selenomethionine | Nuclear translocation | Cherukuri et al, 2005 |
| Sorafenib | Nuclear translocation | Echeverria et al, 2009 |
| Cornuside | RelA Nuclear translocation | Kang et al, 2007 |
| ShenQi compound recipe | RelA Nuclear translocation | Zhang et al, 2006 |
| Sophorae radix extract | Nuclear translocation | Kwon et al, 2004 |
| Sopoongsan | Nuclear translocation | Na et al, 2005 |
| Sphondin (furanocoumarin derivative from Heracleum laciniatum) | Nuclear translocation | Yang et al, 2002 |
| TAT-SR-IkBa; MTS-SR-IkBa | Nuclear translocation | Blackwell et al, 2004; Mora et al, 2005 |
| Thymulin | Nuclear translocation | Dardenne et al, 2006 |
| Tongxinluo Supermicro Powder | Nuclear translocation | Wu et al, 2007; Bu et al, 2008 |
| Volatile anesthetic treatment | Nuclear translocation | Lee et al, 2004 |
| White currant | Nuclear translocation | Rajakangas et al, 2008 |
| Younggaechulgam-tang | Nuclear translocation | Shin et al, 2004 |
| ZUD protein | Activation of NF-kB; binds p105/RelA | Zhang et al, 2004 |
| ZAS3 protein | RelA nuclear translocation; DNA competition | Hong et al, 2003 |
| Clarithromycin | nuclear expression | Ichiyama et al, 2001 |
| Fluvastatin | nuclear expression | Azuma et al, 2004 |
| Leflunomide | RelA nuclear expression | Yao et al, 2004 |
| RASSF1A gene overexpression | RelA nuclear expression | Deng et al, 2005 |
| VGX-1027 | RelA nuclear expression | Mangano et al, 2008 |
| oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OXPAPC) | RelA expression | Li et al, 2004 |
| 3C protease (Poliovirus) | RelA expression (cleavage) | Neznanov et al, 2005 |
| 5F (from Pteri syeminpinnata L) | RelA expression | He et al, 2005 |
| AT514 (serratamolide) | RelA expression | Escobar-Diaz et al, 2005 |
| Sorbus commixta cortex (methanol extract) | RelA expression | Sohn et al, 2005 |
| Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide | NF-kB expression | Li et al, 2007 |
| Azithromycin | NF-kB expression | Zhang et al, 2007 |
| Cantharidin | NF-kB expression | He et al, 2005 |
| Cornus officinalis extract | NF-kB expression | Li et al, 2005 |
| Dan-shao-hua-xian | NF-kB expression | Wang & Cheng, 2008 |
| Gamboic acid | NF-kB expression | Wang et al, 2008 |
| Glycine | NF-kB expression | Laschke et al, 2007 |
| Korean mistletoe lectin | NF-kB expression | Khil et al, 2007 |
| Lycium seed oil | NF-kB expression | Jiang et al, 2007 |
| Meiduoluomi | NF-kB expression | Zhang et al, 2008 |
| Neomycin | NF-kB expression | Garcia-Trapero et al, 2004 |
| omapatrilat, enalapril, CGS 25462 | NF-kB expression | Pu et al, 2005 |
| Onconase (Ranpirnase) | NF-kB expression | Tsai et al, 2004 |
| Paeoniflorin | NF-kB expression | Liu et al, 2006 |
| Pouterin | RelA expression | Boleti et al, 2008 |
| Rapamycin | NF-kB expression | Lawrence et al, 2004 |
| Sargassum hemiphyllum methanol extract | NF-kB expression | Na et al, 2005 |
| Shenfu | NF-kB expression | Zhang et al, 2005; Wang et al, 2008 |
| Tripterygium polyglycosides | NF-kB expression | Zhou et al, 2005 |
| Triflusal | nuclear expression | Acarin et al, 2000 |
| Zoledronic acid | RelB, c-Rel expression | Bringmann et al, 2007; Wypij et al, 2008 |
| Chlamydiae CT441 protease | Cleaves RelA | Lad et al, 2007, 2007a |
| HSCO (hepatoma protein) | Accelerates RelA nuclear export | Higashitsuji et al, 2002 |
| Andrographolide | Covlalent adduct with Cys-62 of p50 | Xia et al, 2004; Wang et al, 2007 |
| Selencotyanates | Covlalent adduct with Cys-62 of p50 | Chen et al, 2007 |
| Bee venom (melittin) | DNA binding by binding to p50 | Park et al, 2004; Moon et al, 2007 |
| Ethyl pyruvate | DNA binding by RelA thru Cys-38 | Han et al, 2004 |
| Abies georgei extracts | DNA binding | Yang et al, 2008 |
| 25-acetylcimigenol xylpoyranoside (from Black cohosh) | DNA binding | Qiu et al, 2007 |
| 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate | DNA binding | Ito et al, 2005 |
| 2-acetylaminofluorene | DNA binding | Kang et al, 2004; Jeon et al, 1999 |
| Actinodaphine (from Cinnamomum insularimontanum) | DNA binding | Hsieh et al, 2004 |
| Adiponectin | DNA binding | Ajuwon & Spurlock, 2004; Wu et al, 2007 |
| ADP ribosylation inhibitors (nicotinamide, 3-aminobenzamide) | DNA binding | Le Page et al, 1998 |
| AIM2 (Absent In Melanoma protein) overexpression | DNA binding | Chen et al, 2006 |
| Albaconol | DNA bindng | Liu et al, 2008 |
| Moderate alcohol intake | DNA binding | Mandrekar et al, 2006 |
| 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin | DNA binding | Kurokawa et al, 2003 |
| Amrinone | DNA binding | Chanani et al, 2002 |
| Angelicae Gigantis Radix extract | DNA binding | Kil et al, 2008 |
| Angiopoietin-1 | DNA binding | Jeon et al, 2003 |
| Anthocyanins (soybean) | DNA binding | Kim et al, 2006; Karlsen et al, 2007 |
| Anti-Neu antibody + paclitaxel | DNA binding | Yin et al, 2007 |
| (S)-armepavine | DNA binding | Liu et al, 2007 |
| Arnica montana extract (sequiterpene lactones) | DNA binding | Kos et al, 2005 |
| Artemisinin | DNA binding | Aldieri et al, 2003; Wang et al, 2006 |
| Artepillin C | DNA binding | Paulino et al, 2008 |
| Artesunate | DNA binding | Li et al, 2008 |
| Arzanol | DNA binding | Appendino et al, 2007 |
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) | DNA binding; IkBa upregulation | Gerbes et al, 1998; Kiemer et al, 2002 |
| Atrovastat (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) | DNA binding | Bustos et al, 1998; Hernandez-Presa et al, 1998 |
| Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables | DNA binding | Gabay et al, 2007 |
| AvrA protein (Salmonella) | DNA binding | Collier-Hyams et al, 2002 |
| Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) | DNA binding | Suk et al, 2003 |
| Bambara groundnut (Vignea subterranean) | DNA binding | Na et al, 2004 |
| Benfotiamine (thiamine derivative) | DNA binding | Hammes et al, 2003 |
| beta-catenin | DNA binding | Deng et al, 2002 |
| beta-lapachone (a 1,2-naphthoquinone) | DNA binding; IKKb | Tzeng et al, 2003; Sumi & Kumagai, 2007 |
| Biliverdin | DNA binding | Yamashita et al, 2004 |
| Bisphenol A | DNA binding | Kim & Jeong, 2003 |
| Bitter groud | DNA binding | Kobori et al, 2008 |
| Bovine serum albumin | DNA binding | Zhang & Frei, 2002 |
| Brazilian green propolis | DNA binding | Bae et al, 2005; Paulino et al, 2006 |
| Bromelain | DNA binding; proteolysis of TNF, IL-1 | Hou et al, 2006; Huang et al, 2008 |
| Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase (CaMKK) (and increased intracellular calcium by ionomycin, UTP and thapsigargin) | DNA binding | Chen et al, 2002 |
| Calcitriol (1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) | DNA binding | Harant et al, 1998; Chung et al, 2007 |
| Campthothecin | DNA binding | Hentze et al, 2004 |
| Cancer bush (Sutherlandia frutescens) | DNA binding | Na et al, 2004 |
| Candesartan | DNA binding | Yu et al, 2007; 2007a |
| Cannabidiol | DNA binding | Esposito et al, 2006 |
| Caprofen | DNA binding | Bryant et al, 2003 |
| Capsiate | DNA binding | Sancho et al, 2002 |
| Carbocisteine | DNA binding | Yasuda et al, 2006 |
| Catalposide (stem bark) | DNA binding | Oh et al, 2002 |
| Cat's
claw bark (Uncaria tomentosa; Rubiaceae); Maca |
DNA binding | Aguilar et al, 2002; Valerio & Gonzales, 2005 |
| CD43 overexpression | DNA binding (RelA) | Laos et al, 2004 |
| CDX2 | DNA binding | Mutoh et al, 2007 |
| Celecoxib and germcitabine | DNA binding; nuclear translocation | El-Rayes et al, 2004; Funakashi-Tago et al, 2008 |
| Changtai granule | DNA binding | Liu et al, 2007 |
| Cheongyeolsaseuptang | DNA binding | Kim et al, 2005 |
| Chitosan | DNA binding | Seo et al, 2003; Chen et la, 2008 |
| Chitooligosaccharides | DNA binding | Lin et al, 2006 |
| Cinnamaldehyde, 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde, 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde | DNA binding/IKK | Reddy et al, 2004; Lee et al, 2005; Kim et al, 2007; Liao et al, 2008 |
| Chicory root (guaianolide 8-deoxylactucin) | DNA binding | Cavin et al, 2005 |
| Chlorophyllin | DNA binding | Yun et al, 2005 |
| Chondrotin sulfate from Styela clava tunic | DNA binding | Xu et al, 2008 |
| Chondrotin sulfate proteoglycan degradation product | DNA binding; nuclear translocation | Rolls et al, 2006; Jomphe et al, 2007 |
| Clarithromycin | DNA binding | Miyanohara et al, 2000 |
| Cloricromene | DNA binding | Ianaro et al, 2004 |
| CO-releasing molecules (CORM-2) | DNA binding | Sun et al, 2007 |
| Cocaethylene | DNA binding | Tacker et al, 2006 |
| Commerical peritoneal dialysis solution | DNA binding | Douvdevani et al, 1995 |
| Compounds K and Rh(2) (from Panax ginseng) | DNA binding/IKK | Park et al, 2005; Choi et al, 2007; Chang et al, 2007 |
| Cortex cinnamomi extract | DNA binding | Kwon et al, 2006 |
| CP Compound (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxychroman-2-carboxylic acid phenylamide) | DNA binding | Rak Min et al, 2005 |
| Cryptotanshinone | DNA binding | Zhou et al, 2005; Jeon et al, 2008 |
| Cyanoguanidine CHS 828 | DNA binding | Johanson et al, 2006 |
| Cytochalasin D | DNA binding | Kim et al, 2003 |
| DA-9201 (from black rice) | DNA binding | Lee et al, 2005 |
| Danshenshu (esp Salvionic acid B) | DNA binding | Jiang et al, 2001; Luo et al, 2008 |
| (kB site) Decoy oligonucleotides | DNA binding | Kupatt et al, 2002; Morishita et al, 1997 |
| Deoxypodophyllotoxin | DNA binding | Jin et al, 2008 |
| Diallyl trisulfide | DNA binding | Zhu et al, 2007 |
| Diamide | DNA binding | Toledano & Leonard, 1991 |
| Diarylheptanoid 7-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylhept-4-en-3-one | DNA binding | Yadav et al, 2003 |
| alpha-difluoromethylornithine (polyamine depletion) | DNA binding | Facchini et al, 2005 |
| S-diclofenac (2-[92,6-dichlorphenyl-amino]benzeneacetic acid 4-[3H-1,2,dithiol-3-thione-5-y) pheny ester) | DNA binding | Li et al, 2007 |
| 7,7'-dihydroxy bursehernin | DNA binding | Pokharel et al, 2006 |
| 3,3'-diindolymethane | DNA binding | Kong et al, 2007; Rahman et al, 2007 |
| DIM/13C | DNA binding | Li et al, 2005 |
| Dimemorfan | DNA binding | Wang et al, 2008 |
| Diterpenoids from Isodon rubescens or Liverwort Jungermannia | DNA binding | Leung et al, 2005; Kondoh et al, 2005 |
| Docetaxel (Taxotere) | DNA binding | Banerjee et al, 2007 |
| Dohongsamultang | DNA binding | Kim et al, 2007 |
| DTD (4,10-dichloropyrido[5,6:4,5]thieno[3,2- d':3,2- d]-1, 2, 3-ditriazine) | DNA binding | Rioja et al, 2002 |
| Duchesnea indica extract | DNA binding | Zhao et al, 2008 |
| E1B (Adenovirus) | DNA binding | Limbourg et al, 1996 |
| E3330 (quinone derivative) | DNA binding | Hiramoto et al, 1998; Kimura et al, 1997 |
| Ellagic acid | DNA binding | Edderkaoui et al, 2008 |
| ent-kaurane diterpenoids (Croton tonkinensis leaves; Isodon excisus) | DNA binding | Giang et al, 2003; Hong et al, 2007 |
| Epinastine hydrochloride | DNA binding | Kanai et al, 2006 |
| Epoxyquinol A (fungal metabolite) | DNA binding | Li et al, 2002 |
| Ergosterol peroxide, ergosterol, cervisterol (from Canthaellus cibarius) | DNA binding | Kobori et al, 2006; Kim et al, 2008 |
| Erythromycin | DNA binding/transactivation | Ren et al, 2004; Desaki et al, 2004 |
| Evans Blue | DNA binding |