Most of the genes encoding the transcription factors (Rel/NF-kB), inhibitors
(IkB), and kinases (IKK) in the Rel/NF-kB signal transduction pathway have
been disrupted in mice.These gene
knockouts lead to a variety of phenotypes, which are summarized in the
table below.There are also links
to the primary references for this information, as on PubMed.
|
Gene
|
Phenotype
|
Reference
|
|
rela
|
Embryonic lethal;
liver apoptosis;
sensitivity to TNF |
Beg
& Baltimore, 1996 |
|
c-rel
|
Impaired T and B cell activation; systemic arthritis
resistance |
Kontgen
et al, 1995
Grumont
et al, 1998
Campbell
et al, 2000 |
|
relb
|
Defects in acquired and innate immunity; T-cell
infiltration of organs; skin inflammation |
Burkly
et al, 1995
Weih
et al, 1995
Freyschmidt
et al, 2007
|
|
nfkb1
|
Immune response defects due to abnormal B-cell
response; resistance to arthritis; neural degeneration; sleep irregularities |
Sha
et al, 1995
Campbell
et al, 2000
Lu
et al, 2006; Jhaveri
et al, 2006
|
|
nfkb2
|
Abnormal spleen and lymph node architecture;
defective T-cell response |
Caamano
et al, 1998
Franzoso
et al, 1998 |
c-rel
delta C
|
Lymphoid cell hyperplasia |
Carrasco
et al, 1998 |
nfkb1
delta C
|
Splenomegaly; enlarged lymph nodes; infiltrations
of lung & liver; susceptibility to pathogens |
Ishikawa
et al, 1998 |
nfkb2
delta C
|
Multiple post-natal organ defects |
Ishikawa
et al, 1997 |
|
nfkb1/relb
|
Lethal 3-4 weeks post-natal;
Increased organ inflammation |
Weih
et al, 1997
|
|
nfkb1/nfkb2
|
Reduced growth; cranofacial abnormalities; bone
defects; B-cell defects |
Franzoso
et al, 1997
Iotsova
et al, 1997 |
|
nfkb1/c-rel
|
Decreased humoral immunity |
Pohl
et al, 2002 |
|
c-rel/rela
|
Embryonic lethal early liver apoptosis; skin
epidermus development |
Grossmann
et al, 1999; Gugasyan
et al., 2004 |
|
ikba
|
Early neonatal lethal inflammatory dermatitis
and granulocytosis |
Beg
et al, 1995
Klement
et al, 1996 |
|
ikbb
|
|
|
|
ikbe
|
Reduction in number of CDD44-CD25+ T cells |
Memet
et al, 1999 |
|
bcl-3
|
Defects in B- and T-cell responses to antigens |
Franzoso
et al, 1997
Schwartz
et al, 1997 |
|
IKKa
|
Early neonatal lethal;
Skin defects |
Hu
et al, 1999
Takeda
et al, 1999 |
|
IKKb
|
Embryonic lethal;
Liver apoptosis;
Sensitivity to TNF; B-cell survival (conditional) |
Li
et al, 1999
Takeda
et al, 1999
Li
et al., 2003
|
| IKKa/IKKb |
Embryonic lethal; Liver apoptosis; Sensitivity
to TNF; Neural defects |
Li
et al, 2000 |
|
IKKg (NEMO) |
Embryonic lethal; Liver apoptosis; Sensitivity
to TNF; Heterozygotes are model for incontinentia pigmenti |
Rudolph
et al, 2000 Makris
et al, 2000 |